In 2022, the number of fatalities in Japan caused by ******************* amounted to approximately ***** thousand, making cancerous tumors the most common cause of death in Japan. In that year, the total number of deaths in Japan reached around **** million cases. Age-related health issues are increasing in Japan Japan has one of the healthiest populations, with one of the highest average life expectancies worldwide. However, paired with a declining fertility rate, this leads to a demographic shift in the country. Accordingly, the aging population is facing more age-related health issues while the overall number of deaths keeps rising. The aging of the population also causes further issues such as labor shortages in several industries, including the healthcare sector, as well as an increasing number of patients in need of long-term care and support. The demographic development will evoke pressure on governmental spending but also bring opportunities for service providers and related industries. Cancer remains the leading cause of death Next to malignant neoplasms, several other types of cancer, such as stomach, pancreas, and colon cancer, rank among the leading causes of death in Japan. Even though the overall estimated number of cancer cases has been growing in Japan, the survival chances have been increasing significantly over the past decade.One of the reasons for the higher survival chances is the rising awareness around the topic, which leads Japanese people to use prevention measures such as cancer screening. Furthermore, there have been advances in the field of medical treatments and medication for cancer. Accordingly, oncology drugs were the pharmaceuticals with the highest production value recently.

In 2023, malignant neoplasms had the highest mortality rate among men in Japan, with ***** deaths per 100 thousand people. Heart diseases, excluding hypertensive heart diseases, followed with *** deaths per 100 thousand people.

In 2023, malignant neoplasms were the leading cause of death among the female population in Japan at around ***** thousand deaths. This number accounted for about ** percent of approximately ***** thousand death cases of women recorded in the country during that year. Senility followed with a share of about **** percent.

【リソース】Volume 1_5-1_Trends in deaths, death rates (per 1,000 population) by sex and sex ratio:Japan / / Volume 1_5-2_Trends in crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 1,000 population) by sex:Japan / Volume 1_5-3_International comparison of crude death rates and age-standardized death rates (per 100,000 population), 2016 / Volume 1_5-4_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 1,000 population) by month:Japan / Volume 1_5-5_Trends in deaths by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-6_Trends in percent distribution of deaths by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-7_Deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2016 / Volume 1_5-8_Percent distribution of deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2016 / Volume 1_5-9_Trends in deaths by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_5-10_Trends in death rates (per 1,000 population) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_5-11_Trends in leading causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-12_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-13_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan / Volume 1_5-14_Trends in age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-15_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex, age and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-16_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex, age and causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-17_Leading causes of death by sex and age:Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-18_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan) by month:Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-19_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2016 / Volume 1_5-20_Leading causes of death:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2016 / Volume 1_5-21_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from leading causes of death by sex and place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-22_Deaths and percent distribution from leading causes of death by sex, age and place of occurrence:Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-23_Deaths and percent distribution by causes (the selected list of causes of death for Japan) and type of occupation of household:Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-24_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-25_Trends in death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex, age and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-26_Trends in age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-27_Trends in deaths, percent distribution, crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from cerebrovascular diseases by sex and disease type:Japan / Volume 1_5-28_Trends in deaths, percent distribution, crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from heart diseases by sex and disease type:Japan / Volume 1_5-29_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes(the list of infectious diseases):Japan / Volume 1_5-30_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) from accidents by external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-31_Deaths from accidents by age and external causes:Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-32_Percent distribution of deaths from accidents by age and external causes:Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-33_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from transportation accidents by external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-34_Deaths and percent distribution from nontransportation accidents by age and place of occurrence:Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-35_Deaths and percent distribution from accidents at home by age and external causes:Japan, 2016 / Volume 1_5-36_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from suicide by sex and external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-37_Trends in maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-38_Trends in late maternal deaths and late maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-39_Trends in maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 2_1_Deaths, infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week), by place of occurrence, for urban/rural residence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Deaths by sex and month of occurrence:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Deaths by sex and age:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_4_Deaths by sex and single years of age:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_4_Deaths by sex and single years of age:Japan, each prefecture

【リソース】Volume 1_5-1_Trends in deaths, death rates (per 1,000 population) by sex and sex ratio:Japan / / Volume 1_5-2_Trends in crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 1,000 population) by sex:Japan / Volume 1_5-3_International comparison of crude death rates and age-standardized death rates (per 100,000 population), 2008 / Volume 1_5-4_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 1,000 population) by month:Japan / Volume 1_5-5_Trends in deaths by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-6_Trends in percent distribution of deaths by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-7_Deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 20 major cities, 2011 / Volume 1_5-8_Percent distribution of deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 20 major cities, 2011 / Volume 1_5-9_Trends in deaths by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_5-10_Trends in death rates (per 1,000 population) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_5-11_Trends in leading causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-12_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-13_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan / Volume 1_5-14_Trends in age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-15_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex, age and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-16_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex, age and causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-17_Leading causes of death by sex and age:Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-18_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan) by month:Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-19_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan, each prefecture and 20 major cities, 2011 / Volume 1_5-20_Leading causes of death:Japan, each prefecture and 20 major cities, 2011 / Volume 1_5-21_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from leading causes of death by sex and place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-22_Deaths and percent distribution from leading causes of death by sex, age and place of occurrence:Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-23_Deaths and percent distribution by causes (the selected list of causes of death for Japan) and type of occupation of household:Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-24_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-25_Trends in death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex, age and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-26_Trends in age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-27_Trends in deaths, percent distribution, crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from cerebrovascular diseases by sex and disease type:Japan / Volume 1_5-28_Trends in deaths, percent distribution, crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from heart diseases by sex and disease type:Japan / Volume 1_5-29_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes(the list of infectious diseases):Japan / Volume 1_5-30_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) from accidents by external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-31_Deaths from accidents by age and external causes:Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-32_Percent distribution of deaths from accidents by age and external causes:Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-33_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from transportation accidents by external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-34_Deaths and percent distribution from nontransportation accidents by age and place of occurrence:Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-35_Deaths and percent distribution from accidents at home by age and external causes:Japan, 2011 / Volume 1_5-36_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from suicide by sex and external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-37_Trends in maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-38_Trends in late maternal deaths and late maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-39_Trends in maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 2_1_Deaths, infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week), by place of occurrence, for urban/rural residence:Japan, each prefecture and 20 major cities / Volume 2_2_Deaths by sex and month of occurrence:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 20 major cities / Volume 2_3_Deaths by sex and age:Japan, each prefecture and 20 major cities / Volume 2_4_Deaths by sex and single years of age:Japan, each prefecture and 20 major cities_(1) Total,0-64years / Volume 2_4_Deaths by sex and single years of age:Ja

【リソース】Volume 1_5-1_Trends in deaths, death rates (per 1,000 population) by sex and sex ratio:Japan / Volume 1_5-2_Trends in crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 1,000 population) by sex:Japan / Volume 1_5-4_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 1,000 population) by month:Japan / Volume 1_5-5_Trends in deaths by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-6_Trends in percent distribution of deaths by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-7_Deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 1_5-8_Percent distribution of deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 1_5-9_Trends in deaths by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_5-10_Trends in death rates (per 1,000 population) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_5-11_Trends in leading causes of death:Japan (Death rates (per 100,000 population)) / Volume 1_5-12_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-13_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan / Volume 1_5-14_Trends in age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-15_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex, age and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-16_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex, age and causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_5-17_Leading causes of death by sex and age:Japan, 2018 (deaths, death rates (per 100,000 population), proportion(%)) / Volume 1_5-18_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan) by month:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_5-19_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 1_5-20_Leading causes of death:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 1_5-21_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from leading causes of death by sex and place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-22_Deaths and percent distribution from leading causes of death by sex, age and place of occurrence:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_5-23_Deaths and percent distribution by causes (the selected list of causes of death for Japan) and type of occupation of household:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_5-24_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-25_Trends in death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex, age and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-26_Trends in age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-27_Trends in deaths, percent distribution, crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from cerebrovascular diseases by sex and disease type:Japan / Volume 1_5-28_Trends in deaths, percent distribution, crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from heart diseases by sex and disease type:Japan / Volume 1_5-29_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the list of infectious diseases):Japan / Volume 1_5-30_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) from accidents by external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-31_Deaths from accidents by age and external causes:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_5-32_Percent distribution of deaths from accidents by age and external causes:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_5-33_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from transportation accidents by external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-34_Deaths and percent distribution from nontransportation accidents by age and place of occurrence:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_5-35_Deaths and percent distribution from accidents at home by age and external causes:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_5-36_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from suicide by sex and external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-37_Trends in maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-38_Trends in late maternal deaths and late maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-39_Trends in maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 2_1_Deaths, infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week), by place of occurrence, for urban/rural residence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Deaths by sex and month of occurrence:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Deaths by sex and age:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_4_Deaths by sex and single years of age:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities_(1) Total,0-64years / Volume 2_4_Deaths by sex and single years of age:Japan, each prefecture and 21

In 2022, ***** fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants in Tokyo Prefecture were caused by malignant neoplasms. Heart diseases were the second most common cause of death among residents in the prefecture.

PERIOD: 1937. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].

【リソース】Volume 1_5-1_Trends in deaths, death rates (per 1,000 population) by sex and sex ratio:Japan / Volume 1_5-2_Trends in crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 1,000 population) by sex:Japan / Volume 1_5-3_International comparison of crude death rates and age-standardized death rates (per 100,000 population) / Volume 1_5-4_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 1,000 population) by month:Japan / Volume 1_5-5_Trends in deaths by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-6_Trends in percent distribution of deaths by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-7_Deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 1_5-8_Percent distribution of deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 1_5-9_Trends in deaths by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_5-10_Trends in death rates (per 1,000 population) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_5-11_Trends in leading causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-12_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-13_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan / Volume 1_5-14_Trends in age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-15_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex, age and causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-16_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by sex, age and causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-17_Leading causes of death by sex and age:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-18_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan) by month:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-19_Death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes (the condensed list of causes of death for Japan):Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 1_5-20_Leading causes of death:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 1_5-21_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from leading causes of death by sex and place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_5-22_Deaths and percent distribution from leading causes of death by sex, age and place of occurrence:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-23_Deaths and percent distribution by causes (the selected list of causes of death for Japan) and type of occupation of household:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-24_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-25_Trends in death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex, age and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-26_Trends in age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from malignant neoplasms by sex and site:Japan / Volume 1_5-27_Trends in deaths, percent distribution, crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from cerebrovascular diseases by sex and disease type:Japan / Volume 1_5-28_Trends in deaths, percent distribution, crude death rates and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 population) from heart diseases by sex and disease type:Japan / Volume 1_5-29_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) by causes(the list of infectious diseases):Japan / Volume 1_5-30_Trends in deaths and death rates (per 100,000 population) from accidents by external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-31_Deaths from accidents by age and external causes:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-32_Percent distribution of deaths from accidents by age and external causes:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-33_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from transportation accidents by external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-34_Deaths and percent distribution from nontransportation accidents by age and place of occurrence:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-35_Deaths and percent distribution from accidents at home by age and external causes:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_5-36_Trends in deaths and percent distribution from suicide by sex and external causes:Japan / Volume 1_5-37_Trends in maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-38_Trends in late maternal deaths and late maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by causes of death:Japan / Volume 1_5-39_Trends in maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 total births) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 2_1_Deaths, infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week), by place of occurrence, for urban/rural residence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Deaths by sex and month of occurrence:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Deaths by sex and age:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_4_Deaths by sex and single years of age:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities_(1) Total,0-64years / Volume 2_4_Deaths by sex and single years of age:Japan, each p

PERIOD: 1938. SOURCE: [Survey by the Statistics Bureau, Imperial Cabinet].

In 2023, the crude mortality rate for cancer in Japan accounted for a record-high of 315.6 per 100,000 people. The rate has been showing a persistent upward trajectory since 1995. Cancer has been the leading cause of death in Japan for 41 consecutive years since 1981.

Identifying the cause of death is important for the study of end-of-life patients using claims data in Japan. However, the validity of how cause of death is identified using claims data remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the validity of the method used to identify the cause of death based on Japanese claims data. Our study population included patients who died at two institutions between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019. Claims data consisted of medical data and Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) data, and five definitions developed from disease classification in each dataset were compared with death certificates. Nine causes of death, including cancer, were included in the study. The definition with the highest positive predictive values (PPVs) and sensitivities in this study was the combination of “main disease” in both medical and DPC data. For cancer, these definitions had PPVs and sensitivities of > 90%. For heart disease, these definitions had PPVs of > 50% and sensitivities of > 70%. For cerebrovascular disease, these definitions had PPVs of > 80% and sensitivities of> 70%. For other causes of death, PPVs and sensitivities were < 50% for most definitions. Based on these results, we recommend definitions with a combination of “main disease” in both medical and DPC data for cancer and cerebrovascular disease. However, a clear argument cannot be made for other causes of death because of the small sample size. Therefore, the results of this study can be used with confidence for cancer and cerebrovascular disease but should be used with caution for other causes of death.

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are not only the primary cause of mortality in China but also represent a significant financial burden. The World Health Organization highlight that as China undergoes rapid socioeconomic development, its disease spectrum is gradually shifting towards that of developed countries, with increasing prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases such as ischemic heart disease and stroke. We reviewed the rates and trends of CVDs incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) burden in China and compared them with those in the United States (US) and Japan for formulating CVDs control policies.MethodsData on CVDs incidence, death and DALYs in China, the US and Japan were obtained from the GBD 2019 database. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trends in CVDs incidence and mortality in China, the US and Japan, calculate the annual percentage change and determine the best-fitting inflection points.ResultsIn 2019, there were approximately 12,341,074 new diagnosed cases of CVDs in China, with 4,584,273 CVDs related deaths, causing 91,933,122 DALYs. The CVDs age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) in China (538.10/100,000) was lower than that in the US and globally, while age-standardized death rate (ASDR) (276.9/100,000) and age-standardized DALY rate (6,463.47/100,000) were higher than those in the two regions. Compared with the US and Japan, from 1990 to 2019, the CVDs incidence rate in China showed an increasing trend, with a lower annual decrease in ASDR and a younger age structure of disease burden. Furthermore, the disease spectrum in China changed minimally, with stroke, ischemic heart disease, and hypertensive heart disease being the top three leading CVDs diseases in terms of incidence and disease burden, also being the major causes of CVDs in the US and Japan.ConclusionThe prevention and control of CVDs is a global issue. The aging population and increasing unhealthy lifestyles will continue to increase the burden in China. Therefore, relevant departments in China should reference the established practices for CVDs control in developed countries while considering the diversity of CVDs in different regions when adjusting national CVDs control programs.

In 2021, the crude mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases in Japan accounted for a record-high of ***** per 100,000 people. The rate has mostly shown an upward trajectory since 1995. Cancer has been the leading cause of death in Japan for ** consecutive years since 1981. In 2021, over ***** thousand people died from cancer in Japan.

ObjectiveSepsis is the leading cause of death in intensive care units, and sepsis after trauma is associated with increased mortality rates. However, the characteristics of sepsis after trauma remain unknown, and the influence of sex on mortality remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the role of sex in in-hospital mortality in patients with sepsis after trauma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study involving several emergency hospitals (n=288) in Japan. The data of patients with trauma who developed sepsis after admission from 2004 to 2019 were obtained from the Japan Trauma Data Bank. We divided the patients into two groups according to sex and compared their in-hospital mortality. We also performed subgroup analysis limited to the elderly population (age ≥ 65 years) and evaluated in-hospital mortality between men and women.ResultsA total of 1935 patients met the inclusion criteria during the study period. Of these, 1204 (62.2%) were allocated to the male group and 731 (37.8%) to the female group. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analysis showed a significantly lower risk of in-hospital mortality in the female group than in the male group (hazard ratio (HR): 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62–0.89; p=0.001). In the subgroup analysis, multivariable Cox proportional hazards still showed significantly lower risks of in-hospital mortality in the female group than in the male group (HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.58–0.88; p=0.002).ConclusionThe present study shows a significantly increased survival in the female group when compared to that in the male group of patients with sepsis after trauma. The underlying mechanism remains unclear, and further investigations are required.

【リソース】Volume 1_6-1_Trends in infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of infant deaths to total deaths:Japan / Volume 1_6-2_Trends in neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of neonatal deaths to infant deaths:Japan / Volume 1_6-3_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) and percent distribution by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan, 2019 / Volume 1_6-4_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan / Volume 1_6-5_Trends in infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by month:Japan / Volume 1_6-6_Live births, infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by months of birth:Japan / Volume 1_6-7_Trends in infant deaths and percent distribution by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_6-8_Percent distribution of infant deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2019 / Volume 1_6-9_Infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) and percent distribution by type of occupation of household:Japan, 2019 / Volume 1_6-10_Trends in infant deaths by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_6-11_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_6-12_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by age and proportion of neonatal deaths:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2019 / Volume 1_6-13_Trends in infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan / Volume 1_6-14_Infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by age and causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, 2019 / Volume 1_6-15_Percent distribution of infant deaths by age and causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, 2019 / Volume 1_6-16_Trends in leading causes of neonatal and infant death:Japan (deaths, death rates (per 100,000 live births), proportion(%)) / Volume 1_6-17_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2019 / Volume 1_6-18_Infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by diseases, causes (the list of causes of infant death) and birth weight:Japan, 2019 / Volume 1_6-19_Neonatal deaths and neonatal mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by diseases, causes (the list of causes of infant death) and birth weight:Japan, 2019 / Volume 2_1_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by sex and month of occurrence:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by age and sex:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by age, sex and type of occupation of household:Japan / Volume 2_4_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by month of occurrence and date of birth:Japan / Volume 2_5_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex, plurality of birth and age of mother:Japan / Volume 2_6_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex, plurality of birth and birth order:Japan / Volume 2_7_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex and period of gestation:Japan / Volume 3_1_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and age:Japan / Volume 3_2_Infant deaths (under 1 year) and neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by causes (the list of causes of infant death) and sex:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 3_3_Infant deaths (under 1 year) and neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and month of occurrence:Japan / Volume 3_4_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week) from diseases by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and birth weight:Japan / Volume 3_5_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week) from diseases by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and specified period of gestation:Japan / Vital Statistics_Vital statistics of Japan_Final data_Infant mortality_Yearly_2019 / Volume 1_6-1_Trends in infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of infant deaths to total deaths:Japan,Volume 1_6-2_Trends in neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of neonatal deaths to infant deaths:Japan,Volume 1_6-3_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) and percent distribution by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan, 2019,Volume 1_6-4_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan,Volume 1_6-5_Trends in infant deaths and i

Distribution of Early Mortality After the Initiation of Hemodialysis and Primary Causes of Death in Japan (n = 33,281).

In 2021, the crude mortality rate for cerebrovascular diseases in Japan accounted for **** per 100,000 people. The rate has been mostly on a descending trend since 1995, when the crude mortality rate amounted to ***** per 100,000 people. Cancer has been the leading cause of death in Japan for ** consecutive years since 1981. In 2021, over ***** thousand people died from cancer in Japan.

【リソース】Volume 1_6-1_Trends in infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of infant deaths to total deaths:Japan / Volume 1_6-2_Trends in neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of neonatal deaths to infant deaths:Japan / Volume 1_6-3_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) and percent distribution by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_6-4_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan / Volume 1_6-5_Trends in infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by month:Japan / Volume 1_6-6_Live births, infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by months of birth:Japan / Volume 1_6-7_Trends in infant deaths and percent distribution by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_6-8_Percent distribution of infant deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 1_6-9_Infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) and percent distribution by type of occupation of household:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_6-10_Trends in infant deaths by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_6-11_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_6-12_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by age and proportion of neonatal deaths:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 1_6-13_Trends in infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan / Volume 1_6-14_Infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by age and causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_6-15_Percent distribution of infant deaths by age and causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_6-16_Trends in leading causes of neonatal and infant death:Japan (deaths, death rates (per 100,000 live births), proportion(%)) / Volume 1_6-17_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 1_6-18_Infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by diseases, causes (the list of causes of infant death) and birth weight:Japan, 2018 / Volume 1_6-19_Neonatal deaths and neonatal mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by diseases, causes (the list of causes of infant death) and birth weight:Japan, 2018 / Volume 2_1_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by sex and month of occurrence:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by age and sex:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by age, sex and type of occupation of household:Japan / Volume 2_4_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by month of occurrence and date of birth:Japan / Volume 2_5_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex, plurality of birth and age of mother:Japan / Volume 2_6_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex, plurality of birth and birth order:Japan / Volume 2_7_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex and period of gestation:Japan / Volume 3_1_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and age:Japan / Volume 3_2_Infant deaths (under 1 year) and neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by causes (the list of causes of infant death) and sex:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 3_3_Infant deaths (under 1 year) and neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and month of occurrence:Japan / Volume 3_4_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week) from diseases by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and birth weight:Japan / Volume 3_5_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week) from diseases by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and specified period of gestation:Japan / Vital Statistics_Vital statistics of Japan_Final data_Infant mortality_Yearly_2018 / Volume 1_6-1_Trends in infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of infant deaths to total deaths:Japan,Volume 1_6-2_Trends in neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of neonatal deaths to infant deaths:Japan,Volume 1_6-3_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) and percent distribution by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan, 2018,Volume 1_6-4_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan,Volume 1_6-5_Trends in infant deaths and i

【リソース】Volume 1_6-1_Trends in infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of infant deaths to total deaths:Japan / Volume 1_6-2_Trends in neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of neonatal deaths to infant deaths:Japan / Volume 1_6-3_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) and percent distribution by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_6-4_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan / Volume 1_6-5_Trends in infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by month:Japan / Volume 1_6-6_Live births, infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by months of birth:Japan / Volume 1_6-7_Trends in infant deaths and percent distribution by place of occurrence:Japan / Volume 1_6-8_Percent distribution of infant deaths by place of occurrence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 1_6-9_Infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) and percent distribution by type of occupation of household:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_6-10_Trends in infant deaths by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_6-11_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_6-12_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by age and proportion of neonatal deaths:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 1_6-13_Trends in infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan / Volume 1_6-14_Infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by age and causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_6-15_Percent distribution of infant deaths by age and causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_6-16_Trends in leading causes of neonatal and infant death:Japan / Volume 1_6-17_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by causes (the list of causes of infant death):Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 1_6-18_Infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by diseases, causes (the list of causes of infant death) and birth weight:Japan, 2017 / Volume 1_6-19_Neonatal deaths and neonatal mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by diseases, causes (the list of causes of infant death) and birth weight:Japan, 2017 / Volume 2_1_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by sex and month of occurrence:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by age and sex:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by age, sex and type of occupation of household:Japan / Volume 2_4_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by month of occurrence and date of birth:Japan / Volume 2_5_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex, plurality of birth and age of mother:Japan / Volume 2_6_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex, plurality of birth and birth order:Japan / Volume 2_7_Infant deaths (under 1 year) from diseases, birth weight and mean birth weight by sex and period of gestation:Japan / Volume 3_1_Infant deaths (under 1 year) by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and age:Japan / Volume 3_2_Infant deaths (under 1 year) and neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by causes (the list of causes of infant death) and sex:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 3_3_Infant deaths (under 1 year) and neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and month of occurrence:Japan / Volume 3_4_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week) from diseases by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and birth weight:Japan / Volume 3_5_Infant deaths (under 1 year), neonatal deaths (under 4 weeks) and early neonatal deaths (under 1 week) from diseases by causes (the list of causes of infant death), sex and specified period of gestation:Japan / Vital Statistics_Vital statistics of Japan_Final data_Infant mortality_Yearly_2017 / Volume 1_6-1_Trends in infant deaths, infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of infant deaths to total deaths:Japan,Volume 1_6-2_Trends in neonatal deaths, neonatal mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), sex ratio and proportion of neonatal deaths to infant deaths:Japan,Volume 1_6-3_Infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) and percent distribution by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan, 2017,Volume 1_6-4_Trends in infant mortality rates (per 100,000 live births) by sex and age (days, weeks and months):Japan,Volume 1_6-5_Trends in infant deaths and infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by month:Japan,Vo