The statistic shows the total population in Japan from 2019 to 2023, with projections up until 2029. In 2023, the total population of Japan amounted to around 124.48 million inhabitants. See the figures for the population of South Korea for comparison. Total population in Japan From steadily low fertility rates to a growing elderly population, it is no secret that Japan’s population is shrinking. Population growth rates jump around a little, but are currently following a declining trend. The post-war baby boom generation is now in the 65-and-over age group, and the percentage of the population in that category is expected to keep growing, as is indicated by a high median age and high life expectancy. Japan already has the highest percentage of its population over 65 in the world, and the aging population puts some pressure on the Japanese government to provide welfare services for more people as rising numbers leave the workforce. However, the amount of jobs opened up for the younger generations by the older generations leaving the workforce means that unemployment is kept to a minimum. Despite a jump in unemployment after the global recession hit in 2008, rates were almost back to pre-recession rates by 2013. Another factor affecting Japan is the number of emigrants to other countries. The United States absorbs a number of emigrants worldwide, so despite a stagnating birth rate, the U.S. has seen a steady rise in population.

Over the last decade, Japan’s population has aged more and more, to the point where more than a quarter of Japanese were 65 years and older in 2022. Population growth has stopped and even reversed, since it’s been in the red for several years now.

It’s getting old

With almost 30 percent of its population being elderly inhabitants, Japan is considered the “oldest” country in the world today. Japan boasts a high life expectancy, in fact, the Japanese tend to live longer than the average human worldwide. The increase of the aging population is accompanied by a decrease of the total population caused by a sinking birth rate. Japan’s fertility rate has been below the replacement rate for many decades now, mostly due to economic uncertainty and thus a decreasing number of marriages.

Are the Japanese invincible?

There is no real mystery surrounding the ripe old age of so many Japanese. Their high average age is very likely due to high healthcare standards, nutrition, and an overall high standard of living – all of which could be adopted by other industrial nations as well. But with high age comes less capacity, and Japan’s future enemy might not be an early death, but rather a struggling social network.

In 1800, the population of Japan was just over 30 million, a figure which would grow by just two million in the first half of the 19th century. However, with the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan would begin transforming from an isolated feudal island, to a modernized empire built on Western models. The Meiji period would see a rapid rise in the population of Japan, as industrialization and advancements in healthcare lead to a significant reduction in child mortality rates, while the creation overseas colonies would lead to a strong economic boom. However, this growth would slow beginning in 1937, as Japan entered a prolonged war with the Republic of China, which later grew into a major theater of the Second World War. The war was eventually brought to Japan's home front, with the escalation of Allied air raids on Japanese urban centers from 1944 onwards (Tokyo was the most-bombed city of the Second World War). By the war's end in 1945 and the subsequent occupation of the island by the Allied military, Japan had suffered over two and a half million military fatalities, and over one million civilian deaths.

The population figures of Japan were quick to recover, as the post-war “economic miracle” would see an unprecedented expansion of the Japanese economy, and would lead to the country becoming one of the first fully industrialized nations in East Asia. As living standards rose, the population of Japan would increase from 77 million in 1945, to over 127 million by the end of the century. However, growth would begin to slow in the late 1980s, as birth rates and migration rates fell, and Japan eventually grew to have one of the oldest populations in the world. The population would peak in 2008 at just over 128 million, but has consistently fallen each year since then, as the fertility rate of the country remains below replacement level (despite government initiatives to counter this) and the country's immigrant population remains relatively stable. The population of Japan is expected to continue its decline in the coming years, and in 2020, it is estimated that approximately 126 million people inhabit the island country.

Japan JP: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data was reported at 2,189.000 Person in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,514.000 Person for 2016. Japan JP: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data is updated yearly, averaging 2,617.500 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,819.000 Person in 1990 and a record low of 1,794.000 Person in 2007. Japan JP: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Asylum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary protection. Asylum seekers--people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers--are excluded. Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country of asylum is the country where an asylum claim was filed and granted.; ; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Statistics Database, Statistical Yearbook and data files, complemented by statistics on Palestinian refugees under the mandate of the UNRWA as published on its website. Data from UNHCR are available online at: www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html.; Sum;

With approximately 14 million inhabitants, Tokyo Prefecture was the largest prefecture based on population size in Japan as of 2023. The smallest prefecture in this regard was Tottori Prefecture, which in the same year counted about 540,000 residents. Rural depopulation Like many industrial economies, Japan is facing the problem of depopulating rural areas. While the birth rate continues to decline, many young people decide to migrate from small towns and villages to large cities like Tokyo or Osaka for higher education and employment. The population of Tokyo Prefecture has shown substantial growth over the past decades and consists largely of working age citizens. Smaller communities are trying to counteract the depopulation process with initiatives meant to invite younger workers and tourists back. Migration to Japan Japan is often described as a very homogenous society, with a low share of foreign residents. Despite the declining birthrate and many businesses experiencing a labor shortage, companies have been hesitant to employ foreign workers, in part due to the strict immigration laws. The Japanese Government has tried to ease immigration restrictions and encourage foreigners to work in Japan. The largest share of foreign workers in Japan, however, is residing in the county with a permanent residence or as the family member of a Japanese national.

Japan JP: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Origin data was reported at 53.000 Person in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 145.000 Person for 2015. Japan JP: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Origin data is updated yearly, averaging 21.000 Person from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2016, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 521.000 Person in 2007 and a record low of 2.000 Person in 1997. Japan JP: Refugee Population: by Country or Territory of Origin data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary protection. Asylum seekers--people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers--are excluded. Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country of origin generally refers to the nationality or country of citizenship of a claimant.; ; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Statistics Database, Statistical Yearbook and data files, complemented by statistics on Palestinian refugees under the mandate of the UNRWA as published on its website. Data from UNHCR are available online at: www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html.; Sum;

In 2023, the total population in Japan slightly decreased to just below 125 million people compared to the previous year, with the female population reaching around 63.9 million, as compared to 60.5 million men. The oldest population in the world  Japanese society is facing severe demographic problems such as decreasing birthrates, remaining under one million births annually recently, and a thereby aging population. The country’s average age lies at around 48 years, making its population the oldest in the world. Elderly people aged 65 years and older accounted for about 29 percent of the population in 2023. According to a forecast, the age group 65 years and older would make up approximately 39 percent of the Japanese population by 2070. Challenges with the demographic shift The rapid aging of the society poses significant economic and sociopolitical challenges to the country, as the workforce will continue to shrink while increasingly more elderly will receive long-term support. Currently, close to seven million Japanese require long-term care, leading to national benefit expenses of over 14 trillion yen annually, including in-home and community-based services.

Population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (also referred to as prevalence of undernourishment) shows the percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements continuously. Data showing as 5 may signify a prevalence of undernourishment below 5%.

In 2023, the home ownership rate in Japan stood at 60.9 percent, remaining mostly flat in the past 15 years. That year, the total number of houses owned in the country amounted to approximately 33.9 million. Which type of dwelling is common in Japan? Among all residential buildings in Japan, detached houses exceeded all other building types in numbers. The majority of ordinary Japanese households live in detached houses. Japanese architecture is well known for its traditional wood constructions, and the use of timber for housing construction is still widely spread. Wood is still the major type of structure used for new residential buildings in Japan, followed by materials like steel. The problem of abandoned houses Due to a shrinking and aging population, and rural depopulation, Japan faces an increasing share of vacant dwellings, often referred to as “Akiya”. A large proportion of unoccupied houses in Japan are available for sale or rent. Some local governments and municipalities have reacted to the problem of abandoned houses by offering properties at reduced prices or even for free on certain conditions.

The Japan Computed Tomography Market size was valued at USD 370 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 609 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.12% from 2025 to 2032.

Key Market Drivers:
Aging Population and Healthcare Demands: Japan has the world’s oldest population, which creates a consistent need for diagnostic imaging. According to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW), 29.1% of Japan’s population will be 65 or older by 2023. This group has a greater prevalence of problems that necessitate CT scans, including cancer screening and cardiovascular disease.

Japan JP: Prevalence of Stunting: Height for Age: % of Children Under 5, Modeled Estimate data was reported at 5.000 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.100 % for 2021. Japan JP: Prevalence of Stunting: Height for Age: % of Children Under 5, Modeled Estimate data is updated yearly, averaging 6.700 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.500 % in 2001 and a record low of 5.000 % in 2022. Japan JP: Prevalence of Stunting: Height for Age: % of Children Under 5, Modeled Estimate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Prevalence of stunting is the percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.;UNICEF, WHO, World Bank: Joint child Malnutrition Estimates (JME).;Weighted average;Undernourished children have lower resistance to infection and are more likely to die from common childhood ailments such as diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections. Frequent illness saps the nutritional status of those who survive, locking them into a vicious cycle of recurring sickness and faltering growth (UNICEF). Being even mildly underweight increases the risk of death and inhibits cognitive development in children. And it perpetuates the problem across generations, as malnourished women are more likely to have low-birth-weight babies. Stunting, or being below median height for age, is often used as a proxy for multifaceted deprivation and as an indicator of long-term changes in malnutrition. Estimates are modeled estimates produced by the JME. Primary data sources of the anthropometric measurements are national surveys. These surveys are administered sporadically, resulting in sparse data for many countries. Furthermore, the trend of the indicators over time is usually not a straight line and varies by country. Tracking the current level and progress of indicators helps determine if countries are on track to meet certain thresholds, such as those indicated in the SDGs. Thus the JME developed statistical models and produced the modeled estimates.

Abstract

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 2.1 commits countries to end hunger, ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year around. Indicator 2.1.2, “Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)”, provides internationally-comparable estimates of the proportion of the population facing difficulties in accessing food. More detailed background information is available at http://www.fao.org/in-action/voices-of-the-hungry/fies/en/ .

The FIES-based indicators are compiled using the FIES survey module, containing 8 questions. Two indicators can be computed:
1. The proportion of the population experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity (SDG indicator 2.1.2), 2. The proportion of the population experiencing severe food insecurity.

These data were collected by FAO through the Gallup World Poll. General information on the methodology can be found here: https://www.gallup.com/178667/gallup-world-poll-work.aspx. National institutions can also collect FIES data by including the FIES survey module in nationally representative surveys.

Microdata can be used to calculate the indicator 2.1.2 at national level. Instructions for computing this indicator are described in the methodological document available in the documentations tab. Disaggregating results at sub-national level is not encouraged because estimates will suffer from substantial sampling and measurement error.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

Individuals of 15 years or older with access to landline and/or mobile phones.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

NA Exclusions: For landline RDD, excluded 12 municipalities near the nuclear power plant in Fukushima. These areas were designated as not-to-call districts due to the devastation from the 2011 disasters. The exclusion represents less than 1% of the population of Japan. Design effect: 1.27

Mode of data collection

Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing [CATI]

Cleaning operations

Statistical validation assesses the quality of the FIES data collected by testing their consistency with the assumptions of the Rasch model. This analysis involves the interpretation of several statistics that reveal 1) items that do not perform well in a given context, 2) cases with highly erratic response patterns, 3) pairs of items that may be redundant, and 4) the proportion of total variance in the population that is accounted for by the measurement model.

Sampling error estimates

The margin of error is estimated as 3.5. This is calculated around a proportion at the 95% confidence level. The maximum margin of error was calculated assuming a reported percentage of 50% and takes into account the design effect.

Data appraisal

The variable DEGURBA was not considered in the computation of the published FAO food insecurity indicator based on FIES due to the results of the validation process.

Snapshot img

Japan Pilates Equipment Market Size 2024-2028

The Japan pilates equipment market size is forecast to increase by USD 16.4 million at a CAGR of 11.6% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to several key factors. The aging population in Japan is a major driver for the market, as an increasing number of elderly individuals seek low-impact fitness solutions to maintaIn their health and mobility. Wearables and linked home solutions are also gaining popularity, allowing individuals to incorporate Pilates workouts into their daily routines from the comfort of their own homes. Pilates equipment, including reformers, mats, balls, rings, towers, barrels and arcs, chairs, and gears, are available in commercial spaces and retail stores, as well as through e-commerce platforms. Additionally, the adoption of clinical Pilates, which is used for rehabilitation and physical therapy, is on the rise. Furthermore, the popularity of other fitness formats is increasing, leading some individuals to supplement their workouts with Pilates equipment for added variety and effectiveness. These trends are expected to continue driving market growth In the coming years.

What will be the size of the Japan Pilates Equipment Market during the forecast period?

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The market has experienced significant growth in recent years, driven by increasing health consciousness and a shift towards functional fitness. The market encompasses various segments, including boutique studios, gymnasiums, health clubs, fitness centers, and gyms. The pandemic situation has accelerated the adoption of virtual fitness solutions, enabling Pilates workouts and yoga classes to reach a wider audience. Pilates, a contrology-based fitness system, offers strength training exercises that focus on core stability, posture, and breath control. Its low-impact nature makes it an attractive alternative for individuals seeking to mitigate joint problems and high blood pressure. The market is also influenced by the rising obesity and overweight population, as well as the growing trend towards outdoor fitness activities.
Moreover, functional fitness and cardiovascular exercises remain popular, with Pilates providing a complementary offering. The market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, as fitness enthusiasts increasingly recognize the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle to combat the health risks associated with high calorie food and sedentary lifestyles.

How is this market segmented and which is the largest segment?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Type

  Pilates machines
  Pilates mats
  Pilates rings
  Pilates balls


Application

  Commercial
  Residential


Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Geography

  Japan

By Type Insights

The pilates machines segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is experiencing notable growth, driven by the increasing adoption of Pilates machines in fitness activities and healthcare facilities. Reformers and cadillacs are the most popular types of Pilates equipment, frequently used in fitness centers, gyms and health clubs for therapeutic purposes and injury rehabilitation. Additionally, the market is witnessing an uptick due to the rising trend of functional fitness and outdoor fitness, leading to the demand for Pilates chairs and other Pilates equipment. Furthermore, the focus on eco-friendly materials in Pilates machine manufacturing is a significant factor contributing to market expansion.

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The Pilates machines segment was valued at USD 9.80 million in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Market Dynamics

Our researchers analyzed the data with 2023 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

What are the key market drivers leading to the rise in adoption of Japan Pilates Equipment Market?

Growing geriatric population is the key driver of the market.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing awareness of the importance of physical activity and overall health among the population, particularly among older adults. With the aging population in Japan, which is projected to reach 30% of the total population by 2030, there is a rising demand for Pilates equipment. This demographic shift has created a need for low-impact and untaxing fitness solutions that can help maintain flexibility and strength for healthy aging. Pilates workouts, which focus on controlled b

UNICEF's country profile for Japan, including under-five mortality rates, child health, education and sanitation data.

Additional file 1: Table S1.

【リソース】Annual Report on the Environment in Japan 2006 / / Full text / Top Cover / To Our Readers / Contents / Part One: Overview / Overview 1. Population Decline and the Environment / Chapter 1. Environment in the Declining Population Era / Chapter 2. Creating a Sustainable Society Compatible with a Dwindling Population / Overview 2. Fifty Years of Minamata Disease, Origin of Japan's Environmental Problems / PartTwo Current Environmental Issues and Government Environmental Conservation Measures / Back Cover【キーワード】白書_年次報告

In 2023, approximately 3.4 million residents of foreign nationality were registered in Japan, making up below three percent of the population. The total number of foreign residents increased by almost 1.3 million in the last decade. Development of immigration to JapanExcept for a large minority of people of Korean descent who have lived in Japan since the first half of the twentieth century, immigration of people from other countries did not become an issue in Japan until the 1980s when the economy required more labor. A revision of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act in 1990 allowed people of Japanese descent, so-called nikkeijin, to enter the country and work without restrictions. The nikkeijin who entered Japan in the years that followed mainly came from Brazil and other South American countries. Chinese immigration increased as well throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. A breakdown of foreign residents by major nationalities shows that Chinese immigrants overtook Koreans as the largest minority group in 2007. People from Vietnam were the strongest growing minority in the 2010s. Recent immigration reformDue to its demographic changes, Japan has a relatively low unemployment rate. As a consequence, a large share of companies reports labor shortages. The temporary immigration of foreign workers is considered one of the possible solutions to this problem, next to the increasing labor market participation of women and the elderly. In December 2018, the Japanese parliament passed a major immigration reform that became enacted in April 2019. The reform allowed lower- and semi-skilled workers to enter the country and work in one of 14 different industries suffering from a lack of labor. The vast majority of participants are not allowed to bring their family members and are expected to return to their respective countries after their terms in Japan end.

Abstract

The third wave of the Asian Barometer survey (ABS) conducted in 2010 and the database contains nine countries and regions in East Asia - the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Mongolia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Korea. The ABS is an applied research program on public opinion on political values, democracy, and governance around the region. The regional network encompasses research teams from 13 East Asian political systems and 5 South Asian countries. Together, this regional survey network covers virtually all major political systems in the region, systems that have experienced different trajectories of regime evolution and are currently at different stages of political transition.

The mission and task of each national research team are to administer survey instruments to compile the required micro-level data under a common research framework and research methodology to ensure that the data is reliable and comparable on the issues of citizens' attitudes and values toward politics, power, reform, and democracy in Asia.

The Asian Barometer Survey is headquartered in Taipei and co-hosted by the Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica and The Institute for the Advanced Studies of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Taiwan University.

Geographic coverage

13 East Asian political systems: Japan, Mongolia, South Koreas, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia; 5 South Asian countries: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal

Analysis unit

-Individuals

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Compared with surveys carried out within a single nation, cross-nation survey involves an extra layer of difficulty and complexity in terms of survey management, research design, and database modeling for the purpose of data preservation and easy analysis. To facilitate the progress of the Asian Barometer Surveys, the survey methodology and database subproject is formed as an important protocol specifically aiming at overseeing and coordinating survey research designs, database modeling, and data release.

As a network of Global Barometer Surveys, Asian Barometer Survey requires all country teams to comply with the research protocols which Global Barometer network has developed, tested, and proved practical methods for conducting comparative survey research on public attitudes.

Research Protocols:

• National probability samples that give every citizen in each country an equal chance of being selected for interview. Whether using census household lists or a multistage area approach, the method for selecting sampling units is always randomized. The samples may be stratified, or weights applied, to ensure coverage of rural areas and minority populations in their correct proportions. As such, Asian Barometer samples represent the adult, voting-age population in each country surveyed.

A model Asian Barometer Survey has a sample size of 1,200 respondents, which allows a minimum confidence interval of plus or minus 3 percent at 95 percent probability.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A standard questionnaire instrument containing a core module of identical or functionally equivalent questions. Wherever possible, theoretical concepts are measured with multiple items in order to enable testing for construct validity. The wording of items is determined by balancing various criteria, including: the research themes emphasized in the survey, the comprehensibility of the item to lay respondents, and the proven effectiveness of the item when tested in previous surveys.

Survey Topics: 1.Economic Evaluations: What is the economic condition of the nation and your family: now, over the last five years, and in the next five years? 2.Trust in institutions: How trustworthy are public institutions, including government branches, the media, the military, and NGOs. 3.Social Capital: Membership in private and public groups, the frequency and degree of group participation, trust in others, and influence of guanxi. 4.Political Participatio: Voting in elections, national and local, country-specific voting patterns, and active participation in the political process as well as demonstrations and strikes. Contact with government and elected officials, political organizations, NGOs and media. 5.Electoral Mobilization: Personal connections with officials, candidates, and political parties; influence on voter choice. 6.Psychological Involvement and Partisanship: Interest in political news coverage, impact of government policies on daily life, and party allegiance. 7.Traditionalism: Importance of consensus and family, role of the elderly, face, and woman in theworkplace. 8.Democratic Legitimacy and Preference for Democracy: Democratic ranking of present and previous regime, and expected ranking in the next five years; satisfaction with how democracy works, suitability of democracy; comparisons between current and previous regimes, especially corruption; democracy and economic development, political competition, national unity, social problems, military government, and technocracy. 9.Efficacy, Citizen Empowerment, System Responsiveness: Accessibility of political system: does a political elite prevent access and reduce the ability of people to influence the government. 10.Democratic vs. Authoritarian Values: Level of education and political equality, government leadership and superiority, separation of executive and judiciary. 11.Cleavage: Ownership of state-owned enterprises, national authority over local decisions, cultural insulation, community and the individual. 12.Belief in Procedural Norms of Democracy: Respect of procedures by political leaders: compromise, tolerance of opposing and minority views. 13.Social-Economic Background Variables: Gender, age, marital status, education level, years of formal education, religion and religiosity, household, income, language and ethnicity. 14.Interview Record: Gender, age, class, and language of the interviewer, people present at the interview; did the respondent: refuse, display impatience, and cooperate; the language or dialect spoken in interview, and was an interpreter present.

Cleaning operations

Quality checks are enforced at every stage of data conversion to ensure that information from paper returns is edited, coded, and entered correctly for purposes of computer analysis. Machine readable data are generated by trained data entry operators and a minimum of 20 percent of the data is entered twice by independent teams for purposes of cross-checking. Data cleaning involves checks for illegal and logically inconsistent values.

Abstract

This study is an experiment designed to compare the performance of three methodologies for sampling households with migrants:

• a stratified sample using the census to sample census tracts randomly, in which each household is then listed and screened to determine whether or not it has a migrant, with the full length questionnaire then being applied in a second phase only to the households of interest;
• a snowball survey in which households are asked to provide referrals to other households with migrant members;
• an intercept point survey (or time-and-space sampling survey), in which individuals are sampled during set time periods at a prespecified set of locations where households in the target group are likely to congregate.

Researchers from the World Bank applied these methods in the context of a survey of Brazilians of Japanese descent (Nikkei), requested by the World Bank. There are approximately 1.2-1.9 million Nikkei among Brazil’s 170 million population.

The survey was designed to provide detail on the characteristics of households with and without migrants, to estimate the proportion of households receiving remittances and with migrants in Japan, and to examine the consequences of migration and remittances on the sending households.

The same questionnaire was used for the stratified random sample and snowball surveys, and a shorter version of the questionnaire was used for the intercept surveys. Researchers can directly compare answers to the same questions across survey methodologies and determine the extent to which the intercept and snowball surveys can give similar results to the more expensive census-based survey, and test for the presence of biases.

Geographic coverage

Sao Paulo and Parana states

Analysis unit

Japanese-Brazilian (Nikkei) households and individuals

The 2000 Brazilian Census was used to classify households as Nikkei or non-Nikkei. The Brazilian Census does not ask ethnicity but instead asks questions on race, country of birth and whether an individual has lived elsewhere in the last 10 years. On the basis of these questions, a household is classified as (potentially) Nikkei if it has any of the following: 1) a member born in Japan; 2) a member who is of yellow race and who has lived in Japan in the last 10 years; 3) a member who is of yellow race, who was not born in a country other than Japan (predominantly Korea, Taiwan or China) and who did not live in a foreign country other than Japan in the last 10 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1) Stratified random sample survey

Two states with the largest Nikkei population - Sao Paulo and Parana - were chosen for the study.

The sampling process consisted of three stages. First, a stratified random sample of 75 census tracts was selected based on 2000 Brazilian census. Second, interviewers carried out a door-to-door listing within each census tract to determine which households had a Nikkei member. Third, the survey questionnaire was then administered to households that were identified as Nikkei. A door-to-door listing exercise of the 75 census tracts was then carried out between October 13th, 2006, and October 29th, 2006. The fieldwork began on November 19, 2006, and all dwellings were visited at least once by December 22, 2006. The second wave of surveying took place from January 18th, 2007, to February 2nd, 2007, which was intended to increase the number of households responding.

2) Intercept survey

The intercept survey was designed to carry out interviews at a range of locations that were frequented by the Nikkei population. It was originally designed to be done in Sao Paulo city only, but a second intercept point survey was later carried out in Curitiba, Parana. Intercept survey took place between December 9th, 2006, and December 20th, 2006, whereas the Curitiba intercept survey took place between March 3rd and March 12th, 2007.

Consultations with Nikkei community organizations, local researchers and officers of the bank Sudameris, which provides remittance services to this community, were used to select a broad range of locations. Interviewers were assigned to visit each location during prespecified blocks of time. Two fieldworkers were assigned to each location. One fieldworker carried out the interviews, while the other carried out a count of the number of people with Nikkei appearance who appeared to be 18 years old or older who passed by each location. For the fixed places, this count was made throughout the prespecified time block. For example, between 2.30 p.m. and 3.30 p.m. at the sports club, the interviewer counted 57 adult Nikkeis. Refusal rates were carefully recorded, along with the sex and approximate age of the person refusing.

In all, 516 intercept interviews were collected.

3) Snowball sampling survey

The questionnaire that was used was the same as used for the stratified random sample. The plan was to begin with a seed list of 75 households, and to aim to reach a total sample of 300 households through referrals from the initial seed households. Each household surveyed was asked to supply the names of three contacts: (a) a Nikkei household with a member currently in Japan; (b) a Nikkei household with a member who has returned from Japan; (c) a Nikkei household without members in Japan and where individuals had not returned from Japan.

The snowball survey took place from December 5th to 20th, 2006. The second phase of the snowballing survey ran from January 22nd, 2007, to March 23rd, 2007. More associations were contacted to provide additional seed names (69 more names were obtained) and, as with the stratified sample, an adaptation of the intercept survey was used when individuals refused to answer the longer questionnaire. A decision was made to continue the snowball process until a target sample size of 100 had been achieved.

The final sample consists of 60 households who came as seed households from Japanese associations, and 40 households who were chain referrals. The longest chain achieved was three links.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

1) Stratified sampling and snowball survey questionnaire

This questionnaire has 36 pages with over 1,000 variables, taking over an hour to complete.

If subjects refused to answer the questionnaire, interviewers would leave a much shorter version of the questionnaire to be completed by the household by themselves, and later picked up. This shorter questionnaire was the same as used in the intercept point survey, taking seven minutes on average. The intention with the shorter survey was to provide some data on households that would not answer the full survey because of time constraints, or because respondents were reluctant to have an interviewer in their house.

2) Intercept questionnaire

The questionnaire is four pages in length, consisting of 62 questions and taking a mean time of seven minutes to answer. Respondents had to be 18 years old or older to be interviewed.

Response rate

1) Stratified random sampling 403 out of the 710 Nikkei households were surveyed, an interview rate of 57%. The refusal rate was 25%, whereas the remaining households were either absent on three attempts or were not surveyed because building managers refused permission to enter the apartment buildings. Refusal rates were higher in Sao Paulo than in Parana, reflecting greater concerns about crime and a busier urban environment.

2) Intercept Interviews 516 intercept interviews were collected, along with 325 refusals. The average refusal rate is 39%, with location-specific refusal rates ranging from only 3% at the food festival to almost 66% at one of the two grocery stores.

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Hearing Amplifiers Market Size 2024-2028

The hearing amplifiers market size is forecast to increase by USD 28.29 billion at a CAGR of 5.66% between 2023 and 2028. The escalating demand for advanced products arises from the increasing incidence of falls and individuals struggling to hear, necessitating innovations to address these challenges. However, disruptions in the supply chain and the widespread use of masks pose logistical hurdles. Moreover, for those reliant on lip reading, masks exacerbate communication barriers. Start-ups and AI, along with big data, are revolutionizing the industry, offering innovative hearing accessories and solutions. The market's revenue share is expected to continue growing, driven by the increasing awareness of mental health issues, including depression and social isolation, associated with hearing loss. Sales channel insights reveal the need for efficient distribution networks to ensure product accessibility. In response, companies are developing advanced solutions, integrating features like noise reduction and automatic adjustment to enhance usability and cater to diverse needs amidst evolving consumer preferences and market dynamics.

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The market caters to the needs of the geriatric population, particularly those suffering from hearing impairment disorders such as nerve diseases, inner ear problems, and hearing loss. These conditions can lead to social isolation, depression, and even dementia due to difficulties in communication and balance of the body. Technological advancements in hearing amplifiers have been instrumental in addressing these challenges. Hearing accessories like customized hearing aids, noise reduction features, and sound processing technology have become essential for hearing-impaired patients. The medical device industry has been actively promoting awareness of these issues and the benefits of hearing amplifiers. Loud noise and medications can exacerbate hearing loss, making it crucial for patients to invest in high-quality hearing solutions. The valuation of the market is expected to grow significantly due to the increasing prevalence of hearing impairment disorders in the aging population.

Market Segmentation

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Type

  Behind-the-ear
  In-the-ear


Geography

  Europe

    Germany
    Italy


  North America

    US


  Asia

    China
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Distribution Channel Insights

The offline segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market experienced significant growth in 2023, with the offline segment leading due to the rising prevalence of hearing loss, particularly among the young and adult populations, and the increasing demand for Personalized Sound Amplification Products (PSAP) prescribed for the geriatric population. Factors such as dementia, walking problems, falls, and balance issues associated with inner ear disorders contribute to the market's expansion. New technologies, like AI-based hearing amplifiers from companies like Olive Union, address background noise and improve efficiency, connectivity, and battery life. However, aesthetic designs, customization, and rechargeable devices are also essential considerations for consumers. The offline retail segment's growth is driven by the presence of standalone pharmacy stores and hospitals, especially in developing countries, which cater to the demand for hearing aid devices, including hearing amplifiers.

The online sales segment, fueled by e-commerce platforms, also contributes to the market's valuation. Technological advancements in hearing impairment disorders, such as noise reduction, sound processing technology, and customization, are crucial factors driving market growth. Despite the benefits, challenges such as the risk of infection, mask usage, and the need for lip reading persist.

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The offline segment accounted for USD 50.00 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Insights

Europe is estimated to contribute 37% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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The European market holds a significant share in The market, driven by the increasing prevalence of hearing loss and technological advancements, particularly in the development of smart hearing aids. These devices incorporate sensors to enhan