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Graph and download economic data for Nikkei Stock Average, Nikkei 225 (NIKKEI225) from 1949-05-16 to 2025-07-01 about stocks, stock market, Japan, and indexes.

We compile raw data from the Datastream database for all stocks traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchance, Osaka Exchange, Fukuoka Stock Exchange, Nagoya Stock Exchange and Sapporo Securities Exchange. Particularly, we collect the following data series, on a monthly basis: (i) total return index (RI series), (ii) market value (MV series), (iii) market-to-book equity (PTBV series), and (iv) primary SIC codes. Following Griffing et al. (2010), we exclude non-common equity securities from Datastream data. Additionally, we remove all companies with less than 12 observations in RI series for the period under analysis. Hence, our sample comprises 5,627 stocks, considering all companies that started trading or were delisted in the period under analysis. We use the three-month Treasury Bill rate for Japan, as provided by the OECD database, as a proxy for the risk-free rate. Accordingly, the dataset comprises the following series:

1. Japan_25_Portfolios_MV_PTBV_M: Monthly returns for 25 size-book-to-market equity portfolios, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
2. Japan_20_Portfolios_MOM_M: Monthly returns for 20 momentum portfolios rebalanced in June of each year. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
3. Japan_61_Portfolios_SECTOR_M: Monthly returns for 61 industry portfolios. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
4. Japan_RF_M: Three-month Treasury Bill rate for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)
5. Japan_C_Q: Private final consumption expenditure, in national currency and constant prices, non-seasonally adjusted, for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)
6. Japan_Trade_Y: Trade openness for Japan, as measured by the variation rate of exports plus imports. (Raw data source: OECD)
7. Japan_RD_Y: Variation rate of R&D investment for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)
8. Japan_IK_Y: Investment-capital ratio for Japan., determined using the methodology suggested by Cochrane (1991) (Raw data source: OECD)
9. Japan_CCI_M: Consumer confidence index for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)

REFERENCES:

Cochrane, J.H. (1991), Production-based asset pricing and the link between stock returns and economic fluctuations. The Journal of Finance, 46, 209-237. Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (1993). Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33, 3–56. Griffin, J. M., Kelly, P., and Nardari, F. (2010). Do market efficiency measures yield correct inferences? A comparison of developed and emerging markets. Review of Financial Studies, 23, 3225–3277.

Using all stocks listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange and macroeconomic data for Japan, the dataset comprises the following series:

1. Monthly returns for 25 size-book-to-market equity portfolios, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
2. Monthly returns for 20 momentum portfolios, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
3. Monthly returns for 25 price-to-cash flow-dividend yield portfolios, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
4. Fama and French three-factors (RM, SMB and HML), following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
5. Fama and French five-factors (RM, SMB, HML, RMW, and CMA), following the Fama and French (2015) methodology for all factors, except for RMW, which is determined using the return on assets as sorting variable, as in Hou, Xue and Zhang (2014). (Raw data source: Datastream database)
6. Private final consumption expenditure, in national currency and constant prices, non-seasonally adjusted, for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)
7. Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)
8. Three-month interest rate of the Treasury Bill for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)
9. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)
10. Consumer Price Index (CPI) growth rate for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)

We have produced all return series using the following data from Datastream: (i) total return index (RI series), (ii) market value (MV series), (iii) market-to-book equity (PTBV series), (iv) total assets (WC02999 series), (v) return on equity (WC08301 series), (vi) price-to-cash flow ratio (PC series), and (vii) dividend yield (DY series). We have used the generic rules suggested by Griffin, Kelly, & Nardari (2010) for excluding non-common equity securities from Datastream data. We also exclude stocks with less than twelve observations in the period from July 1992 to June 2018. Accordingly, our sample comprises a total number of 5,312 stocks.

REFERENCES:

Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (1993). Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33, 3–56. Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (2015). A five-factor asset pricing model. Journal of Financial Economics, 116, 1–22. Griffin, J. M., Kelly, P., and Nardari, F. (2010). Do market efficiency measures yield correct inferences? A comparison of developed and emerging markets. Review of Financial Studies, 23, 3225–3277. Hou K, Xue C, Zhang L. (2014). Digesting anomalies: An investment approach. Review of Financial Studies, 28, 650-705.

Graph and download economic data for Stock Market Total Value Traded to GDP for Japan (DDDM02JPA156NWDB) from 1975 to 2020 about market cap, stock market, Japan, trade, and GDP.

Graph and download economic data for Financial Market: Share Prices for Japan (SPASTT01JPM661N) from Jan 1959 to May 2025 about stock market and Japan.

Graph and download economic data for Financial Market: Share Prices for Japan (SPASTT01JPQ661N) from Q1 1959 to Q1 2025 about stock market and Japan.

Japan JP: Imports: USD: All Services: Financial Services data was reported at 4.620 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.468 USD bn for 2022. Japan JP: Imports: USD: All Services: Financial Services data is updated yearly, averaging 3.285 USD bn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2023, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.702 USD bn in 2020 and a record low of 1.630 USD bn in 2002. Japan JP: Imports: USD: All Services: Financial Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Imports: USD: by Services: OECD Member: Annual. Financial services covers financial intermediation and auxiliary services, except those of insurance enterprises and pension schemes. These services include those usually provided by banks and other financial intermediaries and auxiliaries. Included are services provided in connection with transactions in financial instruments, as well as other services related to financial activity, encompassing, inter alia, deposit taking and lending, letters of credit, credit card services, commissions and charges related to financial leasing, factoring, underwriting and clearing of payments. Also included are financial advisory services, custody of financial assets or bullion, financial asset management, monitoring services, convenience services, liquidity provision services, risk assumption services other than insurance, merger and acquisition services, credit rating services, stock exchange services and trust services. Financial services may be charged for by: explicit charges; margins on buying and selling transactions; asset management costs deducted from property income receivable, in the case of asset-holding entities; or margins between the interest rate and the reference rate on loans and deposits (referred to as financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)). EBOPS 2010 identifies FISIM separately from all other financial services.For financial intermediaries, the balance between explicit and implicit charges may vary over time and from institution to institution; thus, data on both are needed to obtain a complete picture of their supply of services.

Graph and download economic data for Share Prices: All Shares/Broad: Total for Japan (SPASTT01JPM657N) from Feb 1959 to May 2025 about stock market and Japan.

Japan JP: Imports: All Services: Financial Services data was reported at 649,052.100 JPY mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,245,013.700 JPY mn for 2022. Japan JP: Imports: All Services: Financial Services data is updated yearly, averaging 335,890.900 JPY mn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2023, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,245,013.700 JPY mn in 2022 and a record low of 200,140.200 JPY mn in 2001. Japan JP: Imports: All Services: Financial Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Imports: by Services: OECD Member: Annual. Financial services covers financial intermediation and auxiliary services, except those of insurance enterprises and pension schemes. These services include those usually provided by banks and other financial intermediaries and auxiliaries. Included are services provided in connection with transactions in financial instruments, as well as other services related to financial activity, encompassing, inter alia, deposit taking and lending, letters of credit, credit card services, commissions and charges related to financial leasing, factoring, underwriting and clearing of payments. Also included are financial advisory services, custody of financial assets or bullion, financial asset management, monitoring services, convenience services, liquidity provision services, risk assumption services other than insurance, merger and acquisition services, credit rating services, stock exchange services and trust services. Financial services may be charged for by: explicit charges; margins on buying and selling transactions; asset management costs deducted from property income receivable, in the case of asset-holding entities; or margins between the interest rate and the reference rate on loans and deposits (referred to as financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)). EBOPS 2010 identifies FISIM separately from all other financial services.For financial intermediaries, the balance between explicit and implicit charges may vary over time and from institution to institution; thus, data on both are needed to obtain a complete picture of their supply of services.

Using all stocks listed on the Japanese equity market and macroeconomic data for Japan, the dataset comprises the following series:

1. Japan_25_Portfolios_MV_PTBV: Monthly returns for 25 size-book-to-market equity portfolios, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
2. Japan_25_Portfolios_MV_PE: Monthly returns for 25 size-PE portfolios, following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
3. Japan_50_Portfolios_SECTOR: Monthly returns for 50 industry portfolios. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
4. Japan_3 Factors: Fama and French three-factors (RM, SMB and HML), following the Fama and French (1993) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
5. Japan_5 Factors: Fama and French five-factors (RM, SMB, HML, RMW, and CMA), following the Fama and French (2015) methodology. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
6. Japan_NUCLEAR_Y: Instrument in years with a value of 1 when a nuclear disaster has occurred somewhere in the world and 0 otherwise. (Raw data source: Bloomberg and BBC News)
7. Japan_NUCLEAR_M: Instrument in months with a value of 1 when a nuclear disaster has occurred somewhere in the world and 0 otherwise. (Raw data source: Bloomberg and BBC News)
8. Japan_RF_M: Three-month interest rate of the Treasury Bill for Japan. (Raw data source: OECD)
9. Company data: Names and general data of the companies that constitute the sample. (Raw data source: Datastream database)
10. Number of stocks in portfolios: Number of stocks included each year in Japan_25_Portfolios_MV_PTBV, Japan_25_Portfolios_MV_PE and Japan_50_Portfolios_SECTOR. (Raw data source: Datastream database)

We have produced all return series using the following data from Datastream: (i) total return index (RI series), (ii) market value (MV series), (iii) market-to-book equity (PTBV series), (iv) total assets (WC02999 series), (v) return on equity (WC08301 series), (vi) price-to-earnings ratio (PE series), and (vii) industry (SECTOR series). We have used the generic rules suggested by Griffin, Kelly, & Nardari (2010) for excluding non-common equity securities from Datastream data. We also exclude stocks with less than twelve observations. Accordingly, our sample comprises a total number of 5,212 stocks.

REFERENCES:

Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (1993). Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33, 3–56. Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (2015). A five-factor asset pricing model. Journal of Financial Economics, 116, 1–22. Griffin, J. M., Kelly, P., and Nardari, F. (2010). Do market efficiency measures yield correct inferences? A comparison of developed and emerging markets. Review of Financial Studies, 23, 3225–3277.

Graph and download economic data for Nikkei Stock Average, Nikkei 225 from 1949-05-16 to 2025-06-06 about stocks, stock market, Japan, and indexes.

Graph and download economic data for Share Prices: All Shares/Broad: Total for Japan (SPASTT01JPQ657N) from Q2 1959 to Q1 2025 about stock market and Japan.

Japan JP: Trade Balance: USD: All Services: Financial Services data was reported at 2.264 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.468 USD bn for 2022. Japan JP: Trade Balance: USD: All Services: Financial Services data is updated yearly, averaging 1.761 USD bn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2023, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.749 USD bn in 2019 and a record low of -827.200 USD mn in 1997. Japan JP: Trade Balance: USD: All Services: Financial Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Trade Balance: USD: by Services: OECD Member: Annual. Financial services covers financial intermediation and auxiliary services, except those of insurance enterprises and pension schemes. These services include those usually provided by banks and other financial intermediaries and auxiliaries. Included are services provided in connection with transactions in financial instruments, as well as other services related to financial activity, encompassing, inter alia, deposit taking and lending, letters of credit, credit card services, commissions and charges related to financial leasing, factoring, underwriting and clearing of payments. Also included are financial advisory services, custody of financial assets or bullion, financial asset management, monitoring services, convenience services, liquidity provision services, risk assumption services other than insurance, merger and acquisition services, credit rating services, stock exchange services and trust services. Financial services may be charged for by: explicit charges; margins on buying and selling transactions; asset management costs deducted from property income receivable, in the case of asset-holding entities; or margins between the interest rate and the reference rate on loans and deposits (referred to as financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)). EBOPS 2010 identifies FISIM separately from all other financial services.For financial intermediaries, the balance between explicit and implicit charges may vary over time and from institution to institution; thus, data on both are needed to obtain a complete picture of their supply of services.

Japan JP: Trade Balance: All Services: Financial Services data was reported at 318,024.900 JPY mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 324,533.900 JPY mn for 2022. Japan JP: Trade Balance: All Services: Financial Services data is updated yearly, averaging 188,959.950 JPY mn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2023, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 626,674.000 JPY mn in 2019 and a record low of -100,087.500 JPY mn in 1997. Japan JP: Trade Balance: All Services: Financial Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Trade Balance: by Services: OECD Member: Annual. Financial services covers financial intermediation and auxiliary services, except those of insurance enterprises and pension schemes. These services include those usually provided by banks and other financial intermediaries and auxiliaries. Included are services provided in connection with transactions in financial instruments, as well as other services related to financial activity, encompassing, inter alia, deposit taking and lending, letters of credit, credit card services, commissions and charges related to financial leasing, factoring, underwriting and clearing of payments. Also included are financial advisory services, custody of financial assets or bullion, financial asset management, monitoring services, convenience services, liquidity provision services, risk assumption services other than insurance, merger and acquisition services, credit rating services, stock exchange services and trust services. Financial services may be charged for by: explicit charges; margins on buying and selling transactions; asset management costs deducted from property income receivable, in the case of asset-holding entities; or margins between the interest rate and the reference rate on loans and deposits (referred to as financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)). EBOPS 2010 identifies FISIM separately from all other financial services.For financial intermediaries, the balance between explicit and implicit charges may vary over time and from institution to institution; thus, data on both are needed to obtain a complete picture of their supply of services.

Japan JP: Exports: USD: All Services: Financial Services data was reported at 6.883 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.936 USD bn for 2022. Japan JP: Exports: USD: All Services: Financial Services data is updated yearly, averaging 4.946 USD bn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2023, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.734 USD bn in 2020 and a record low of 1.609 USD bn in 1998. Japan JP: Exports: USD: All Services: Financial Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Exports: USD: by Services: OECD Member: Annual. Financial services covers financial intermediation and auxiliary services, except those of insurance enterprises and pension schemes. These services include those usually provided by banks and other financial intermediaries and auxiliaries. Included are services provided in connection with transactions in financial instruments, as well as other services related to financial activity, encompassing, inter alia, deposit taking and lending, letters of credit, credit card services, commissions and charges related to financial leasing, factoring, underwriting and clearing of payments. Also included are financial advisory services, custody of financial assets or bullion, financial asset management, monitoring services, convenience services, liquidity provision services, risk assumption services other than insurance, merger and acquisition services, credit rating services, stock exchange services and trust services. Financial services may be charged for by: explicit charges; margins on buying and selling transactions; asset management costs deducted from property income receivable, in the case of asset-holding entities; or margins between the interest rate and the reference rate on loans and deposits (referred to as financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)). EBOPS 2010 identifies FISIM separately from all other financial services.For financial intermediaries, the balance between explicit and implicit charges may vary over time and from institution to institution; thus, data on both are needed to obtain a complete picture of their supply of services.

Japan JP: Exports: All Services: Financial Services data was reported at 967,077.000 JPY mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,569,547.500 JPY mn for 2022. Japan JP: Exports: All Services: Financial Services data is updated yearly, averaging 517,815.800 JPY mn from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2023, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,679,949.000 JPY mn in 2020 and a record low of 210,580.600 JPY mn in 1998. Japan JP: Exports: All Services: Financial Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Exports: by Services: OECD Member: Annual. Financial services covers financial intermediation and auxiliary services, except those of insurance enterprises and pension schemes. These services include those usually provided by banks and other financial intermediaries and auxiliaries. Included are services provided in connection with transactions in financial instruments, as well as other services related to financial activity, encompassing, inter alia, deposit taking and lending, letters of credit, credit card services, commissions and charges related to financial leasing, factoring, underwriting and clearing of payments. Also included are financial advisory services, custody of financial assets or bullion, financial asset management, monitoring services, convenience services, liquidity provision services, risk assumption services other than insurance, merger and acquisition services, credit rating services, stock exchange services and trust services. Financial services may be charged for by: explicit charges; margins on buying and selling transactions; asset management costs deducted from property income receivable, in the case of asset-holding entities; or margins between the interest rate and the reference rate on loans and deposits (referred to as financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)). EBOPS 2010 identifies FISIM separately from all other financial services.For financial intermediaries, the balance between explicit and implicit charges may vary over time and from institution to institution; thus, data on both are needed to obtain a complete picture of their supply of services.

Of the major developed economies, Japan had the highest debt to equity ratio for financial corporations, reaching 8.9 in 2022. The United Kingdom had the second highest debt to equity ratio with 5.6 percent while the United States had the lowest with only 2.3 percent.

The debt to equity ratio is a measure of whether companies finance their activities with equity or debt. It is calculated by dividing total outstanding debt of all financial corporations by the market value of those companies' shares. A ratio of 2.5, for example, means that outstanding debt is 2.5 times larger than the market value of the financial sector's equity.

Japan JP: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Inward: USD: Total: Australia, Oceania and Polar Regions Not Allocated data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2021. Japan JP: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Inward: USD: Total: Australia, Oceania and Polar Regions Not Allocated data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2014 (Median) to 2022, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 USD mn in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2022. Japan JP: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Inward: USD: Total: Australia, Oceania and Polar Regions Not Allocated data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.FDI: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: USD: by Region and Country: OECD Member: Annual. Reverse investment: Netting of reverse investment in equity (when a direct investment enterprise acquires less than 10% equity ownership in its parent) and reverse investment in debt (when a direct investment enterprise extends a loan to its parent) is applied in the recording of total inward and outward FDI transactions and positions. Treatment of debt FDI transactions and positions between fellow enterprises: directional basis according to the residency of the direct investor.; Under the directional presentation , the direct investment flows and positions are organised according to the direction of the investment for the reporting economy-either outward or inward . So, for a particular country, all flows and positions of direct investors resident in that economy are shown under outward investment and all flows and positions for direct investment enterprises resident in that economy are shown under inward investment. The directional presentation reflects the direction of influence. For more details, see a complete note on ' Asset/liability versus directional presentation '; FDI financial flows are cross-border transactions between affiliated parties (direct investors, direct investment enterprises and/or fellow enterprises) recorded during the reference period (typically year or quarter). FDI positions represent the value of the stock of direct investments held at the end of the reference period (typically year or quarter). The change in direct investment positions from one period to the next is equal to the value of financial transactions recorded during the period plus other changes in prices, exchange rates, and volume. FDI income data are closely linked to the stocks of investments and are used for analysis of the productivity of the investment and calculation of the rate of return on the total funds invested. The main financial instrument components of FDI are equity and debt instruments. Equity includes common and preferred shares (exclusive of non-participating preference shares which should be included under debt), reserves, capital contributions and reinvestment of earnings. Dividends, distributed branch earnings, reinvested earnings and undistributed branch earnings are components of FDI income on equity . Reinvested earnings and reinvestment of earnings are separately identified components of equity in FDI income data and in FDI financial flows. Debt instruments include marketable securities such as bonds, debentures, commercial paper, promissory notes, non-participating preference shares and other tradable non-equity securities as well as loans, deposits, trade credit and other accounts payable/ receivable.The interest returns on the above instruments are included in FDI income on debt .; FDI financial flows, income flows and positions include, if they exist, resident Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) which cannot be identified separately. Valuation method used for listed inward and outward equity positions: Own funds at book value, Accumulation of FDI equity flows. Valuation method used for unlisted inward and outward equity positions: Own funds at book value, Accumulation of FDI equity flows. Valuation method used for inward and outward debt positions: Nominal value .

Rubber rose to 162.90 USD Cents / Kg on June 27, 2025, up 2.13% from the previous day. Over the past month, Rubber's price has fallen 2.22%, and is down 1.57% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Rubber - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on June of 2025.