In 2023, Japanese women who were ** years old were the age group with the highest average body weight, amounting to 57.9 kilograms. Women aged 26 to 29 years old had an average body weight of 52.8 kilograms.

According to a survey conducted in November 2023, most women in Japan were within the normal range of the body mass index (BMI). Around 69.7 percent of female respondents in the age group 30 to 39 years were of normal weight in terms of BMI, while about 12.4 percent were overweight. Weights control in Japan The majority of deaths in recent Japanese society are caused by lifestyle diseases. In order to reduce the number of deaths from lifestyle diseases, the Japanese government implemented a new annual metabolic syndrome examination in 2008 for citizens aged over 40 years old. People who are classified as having metabolic syndrome or pre-metabolic syndrome at the examination receive advice and support from a nutritionist to improve their diet and lifestyle habits. The government also introduced a new license Tokuho in 1991 for food and beverages that contain ingredients that can have a positive influence on the physiological function. Major companies in Japan currently produce a lot of food and drink products that can meet the requirement of the license. Despite those measures, the share of people in Japan that are classified as overweight has not fluctuated much in recent years. As of 2019, close to 32 percent of Japanese men were classified as obese. Underweight among young women In contrast to the people categorized as overweight, young female Japanese are facing an underweight problem. According to the survey, approximately 24 percent of women in their twenties and 18.3 percent of girls below 20 years old were reported as being underweight. The Japanese health ministry pointed out that the dissemination of beauty standards in society and media, alongside the flooded information about diet methods, are facilitating young Japanese women’s desire to be “thin.” To reduce the risk of health disorders, such as amenorrhea and osteoporosis among women, the government has set the goal of less than 15 percent of the female population under 30 years old to be underweight by 2032.

Pregnancy outcomes for normal weight women in reference to weight gain.

Sex ratio theory suggests that females should bias offspring sex ratios based on maternal condition and the availability of critical food resources. Work in birds indicates that females do, indeed, bias sex ratios according to maternal condition and food quality and quantity. Yet it is unknown whether these sex ratio skews occur due to fluctuations in particular micro- or macro-nutrients, caloric content overall, or even the perception of food availability. We hypothesized that dietary fats may drive biases in offspring sex ratios, because measures of maternal condition often reflect fat reserves, and fats are critical for the process of egg-laying in birds. To test this, we provided breeding Japanese quail, a species that biases sex ratios in response to maternal condition, with either a control breeding diet or a diet supplemented with two oils (safflower oil and flaxseed oil). These oils were chosen for their high omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid content as well as their importance in mammalian sex allocation. We then measured influences of these diets on the sex ratio of offspring, the change in maternal weight, and the laying rates of female quail. The dietary oil supplements increased weight gains in quail but decreased the number of eggs laid during the experiment. There was no influence of the oil supplements on offspring sex ratios. This indicates that fat may not be a macro-nutrient involved in the process of sex ratio adjustment in quail. Methods Housing and Bird Care Sexually mature Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (n=65 males and 65 females) were pair-housed in wire cages (6”x12”x10”) with one male and one female per cage. Quail had ad libitum access to water and feed throughout the entire experiment through nipple drinkers and trough feeders. The quail cages were housed in a single, climate-controlled room with a light clock schedule of 14:10 hours of light to dark. These quail were part of a breeding colony maintained by the University of Georgia and were available for inclusion in this experiment when they were in peak lay, at approximately 24 weeks old. Japanese quail lay one egg per day, and clutch sizes range from 10–14 eggs per clutch (Lukanov and Pavlova 2020) with an average lag of 21.6h between successive clutches (Aggrey et al. 1993). In our breeding colony, we have noted similar clutch sizes, but rarely, we have observed females lay more than one egg per day, a phenomenon that has never been officially reported on in quail but has been observed previously in chickens (Navara and Wrobel 2019). The average fertility rates in previous studies of domestic quail were around 87% (reviewed in Lukanov and Pavlova 2020), though it is not uncommon in our breeding colony to see lower fertility rates, between 60 and 70%, in unmanipulated birds. It is still unknown whether wild Japanese quail are monogamous or polygynous; instead, it is likely that they can exhibit either mating strategy, but we maintain our birds in monogamous pairs, and female quail conduct all parental care in both wild and domestic situations. Design and Dietary Treatments The control diet was the standard quail layer diet used at the University of Georgia Poultry Research Facility (Table 1). Our high-fat diet was formulated by a poultry nutritionist at the University of Georgia (Dr. Woo Kim); it included 5% safflower seed oil (Hollywood® Safflower Oil) and 5% flaxseed oil (Puritan’s Pride® Natural Organic Flaxseed Oil) by weight and a reduction of carbohydrate content to account for the increased caloric load of the two added oils. We chose these amounts because it was the largest change in dietary fat that we could achieve without reducing a majority of the other critical nutrients in the diet other than carbohydrates. Overall, the formulation effectively elevated the fat content of the diet while simultaneously decreasing the carbohydrate content. We chose to decrease the carbohydrate content rather than increase the total caloric content of the diet because it would have been impossible to determine whether any effects caused were because of caloric content or a particular macronutrient. Unfortunately, it was impossible to adjust fat content by itself, so results will be interpreted with the understanding that carbohydrate content was reduced in this study as well, with the assumption that any effects we saw would need to be further examined to ensure that the decrease in carbohydrate content was not playing a role. We allocated 30 quail pairs to the fat-supplemented group and 35 pairs were allocated to stay on the control diet. The two groups remained on these diets for the remainder of the experiment. After two weeks on the dietary treatments, eggs were then collected for 14 days (Figure 1). We waited this two-week period because quail eggs can take anywhere from 4–7 days to complete rapid yolk deposition (Bacon and Koontz 1971); we wanted to be sure that all birds had acclimated to the treatment for at least two weeks and all eggs we measured were influenced by the dietary supplementation. We collected a total of 496 eggs from control females and 312 eggs from females on the experimental diet. Female body weights were measured both before and at the end of the experiment using a digital scale (accuracy 0.01g). Sexing of Offspring After collecting eggs, we stored them in a cooler at 4℃ for a maximum of seven days before transferring them to an incubator at 37.5℃ at 58% relative humidity for four days. The incubated eggs were then removed and frozen at -50℃. While some suggest that sexing unincubated eggs is a better method of detecting primary sex ratios (Klein et al., 2003), there have been questions about whether contamination with maternal granulosa cells may influence the results (Arnold et al. 2003a). We opted to incubate for four days, as we have in previous studies, because this provided ample embryonic tissue for DNA extraction (Gam et al. 2011, Pinson et al. 2015). A total of 332 eggs from control females and 187 eggs from females on the experimental diet were fertile, and embryos were collected from these eggs. The remaining 164 eggs from control females and 125 eggs from females on the experimental diet were infertile and did not yield embryonic material for sexing. To extract DNA from embryos, we used a standard salt extraction according to procedures described in Lambert et al. (2000). While eggs were still frozen, we removed their eggshells and weighed out 10–20mg of embryonic tissue. DNA amplification was focused around the CHD-1 alleles to visualize male and female sex chromosomes (Fridolfsson and Ellegren 1999). PCR primers and reaction concentrations were the same as specified in Pinson et al. (2015). Reaction times and temperatures were as described in Fridolfsson and Ellegren (1999). Primers used were 2550F (5'-GTTACTGATTCGTCTACGAGA-3') and 2718R (5'-ATTGAAATGATCCAGTGCTTG-3'). PCR products were visualized utilizing ethidium bromide staining of a 3% agarose gel. Male products presented as a single band while female products presented as two bands. Eggs for which there was no evidence of embryonic development were deemed to be infertile. Statistical Analyses To test whether the treatment influenced the sex ratio of embryos produced by females, embryos were coded as “1” for female and “0” for male. We then conducted a generalized linear mixed effects model, including dietary treatment, the change in weight, the log-transformed value of initial weight, and the interactions of these variables as fixed factors and female ID as a random effect. We conducted a similar analysis to test the effects of treatment on whether the eggs laid were fertile (fertile eggs were coded as “1” while infertile eggs were coded as “0”), and whether an egg was laid on a given day, since quail generally lay one egg per day (egg laid was coded as “1” while egg not laid was coded as “0”). Because quail in our population occasionally lay more than one egg per day, we also tested whether treatment influenced the incidence of double eggs using a logistic regression analysis; females that laid 2 eggs in one day were coded as “1” and females that did not were coded as “0”. Next, we tested whether the initial weight and/or change in weight of the females was related to the number of eggs they laid using general linear models. We tested whether female body weights were different between the two treatment groups at the beginning and the end of the experiment using a repeated measures ANOVA. The residuals of the initial and final weights were both non-normally distributed based on Shapiro-Wilks tests and needed to be log-transformed for analysis. We also tested whether treatment influenced the change in weight over the duration of the experiment using a general linear model with dietary treatment as the predictor variable and change in weight as the dependent variable. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05 and results are reported below with means ± standard deviations. Statistical analyses were carried out using RStudio (version 4.2.1), using the lmer package for sex ratio analyses.

Comparison of maternal characteristics between pre-pregnancy underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese women.

ObjectivesTo determine age- and sex-specific body composition reference values and investigate age differences in these parameters for community-dwelling older Japanese men and women, using direct segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis.MethodsWe conducted a pooled analysis of data collected in four cohort studies between 2008 and 2012: Kusatsu Longitudinal Study, Hatoyama Cohort Study, Itabashi Cohort Study, and Kashiwa Cohort Study. The pooled analysis included cross-sectional data from 4478 nondisabled, community-dwelling adults aged 65-94 years (2145 men, 2333 women; mean age: 72.9 years in men and 72.6 years in women). Body weight, fat mass (FM), percentage FM, fat-free mass (FFM), and appendicular lean soft tissue mass were measured using the InBody 720 and 430 (Biospace Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea). The values were then normalized by height in meters squared to determine body mass index (BMI), FM index (FMI), FFM index (FFMI), and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI).ResultsSimple means (standard deviation) of BMI, percentage FM, FMI, FFMI, and SMI were 23.4 (2.9) kg/m2, 24.9 (6.3)%, 5.96 (2.09) kg/m2, 17.4 (1.5) kg/m2, and 7.29 (0.76) kg/m2, respectively, in men and 22.7 (3.3) kg/m2, 31.7 (7.1)%, 7.40 (2.61) kg/m2, 15.3 (1.2) kg/m2, and 5.86 (0.67) kg/m2, respectively, in women. We then calculated quartiles and quintiles for these indices after stratifying for sex and 5-year age group. FFMI and SMI decreased significantly with age in both sexes (P < 0.001 for trends), but FFMI remained constant among the women with only a 1% decrease up to age 84 years. Percentage FM increased significantly, with age (P < 0.001 in men and P = 0.045 in women for trends), but FMI was unchanged in both sexes (P = 0.147 in men and P = 0.176 in women for trends).ConclusionThe present data should be useful in the clinical evaluation of body composition of older Japanese and for international comparisons. The small age-related decrease in FFMI may be a noteworthy characteristic of body composition change in older Japanese women.

【リソース】Volume 1_4-1_Trends in live births, live birth rates (per 1,000 population), total fertility rates and sex ratio of live births:Japan / Volume 1_4-2_Trends in live births and live birth rates (per 1,000 population) by month:Japan / Volume 1_4-3_Trends in live births by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_4-4_Trends in live birth rates by each prefecture (per 1,000 population):Japan / Volume 1_4-5_Trends in total fertility rates by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_4-6_Trends in live births, percent distribution and rates (per 1,000 females) by age of mother:Japan / Volume 1_4-7_Trends in live births by place of delivery:Japan, urban/rural residence / Volume 1_4-8_Trends in percent distribution of live births by place of delivery:Japan, urban/rural residence / Volume 1_4-9_Live births by place of delivery:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2016 / Volume 1_4-10_Percent distribution of live births by place of delivery:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2016 / Volume 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births and percent distribution by legitimacy status :Japan / Volume 1_4-30_Trends in live births born out of wedlock and proportion by sex:Japan / Volume 1_4-31_Trends in live births born out of wedlock and proportion by age of mother:Japan / Volume 1_4-32_Trends in live births and percent distribution by nationality of father and mother:Japan / Volume 1_4-33_Live births by nationality of father and mother:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2016 / Volume 1_4-34_Percent distribution of live births by nationality of father and mother:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2016 / Volume 1_4-35_Live births and percent distribution by sex and birth length and mean birth length:Japan / Volume 1_4-36_Trends in deliveries by plurality of birth (type of plurality, combination of live birth and foetal death):Japan / Volume 1_4-37_Deliveries by plurality of birth (type of plurality):Japan, each prefecture, 2016 / Volume 1_4-38_Percent distribution of plural deliveries by type of plurality:Japan, each prefecture, 2016 / Volume 2_1_Live births by place of delivery, for urban/rural residence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Live births by sex and month:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Live births by sex and birth order:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_4_Live births by sex, month of birth, age of mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_5_Live births by sex and age of mother:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_6_Live births by sex, age of mother and birth order:Japan / Volume 2_7_Live births by sex, single years of age of mother, live birth order and legitimacy status:Japan / Volume 2_8_Live births born in wedlock by single years of age of father and mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_9_Live births born in wedlock by year marriage performed, single years of age of mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_10_Live births by age of mother, 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【リソース】Volume 1_4-1_Trends in live births, live birth rates (per 1,000 population), total fertility rates and sex ratio of live births:Japan / Volume 1_4-2_Trends in live births and live birth rates (per 1,000 population) by month:Japan / Volume 1_4-3_Trends in live births by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_4-4_Trends in live birth rates by each prefecture (per 1,000 population):Japan / Volume 1_4-5_Trends in total fertility rates by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_4-6_Trends in live births, percent distribution and rates (per 1,000 females) by age of mother:Japan / Volume 1_4-7_Trends in live births by place of delivery:Japan, urban/rural residence / Volume 1_4-8_Trends in percent distribution of live births by place of delivery:Japan, urban/rural residence / Volume 1_4-9_Live births by place of delivery:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 1_4-10_Percent distribution of live births by place of delivery:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2017 / Volume 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plurality:Japan, each prefecture, 2017 / Volume 2_1_Live births by place of delivery, for urban/rural residence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Live births by sex and month:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Live births by sex and birth order:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_4_Live births by sex, month of birth, age of mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_5_Live births by sex and age of mother:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_6_Live births by sex, age of mother and birth order:Japan / Volume 2_7_Live births by sex, single years of age of mother, live birth order and legitimacy status:Japan / Volume 2_8_Live births born in wedlock by single years of age of father and mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_9_Live births born in wedlock by year marriage performed, single years of age of mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_10_Live births by age of mother, 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【リソース】Volume 1_4-1_Trends in live births, live birth rates (per 1,000 population), total fertility rates and sex ratio of live births:Japan / Volume 1_4-2_Trends in live births and live birth rates (per 1,000 population) by month:Japan / Volume 1_4-3_Trends in live births by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_4-4_Trends in live birth rates by each prefecture (per 1,000 population):Japan / Volume 1_4-5_Trends in total fertility rates by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_4-6_Trends in live births, percent distribution and rates (per 1,000 females) by age of mother:Japan / Volume 1_4-7_Trends in live births by place of delivery:Japan, urban/rural residence / Volume 1_4-8_Trends in percent distribution of live births by place of delivery:Japan, urban/rural residence / Volume 1_4-9_Live births by place of delivery:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2019 / Volume 1_4-10_Percent distribution of live births by place of delivery:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2019 / Volume 1_4-11_Trends in live births and percent distribution by birth order:Japan / Volume 1_4-12_Trends in live births and percent distribution by live birth order:Japan / Volume 1_4-13_Live births by birth order:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2019 / Volume 1_4-14_Percent distribution of live births by birth order:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2019 / Volume 1_4-15_Live births and percent distribution by live birth order and age of mother:Japan, 2019 / Volume 1_4-16_Live births and percent distribution by birth order and age of mother:Japan, 2019 / Volume 1_4-17_Trends in live births by age of mother, by live birth order:Japan / Volume 1_4-18_Trends in live birth rates by age of mother, by live birth order:Japan / Volume 1_4-19_Trends in mean age of mother by live birth order:Japan / Volume 1_4-20_Trends in mean age of father by live birth order:Japan / Volume 1_4-21_Mean age of father and mother by live birth order:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2019 / 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plurality:Japan, each prefecture, 2019 / Volume 2_1_Live births by place of delivery, for urban/rural residence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Live births by sex and month:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Live births by sex and birth order:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_4_Live births by sex, month of birth, age of mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_5_Live births by sex and age of mother:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_6_Live births by sex, age of mother and birth order:Japan / Volume 2_7_Live births by sex, single years of age of mother, live birth order and legitimacy status:Japan / Volume 2_8_Live births born in wedlock by single years of age of father and mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_9_Live births born in wedlock by year marriage performed, single years of age of mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_10_Live births by age of mother, 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Weight retention (kg) at 1 and 6 months postpartum.

【リソース】Volume 1_4-1_Trends in live births, live birth rates (per 1,000 population), total fertility rates and sex ratio of live births:Japan / Volume 1_4-2_Trends in live births and live birth rates (per 1,000 population) by month:Japan / Volume 1_4-3_Trends in live births by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_4-4_Trends in live birth rates by each prefecture (per 1,000 population):Japan / Volume 1_4-5_Trends in total fertility rates by each prefecture:Japan / Volume 1_4-6_Trends in live births, percent distribution and rates (per 1,000 females) by age of mother:Japan / Volume 1_4-7_Trends in live births by place of delivery:Japan, urban/rural residence / Volume 1_4-8_Trends in percent distribution of live births by place of delivery:Japan, urban/rural residence / Volume 1_4-9_Live births by place of delivery:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 1_4-10_Percent distribution of live births by place of delivery:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities, 2018 / Volume 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plurality:Japan, each prefecture, 2018 / Volume 2_1_Live births by place of delivery, for urban/rural residence:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_2_Live births by sex and month:Japan, urban/rural residence, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_3_Live births by sex and birth order:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_4_Live births by sex, month of birth, age of mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_5_Live births by sex and age of mother:Japan, each prefecture and 21 major cities / Volume 2_6_Live births by sex, age of mother and birth order:Japan / Volume 2_7_Live births by sex, single years of age of mother, live birth order and legitimacy status:Japan / Volume 2_8_Live births born in wedlock by single years of age of father and mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_9_Live births born in wedlock by year marriage performed, single years of age of mother and live birth order:Japan / Volume 2_10_Live births by age of mother, 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Characteristics of participants classified by pre-pregnancy body mass index values.

In 2024, women in Japan paid on average ************** Japanese yen for weight reduction treatments per parlor visit. This was the most pricey type of service, while relaxation massage with clothes was the most affordable one.

Factors affecting postpartum maternal weight.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to demonstrate live weight estimation based on age by using Newton Interpolation method for male and female quails for seven weeks of fattening. A total of 138-day-old quail chicks were used in the study. The study demonstrated a 6th-degree polynomial interpolation for the function values obtained at seven equal intervals from 7 to 49 days. Live weight increase prediction was calculated for male and female quails between the 7th and 49th days using Newton Interpolation. Daily live weight increase for male and female quails based on observed live weights was determined. Female quails displayed more live weight increase after the 19th day compared with males. Average live weight increase in male quails was 3.81 g, and 4.63 g for females until the 49th day. The highest live weight increase was observed during the fourth week for all quails. Sum of squared errors and coefficient of determination (R2) for fit of the model were calculated and the F test was performed. F, sum of squared errors, and R2 obtained by Newton Interpolation for male quails and female quail were very large: 0 (approximately zero) and 0.999, respectively. The interpolation method is suitable for breeding studies.

Estimated standard values of weight-adjusted peak oxygen uptake (, mL/kg/min) and anaerobic threshold (AT/kg, mL/kg/min) for women in each age group of the Japanese population.

BackgroundWe have previously reported that female patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) are thinner and eat less than healthy controls. Therefore, we hypothesized that their thinness is associated with body size misperception. The aim of this study was to clarify whether patients’ body size perception (BSP) is associated with body mass index (BMI) independent of potential confounders.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we assessed 81 outpatients for BSP using the Japanese version of Body Image Scale, body composition, dietary intake, and biochemical markers. As a control, we used BSP and self-reported anthropometric data from 111 healthy women collected via a web survey. First, BSP and BMI were compared between the patients and the controls. Second, patient data was compared between patients who overestimated their body size (OE, n = 31) and a control who did not (Non-OE, n = 50). Multiple regression analysis was performed to clarify the association between BSP (independent variable) and BMI (dependent variable), adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, disease duration, and nutritional factors.ResultsThere was a negative correlation between body size distortion and BMI in both patients and controls (p < 0.001, both). In interpatient comparisons, the OE group had significantly lower BMI and body fat percentage (p < 0.001, both), normalized energy (p = 0.037), and protein (p = 0.013) intakes, and significantly greater weight loss from age 20 (p = 0.003) than the Non-OE group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that overestimation of body size was associated with lower BMI independent of confounders, such as longer disease history, longitudinal weight loss, and nutritional factors.ConclusionThese findings suggest that body size distortion is an etiological factor for lower BMI in female patients with NTM-LD. Thus, it may be important to understand the patient’s body image when providing dietary advice.

According to a survey conducted in February 2023, women in Japan who frequented aesthe salons for weight reduction treatments had on average 3.76 sessions at parlors per year, while men had on average 2.69 sessions. Weight reduction treatments belonged to the more expensive services in Japan's beauty service industry.

Female Generation Z consumers were more likely to consider their dietary habits to be healthy than Millennials as revealed in a survey among the two demographic cohorts conducted in Japan in 2022. While more than ** percent of young female Gen Z respondents paid attention to their calorie intake and related weight gains, the share for all age groups of Millennials was significantly lower. The survey revealed that the self-assessment of female Generation Z consumers regarding the intake of sugar, salt, and fat in their diet tended to be less critical compared to the Generation Y women. In addition, low-sugar, low-fat, and beauty-promoting ingredients were given a higher weight in food choices by Zoomers.

Relationship between masked obesity and weight control orientation or lifestyle habits in female students.