The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

The average for 2013 based on 21 countries was 4.3 percent. The highest value was in Israel: 76.2 percent and the lowest value was in Hungary: 0.2 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2013. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The Holocaust was the systematic extermination of Europe's Jewish population in the Second World War, during which time, up to six million Jews were murdered as part of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". In the context of the Second World War, the term "Holocaust" is traditionally used to reference the genocide of Europe's Jews, although this coincided with the Nazi regime's genocide and ethnic cleansing of an additional eleven million people deemed "undesirable" due to their ethnicity, beliefs, disability or sexuality (among others). During the Holocaust, Poland's Jewish population suffered the largest number of fatalities, with approximately three million deaths. Additionally, at least one million Jews were murdered in the Soviet Union, while Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Yugoslavia also lost the majority of their respective pre-war Jewish populations. The Holocaust in Poland In the interwar period, Europe's Jewish population was concentrated in the east, with roughly one third living in Poland; this can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when thousands of Jews flocked to Eastern Europe to escape persecution. At the outbreak of the Second World War, it is estimated that there were 3.4 million Jews living in Poland, which was approximately ten percent of the total population. Following the German invasion of Poland, Nazi authorities then segregated Jews in ghettos across most large towns and cities, and expanded their network of concentration camps throughout the country. In the ghettos, civilians were deprived of food, and hundreds of thousands died due to disease and starvation; while prison labor was implemented under extreme conditions in concentration camps to fuel the German war effort. In Poland, six extermination camps were also operational between December 1941 and January 1945, which saw the mass extermination of approximately 2.7 million people over the next three years (including many non-Poles, imported from other regions of Europe). While concentration camps housed prisoners of all backgrounds, extermination camps were purpose-built for the elimination of the Jewish race, and over 90% of their victims were Jewish. The majority of the victims in these extermination camps were executed by poison gas, although disease, starvation and overworking were also common causes of death. In addition to the camps and ghettos, SS death squads (Einsatzgruppen) and local collaborators also committed widespread atrocities across Eastern Europe. While the majority of these atrocities took place in the Balkan, Baltic and Soviet regions, they were still prevalent in Poland (particularly during the liquidation of the ghettos), and the Einsatzgruppen alone are estimated to have killed up to 1.3 million Jews throughout the Holocaust. By early 1945, Soviet forces had largely expelled the German armies from Poland and liberated the concentration and extermination camps; by this time, Poland had lost roughly ninety percent of its pre-war Jewish population, and suffered approximately three million further civilian and military deaths. By 1991, Poland's Jewish population was estimated to be just 15 thousand people, while there were fewer than two thousand Jews recorded as living in Poland in 2018.

Russia: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from 2013 is 0.4 percent, unchanged from 0.4 percent in 2012. In comparison, the world average is 4.3 percent, based on data from 21 countries. Historically, the average for Russia from 1991 to 2013 is 0.5 percent. The minimum value, 0.4 percent, was reached in 2005 while the maximum of 0.6 percent was recorded in 1991.

Mexico: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from 2013 is 0.2 percent, unchanged from 0.2 percent in 2012. In comparison, the world average is 4.3 percent, based on data from 21 countries. Historically, the average for Mexico from 1960 to 2013 is 0.2 percent. The minimum value, 0.2 percent, was reached in 1960 while the maximum of 0.2 percent was recorded in 1960.

Persons of Jewish religion as a percentage of the resident population. Map types: Symbols, Lines, Choropleths. Spatial extent: Switzerland. Times: 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000. Spatial units: Cantons + LIE, Districts, Communes

During the Holocaust, approximately six million Jews were killed. In France, the Jewish population had decreased by ******* individuals between 1939 and 1945. It then increased between the end of World War II and the 1970s, reaching ******* individuals in 1970. However, according to the source, the number of Jews in France has declined by more than 15 percent between that period and 2020, and is now estimated to be *******.

Tonga: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Tonga from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

IntroductionThroughout history, Jewish communities have been exposed to collectively experienced traumatic events. Little is known about the role that the community plays in the impact of these traumatic events on Jewish diaspora people. This scoping review aims to map the concepts of the resilience of Jewish communities in the diaspora and to identify factors that influence this resilience.MethodsWe followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. Database searches yielded 2,564 articles. Sixteen met all inclusion criteria. The analysis was guided by eight review questions.ResultsCommunity resilience of the Jewish diaspora was often described in terms of coping with disaster and struggling with acculturation. A clear definition of community resilience of the Jewish diaspora was lacking. Social and religious factors, strong organizations, education, and communication increased community resilience. Barriers to the resilience of Jewish communities in the diaspora included the interaction with the hosting country and other communities, characteristics of the community itself, and psychological and cultural issues.DiscussionKey gaps in the literature included the absence of quantitative measures of community resilience and the lack of descriptions of how community resilience affects individuals’ health-related quality of life. Future studies on the interaction between community resilience and health-related individual resilience are warranted.

Australia: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from 2013 is 0.4 percent, unchanged from 0.4 percent in 2012. In comparison, the world average is 4.3 percent, based on data from 21 countries. Historically, the average for Australia from 1960 to 2013 is 0.4 percent. The minimum value, 0.4 percent, was reached in 1960 while the maximum of 0.4 percent was recorded in 1960.

Guatemala: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Guatemala from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

With the heightened threat to Germany's Jewish population following the Nazi Party's ascent to power in 1933, many German Jews chose to flee or emigrate. In 1933, Germany's Jewish population was approximately 500,000 people; by the end of the war, it is estimated that 300,000 fled the country, and 165,000 were murdered in the Holocaust. In order to flee, most Jewish emigrants from Germany had to give up the majority of their wealth to the German state, whose emigration tax and seizure of property stripped Jews of their financial assets. Destination and transit For Germany's Jewish refugees, the most common destination country was the United States, and almost half of all these refugees would arrive in the U.S. over this 12 year period. As the United States had a strict quota of 27,000 German migrants per year, many refugees were forced to enter via other countries. France was the second most common destination country, receiving 100,000 refugees. However, France was also used as a transit country for German Jews wishing to travel further afield, especially after it was annexed by Germany in 1940. This was also true for several other European countries, such as the Netherlands, which had provided protection for German Jews in the mid-1930s, before rapidly becoming very unsafe following the outbreak of war in 1939. The Frank family Possibly the most famous example of this was the story of Anne Frank and her family. Anne had been born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1929, but her family moved to the Netherlands in 1934 after Hitler came to power. The family then led a relatively comfortable and successful life in Amsterdam, with her father, Otto, founding his own businesses. When the Netherlands was invaded by the Germans in 1940, the family tried to emigrate once more; Otto had been granted a single Cuban visa in 1942, but the family was forced to go into hiding as the restrictions tightened. For the next two years, with the help of non-Jewish friends, they lived in secret in the upper floor of Otto's business premises with several other Jewish refugees, in a small space concealed behind a bookcase. In August 1944, through unknown means, the group was betrayed and then arrested by Dutch authorities, and the Frank family was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau thereafter. Anne's mother, Edith, died of starvation in Auschwitz within five months of her capture, while Anne and her sister, Margot, died one month later after being transferred to the Bergen-Belsen camp in Germany. Otto was the sole survivor of the group. Otto's secretary, Miep Gies, had saved Anne's diary the day after the group was arrested, which she then gave to Otto; he then devoted much of the remainder of his life to the publication and promotion of his daughter's diary, which has now become one of the most famous and widely-read books in recent history. Additionally, the hiding space is now open to the public, and has become one of the Netherlands' most popular tourist museums.

Palau: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Palau from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a map that shows six condensed maps of Canada. Following those of British and French origin, the next most numerous groups in 1951 were those of German (619,995); Ukrainian (395,043); Scandinavian (283,024); Netherlands (264,267); Polish (219,854); and Jewish (181,670) origin. The three maps on the left of this plate show the population distribution of the aforementioned groups. For each group, the percentage distribution of population for provinces and territories is also provided by means of a pie chart. The three maps on the right of this plate are concerned with citizenship and immigration and show the percentage of persons born in Canada to the total population, the percentage of immigrants to the total population and the percentage of Canadian citizens to the total population.

San Marino: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for San Marino from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

This database, including both datasets and spatial shape files, contains information on occupation, school attendance, nativity, and race of the Boston population, by ward, for the years 1880, 1900, and 1930. This database can be used to visualize the profound changes in the economic, educational, and ethnic composition of Boston between 1880 and 1930. It illustrates, among other changes, the great expansion of secondary school enrollment, the decline of youth participation in the work force, the growth of white-collar jobs, the decline of unskilled labor, and the geographical distribution of the Boston Irish, Italian, Jewish, and African-American populations over time. This contextual knowledge is useful for historians researching this time period, and useful to non-historians by depicting the origins of fundamental changes whose legacy is still present in Boston today. The underlying data are drawn from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series maintained by the University of Minnesota (see documentation for full citation). The data contained here can also be viewed through an interactive map hosted by BostonMap (http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/historical_boston).

Belgium: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from 2013 is 0.3 percent, a decline from 0.4 percent in 2012. In comparison, the world average is 4.3 percent, based on data from 21 countries. Historically, the average for Belgium from 1960 to 2013 is 0.4 percent. The minimum value, 0.3 percent, was reached in 2013 while the maximum of 0.5 percent was recorded in 1960.

Mauritania: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Mauritania from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

Sweden: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Sweden from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

Dominica: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Dominica from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .