Abstract

The population census is the most fundamental source of national population data required by a country for administrative purposes as well as for economic and social planning and research. It is expected to provide a comprehensive and reliable inventory of a country's population. Apart from the size of population in each of the administrative units which is the basic information provided by the census, an analysis of the census data provides information on trends in population growth, age and sex structure of the population, the levels of mortality and fertility, the course of migration, trends in urbanization and on many more characteristics of the population. A study of the current demographic levels and past trends is very essential in making population projections that form the basis of national plans for economic development and other welfare programmes.

The demographic, social and economic indicators as well as other bench mark data at small area levels produced by the 2008 Census will go a long way in monitoring and evaluating the implementation of National Strategic Development Plan programmes in the future."

Geographic coverage

Nation-wide

Urban/Rural

Group of Provinces

Individual Province

1. Banteay Meanchey

2. Battambang

3. Kampong Cham

4. Kampong Chhnang

5. Kampong Speu

6. Kampong Thom

7. Kampot

8. Kandal

9. Koh Kong

10. Kratie

11. Mondul Kiri

12. Phnom Penh

13. Preah Vihear

14. Prey Veng

15. Pursat

16. Ratanak Kiri

17. Siem Reap

18. Preah Sihanouk

19. Stung Treng

20. Svay Rieng

21. Takeo

22. Oddar Meanchey

23. Kep

24.Pailin

Analysis unit

Individuals

Households

Women of reproductive ae

Deaths in households

Households in dwelling units

Universe

All resident households in Cambodia

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

Not Applicable

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The census questionnaires were evolved after carefully taking into account past experience, the present needs of the Government and the data users. The questions were so worded as to be simple and at the same time enable collection of reliable data.

Two meetings were held to elicit the views of stake holders and data users regarding the contents of the census questionnaires and the tabulation plan. The census questionnaires were pre-tested twice in the field. A pilot census was conducted in a few Enumeration Areas (EAs) as a dress rehearsal for the census. All these exercises proved very useful in finally adopting the census questionnaires and the tabulation plan.

There were two main census questionnaires: - (i) the house list (Form A) and (ii) the household questionnaire (Form B). A few census forms were also to be filled-in by enumerators. Buildings with households were first listed in Form A. This was done three days ahead of the main enumeration along with updating the EA map (29 February to 2 March 2008). Form B which is the main census questionnaire was filled-in by enumerators after interviewing each household during March 3 to March 13. Specimen copies of the two questionnaires are attached as Annexes 3 and 4.

2 Versions ( Khmer and English)

2 Forms

FORM A

      HOUSELIST

FORM B

      HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

        PART 1   Identification Particulars

        PART 2   Individual Particulars

        PART 3   Fertility Information of Females Aged 15 and over listed in column 2 

        PART 4   Housing Condition and Facilities

        PART 5   Death Household

Cleaning operations

The census data processing division of NIS is responsible for manual editing and coding of questionnaires, data entry, computer editing and tabulation, and the generation of products like the population database and maintenance of the web site.

Sampling error estimates

Not Applicable

Abstract

The 2005 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) is the second nationally representative survey conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. It uses the same methodology as its predecessor, the 2000 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey, allowing policymakers to use the two surveys to assess trends over time. The primary objective of the CDHS is to provide the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Planning (MOP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, domestic violence, and knowledge and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia at both national- and local-government levels.The long-term objectives of the survey are to technically strengthen the capacity of the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Ministry of Health, and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of MOP for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of further surveys.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 19 domains: 1.Banteay Mean Chey, 2.Kampong Cham, 3.Kampong Chhnang, 4.Kampong Speu, 5.Kampong Thom, 6.Kandal, 7.Phnom Penh, 8.Prey Veng, 9.Pursat, 10.Svay Rieng, 11.Takeo, 12.Kratie, 13.Siem Reap, 14.Otdar Mean Chey, 15. Battambang and Krong Pailin, 16. Kampot and Krong Kep, 17.Krong Preah Sihanouk and Kaoh Kong, 18.Preah Vihear and Steng Treng; and 19.Mondol Kiri and Rattanak Kiri.

Analysis unit

Household, individual (including women and men between the ages of 15 and 49 and children aged 5 and below)

Universe

The survey covered the whole resident population (regular household) , with the exception of homeless in Cambodia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

TThe 2005 CDHS sample is a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification is achieved by separating every study domain into urban and rural areas. Areas are defined as urban or rural based on the classification in the 1998 GPC, provided by NIS. Therefore the 19 domains are stratified into 38 sampling strata in total. Samples are selected independently in every stratum, by a two-stage selection. This means that 38 independent samples were selected, one from each sampling stratum. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to the geographical/administrative order and by using a probability proportional to the size selection in the first stage of sampling. The explicit and implicit stratifications together guarantee a better scattering of the sampled points. In the first stage of selection, 557 villages were selected with a probability proportional to the village size. The village size is the number of households in the village. After this selection and before the data collection, an updating operation was conducted over all of the 557 selected villages. The updating operation consisted of visits to every selected village. During the visits, records were made of every structure found on the ground; structures were identified by type (residential or not); number of households in each residential structure were identified; location map and a sketch map were drawn showing the boundaries of the village and the location of each structure. This important operation guaranteed the quality of the fieldwork and prevented nonsampling errors. A household list was set up for each selected village. The resulting lists of households served as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected villages were big. To minimize the task of household listing, villages with more than 300 households were segmented. A segment corresponds to an enumeration area (EA) that was created for the GPC 1998. Size and boundaries were well-defined and maps were available. Among segmented villages, only one EA was selected from the village with a selection probability proportional to the EA size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected EA. Therefore, a CDHS cluster is either a village or an EA. Detailed information on the sampling methodology is available in Appendix A to the Survey Report.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 24 households were selected in every urban cluster, and 28 households were selected in every rural cluster. They were selected by an equal probability systematic sampling. The decision on number of households selected per cluster is a tradeoff between fieldwork efficiency and precision. All women ages 15-49 in the selected households were eligible for the interview. The advantages of this two-stage selection procedure are: 1. It is simple to implement and reduces possible nonsampling errors. 2. It is easy to locate the selected households, reducing nonsampling errors and nonresponse. 3. The interviewers interview only the households in the preselected dwellings. No allowance for replacement of dwellings prevents survey bias.

Sampling deviation

Creation of the 2005 CDHS sample was based on the objective of collecting a nationally representative sample of completed interviews with women and men between the ages of 15 and 49. To achieve a balance between the ability to provide estimates for all 24 provinces in the country and limiting the sample size, 19 sampling domains were defined, 14 of which correspond to individual

provinces and 5 of which correspond to grouped provinces.

• Fourteen individual provinces: Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kandal, Kratie, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, Pursat, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Takeo, and Otdar Mean Chey;

• Five groups of provinces: Battambang and Krong Pailin, Kampot and Krong Kep, Krong Preah Sihanouk and Kaoh Kong, Preah Vihear and Steung Treng, Mondol Kiri, and Rattanak Kiri.

The sample of households was allocated to the sampling domains in such a way that estimates of indicators can be produced with known precision for each of the 19 sampling domains, for all of Cambodia combined, and separately for urban and rural areas of the country.

The sampling frame used for 2005 CDHS is the complete list of all villages enumerated in the 1998 Cambodia General Population Census (GPC) plus 166 villages which were not enumerated during the 1998 GPC, provided by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). It includes the entire country and consists of 13,505 villages. The GPC also created maps that delimited the boundaries of every village. Of the total villages, 1,312 villages are designated as urban and 12,193 villages are designated as rural, with an average household size of 161 households per village. The survey is based on a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. Thus the 19 domains were stratified into a total of 38 sampling strata. Samples were selected independently in every stratum, by a two

stage selection. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to the geographical/administrative order and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of selection.

(Please see the report of external resources)

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There are three types of questionnaires used in the CDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Individual Woman's Questionnaire, and the Individual Man's Questionnaire.

The households that have been scientifically selected to be included in the CDHS sample were visited and interviewed using a Household Questionnaire. The Household Questionnaire consisted of a cover sheet to identify the household and a form on which all members of the household and visitors were listed. Data collected about each household member were name, sex, age, education, and survival of parents for children under age 18 years, etc. The Household Questionnaire was used to collect information on housing characteristics such as type of water, sanitation facilities, quality of flooring, and ownership of durable goods.

The Household Questionnaire permitted the interviewer to identify women and men who were eligible for the Individual Questionnaire. Women ages 15-49 years in every selected household who are members of the household (those that usually live in the household) and visitors (those who do not usually live in the household but who slept there the previous night) were eligible to be interviewed with the individual Woman's Questionnaire.

After all of the eligible women in a household have been identified, female interviewers used the Woman's Questionnaire to interview the women. The Woman's Questionnaire collected information on the following topics:

 · socio-demographic characteristics

 · reproduction

 · birth spacing

 · maternal health care and breastfeeding

 · immunization and health of children

 · cause of death of children

 · marriage and sexual activity

 · fertility preferences

 · characteristics of the husband and employment activity of the woman

 · HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections

 · maternal mortality

 · women's status

 · household

Abstract

The 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) is the fourth nationally representative survey conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. It uses the same methodology as its predecessors, the 2000, 2005, and 2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys, allowing policymakers to use these surveys to assess trends over time.

The primary objective of the CDHS is to provide the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Planning (MOP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, and knowledge and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia at both the national and local government levels.

The long-term objectives of the survey are to build the capacity of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of further surveys.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2014 CDHS sample is a nationally representative sample of women and men between age 15 and 49 who completed interviews. To achieve a balance between the ability to provide estimates at the subnational level and limiting the sample size, 19 sampling domains were defined, 14 of which correspond to individual provinces and 5 of which correspond to grouped provinces: • Fourteen individual provinces: Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kandal, Kratie, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, Pursat, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Takeo, and Otdar Meanchey • Five groups of provinces: Battambang and Pailin, Kampot and Kep, Preah Sihanouk and Koh Kong, Preah Vihear and Stung Treng, and Mondul Kiri and Ratanak Kiri

The sample of households was allocated to the sampling domains in such a way that estimates of indicators could be produced with precision at the national level, as well as separately for urban and rural areas of the country and for each of the 19 sampling domains.

The sampling frame used for the 2014 CDHS was derived from the list of all enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2008 Cambodia General Population Census (GPC), provided by NIS. The list had been updated in 2012, and it excluded 241 EAs that are special settlement areas and not ordinary residential areas. It included 28,455 EAs for the entire country. The GPC also created maps that delimited the boundaries of each EA. Overall, 4,245 EAs were designated as urban and 24,210 as rural, with an average size of 99 households per EA.

The survey used a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. Thus, the 19 domains were stratified into a total of 38 sampling strata. Samples were selected independently in every stratum through a two-stage selection process. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to geographical/administrative order before sample selection and by using a probability proportional to size selection strategy at the first stage of selection.

For further details on sample selection, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the 2014 CDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Micronutrient Questionnaire. These questionnaires are based on the questionnaires developed by the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program and on the questionnaires used during the 2010 CDHS survey. To reflect relevant population and health issues in Cambodia, the questionnaires were adapted during a series of technical meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international donors. The final drafts of the questionnaires were discussed at a stakeholders’ meeting organized by the National Institute of Statistics. The adapted questionnaires were translated from English into Khmer and pretested in February and March 2014.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, parents’ survival status was determined. The Household Questionnaire was also used to identify women and men eligible for an individual interview.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 and the Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-49 living in one-third of the households in the CDHS sample.

The Micronutrient Questionnaire was implemented in a subsample of one-sixth of the sampled clusters for the collection of micronutrient specimens among eligible women and children. Specimens collected included venous blood, urine, and stool samples.

Cleaning operations

Completed questionnaires were returned from the field to NIS headquarters, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel who were specially trained for this task and had also attended questionnaire training of field staff. Data processing personnel included a data processing chief, two assistants, four secondary editors and coordinators, 25 entry operators, and eight office editors.

Data processing for the 2014 CDHS began on 25 personal computers on July 6, 2014, five weeks after the first interviews were conducted. Processing the data concurrently with data collection allowed for regular monitoring of team performance and data quality. Field check tables were generated regularly during the data processing to check various data quality parameters. As a result, feedback was given on a regular basis, encouraging teams to continue in areas of high quality and to correct areas of needed improvement. Feedback was individually tailored to each team. Data entry, which included 100 percent double entry to minimize keying errors, and data editing were completed on January 8, 2015. Data cleaning and finalization were completed on January 23, 2015.

Response rate

All of the 611 clusters selected for the sample were surveyed in the 2014 CDHS. A total of 16,356 households were selected, of which 15,937 were found to be occupied during data collection. Among these households, 15,825 completed the Household Questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 99 percent.

In these interviewed households, 18,012 women were identified as eligible for the individual interview. Interviews were completed with 98 percent of these women. Of the 5,484 eligible men identified in every third household, 95 percent were successfully interviewed. There was little variation in response rates by urban-rural residence.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2014 CDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2014 CDHS sample is the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2014 CDHS is an SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication

Abstract

The population census is the most fundamental source of national population data required by a country for administrative purposes as well as for economic and social planning and research. It is expected to provide a comprehensive and reliable inventory of a country's population. Apart from the size of population in each of the administrative units which is the basic information provided by the census, an analysis of the census data provides information on trends in population growth, age and sex structure of the population, the levels of mortality and fertility, the course of migration, trends in urbanization and on many more characteristics of the population. A study of the current demographic levels and past trends is very essential in making population projections that form the basis of national plans for economic development and other welfare programmes.

The demographic, social and economic indicators as well as other bench mark data at small area levels produced by the 2008 Census will go a long way in monitoring and evaluating the implementation of National Strategic Development Plan programmes in the future."

Geographic coverage

Nation-wide Urbanity 1.Urban 2.Rural Zone 1.Phnom Penh 2.Other Urban area 3.Rural area

Individual Province

1 Banteay Meanchey
2 Battambang
3 Kampong Cham
4 Kampong Chhnang 5 Kampong Speu
6 Kampong Thom
7 Kampot
8 Kandal
9 Koh Kong
10 Kratie
11 Mondul Kiri 12 Phnom Penh
13 Preah Vihear
14 Prey Veng
15 Pursat
16 Ratanak Kiri
17 Siem Reap
18 Preah Sihanouk
19 Stung Treng 20 Svay Rieng
21 Takeo
22 Otdar Meanchey
23 Kep 24 Pailin
25 Tboung Khmum

Analysis unit

Individuals

Households

Women of reproductive ae

Deaths in households

Households in dwelling units

Universe

All resident households in Cambodia

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

Not Applicable

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The census questionnaires were evolved after carefully taking into account past experience, the present needs of the Government and the data users. The questions were so worded as to be simple and at the same time enable collection of reliable data.

Two meetings were held to elicit the views of stake holders and data users regarding the contents of the census questionnaires and the tabulation plan. The census questionnaires were pre-tested twice in the field. A pilot census was conducted in a few Enumeration Areas (EAs) as a dress rehearsal for the census. All these exercises proved very useful in finally adopting the census questionnaires and the tabulation plan.

There were two main census questionnaires: - (i) the house list (Form A) and (ii) the household questionnaire (Form B). A few census forms were also to be filled-in by enumerators. Buildings with households were first listed in Form A. This was done three days ahead of the main enumeration along with updating the EA map (29 February to 2 March 2008). Form B which is the main census questionnaire was filled-in by enumerators after interviewing each household during March 3 to March 13. Specimen copies of the two questionnaires are attached as Annexes 3 and 4.

2 Versions ( Khmer and English)

2 Forms

FORM A

      HOUSELIST

FORM B

      HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

        PART 1   Identification Particulars

        PART 2   Individual Particulars

        PART 3   Fertility Information of Females Aged 15 and over listed in column 2 

        PART 4   Housing Condition and Facilities

        PART 5   Death Household

Cleaning operations

The census data processing division of NIS is responsible for manual editing and coding of questionnaires, data entry, computer editing and tabulation, and the generation of products like the population database and maintenance of the web site.

Sampling error estimates

Not Applicable

Abstract

The Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey in 2010 (CDHS 2010) is the third nationally representative survey conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. It uses the same methodology as its predecessors, the 2000 and the 2005 Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys, allowing policymakers to use these surveys to assess trends over time. The primary objective of the CDHS is to provide the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Planning (MOP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, and knowledge and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia at both the national and local government levels.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 19 domains: 1. Banteay Mean Chey 2. Kampong Cham 3. Kampong Chhnang 4. Kampong Speu 5. Kampong Thom 6. Kandal 7. Phnom Penh 8. Prey Veng 9. Pursat 10. Svay Rieng 11. Takeo 12. Kratie 13. Siem Reap 14. Otdar Mean Chey 15. Battambang and Krong Pailin 16. Kampot and Krong Kep 17. Krong Preah Sihanouk and Kaoh Kong 18. Preah Vihear and Steng Treng 19. Mondol Kiri and Rattanak Kiri

Analysis unit

Household, individual (including women and men between the ages of 15 and 49), and children aged 5 and below.

Universe

The survey covered the whole resident population (regular household) , with the exception of homeless in Cambodia

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The survey was based on a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. Thus, the 19 domains. Samples were selected independently in every stratum through a two-stage selection process. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to geographical/administrative order and by using a probability proportional to size selection strategy at the first stage of selection. (Please refer to technical doccuments for details).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

There are three types of questionnaires used in the CDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Individual Woman's Questionnaire, and the Individual Man's Questionnaire.

The households that have been scientifically selected to be included in the CDHS sample were visited and interviewed using a Household Questionnaire. The Household Questionnaire consisted of a cover sheet to identify the household and a form on which all members of the household and visitors were listed. Data collected about each household member were name, sex, age, education, and survival of parents for children under age 18 years, etc. The Household Questionnaire was used to collect information on housing characteristics such as type of water, sanitation facilities, quality of flooring, and ownership of durable goods.

The Household Questionnaire permitted the interviewer to identify women and men who were eligible for the Individual Questionnaire. Women ages 15-49 years in every selected household who are members of the household (those that usually live in the household) and visitors (those who do not usually live in the household but who slept there the previous night) were eligible to be interviewed with the individual Woman's Questionnaire.

After all of the eligible women in a household have been identified, female interviewers used the Woman's Questionnaire to interview the women. The Woman's Questionnaire collected information on the following topics:

 - socio-demographic characteristics
 - reproduction
 - birth spacing
 - maternal health care and breastfeeding
 - immunization and health of children
 - cause of death of children
 - marriage and sexual activity
 - fertility preferences
 - characteristics of the husband and employment activity of the woman
 - HIV
 - maternal mortality
 - women's status
 - household relations

In one-half of the households, men were identified as eligible for individual interview, and the male interviewer of each team used the Man's Questionnaire to interview the eligible men. Team leaders informed their teams which households in the sample have been selected for including interviews with men. The Man's Questionnaire collected information on the following topics:

 - socio-demographic characteristics
 - reproduction
 - birth spacing
 - marriage and sexual activity
 - HIV

Biomarker data collection were conducted in the same one-half of the households which were selected to include men for interview. The biomarker data collection included: measuring the height and weight of women and children (under age 6 years), anemia testing of women and children, and drawing blood samples from women and men for laboratory testing of HIV. Biomarker data collection were recorded in the Household Questionnaire.

Cleaning operations

The data processing activities of the survey involved manual and automatic processes that had a direct impact on the quality of the data.

The data entry for the DHS survey was carried out using the software package CSPro. The DHS questionnaires were entered by cluster, with each cluster being assigned to one data entry operator. The data for each cluster were entered into a separate data file for that cluster to protect against a major loss of data due to hardware or software failure. Below is a list of the main processes involved in data processing:

1. Reception and verification of questionnaires
2. Office editing and coding of open-ended questions
3. Data entry
4. Secondary editing Data editing was done in the following data processing stages:

a. Office editing and coding - minimal since CSPro has been designed to be an intelligent data entry program b. Data entry c. Completeness of data file d. Verification of Data - prior to this stage, data are again entered and tagged as V to indicate that the dataset is a verification data e. Secondary editing

Response rate

Response rate:

Households: 99 per cent Women ages 15-49: 98 per cent Men ages 15-49: 95 per cent

See Table 1. Results of the household and individual interviews in the CDHS 2010 Preliminary Report

Sampling error estimates

The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2010 CDHS is a Macro SAS procedure. This procedure used the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates. ISSA also computes ISSA computes the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate.

Sampling errors for the 2010 CDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest for woman’s survey and for man’s surveys, respectively for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for each of the 19 study domains.

Abstract

CAS 2023 was a comprehensive statistical undertaking for the collection and compilation of information on crop cultivation, livestock and poultry raising, aquaculture and capture fishing, agricultural economy, adaptation strategies of the holding to shocks, and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning (MOP), and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), were the responsible government ministries authorized to undertake the CAS 2023. While NIS had the census and survey mandate, the MAFF was the primary user of the data produced from the survey. Technical support was also provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

The main objective of the CAS was to provide data on the agricultural situation in the Kingdom of Cambodia, to be utilized by planners and policy-makers. Specifically, the survey data are useful in:

1.Providing an updated sampling frame in the conduct of agricultural surveys; 2.Providing data at the country and regional level, with some items available at the province level; 3.Providing data on the current structure of the country's agricultural holdings, including cropping, raising livestock and poultry, and aquaculture and capture fishing activities.

The data collected and generated from this survey effort will help reflect progress towards the 2030 Sustainable Development goals for the agricultural sector, focusing on:

-Goal 1: End poverty in all forms everywhere. -Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. -Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Geographic coverage

The CAS 2023 provides national coverage.

The national territory is divided in four Regions or Zones (Coastal Region, Plains Region, Plateau and Mountain Region, and Tonle Sap Region) and 25 Provinces (Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondul Kiri, Otdar Meanchey, Pailin, Phnom Penh, Preah Sihanouk, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanak Kiri, Siem Reap, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo, and Tboung Khmum).

Analysis unit

Household agricultural holdings

Universe

Agricultural households, i.e. holdings in the household sector that are involved in agricultural activities, including the growing of crops, raising of livestock or poultry, and aquaculture or capture fishing activities. A minimum threshold was not considered to determine a household's engagement in the above mentioned activities.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling approach for the CAS 2023 relied fully upon the sampling procedure of CAS 2022 and CAS 2021 before it, utilizing a panel approach. The CAS 2021 had used statistical methods to select a representative sample of enumeration areas (EAs) throughout Cambodia from the 2019 General Population Census of Cambodia Sampling Frame. Households within these EAs were then screened for any agricultural activity. Using this basic information, the agricultural households were stratified and sampled for additional data collection.

For the CAS 2023, the 2019 General Population Census Sampling Frame was utilized, similarly to previous survey rounds. This frame consisted of around 14,500 villages and 38,000 Enumeration Areas (EAs). For each village, the following information was available: province, district, commune, type (rural/urban), number of EAs and number of households. The target population comprised the households that were engaged in agriculture, fishery and/or aquaculture. Given their low number of rural villages, the following districts were excluded from the frame: -Province Preah Sihanouk, District Krong Preah Sihanouk -Province Siem Reap, District Krong Siem Reab -Province Phnom Penh, District Chamkar Mon -Province Phnom Penh, District Doun Penh -Province Phnom Penh, District Prampir Meakkakra -Province Phnom Penh, District Tuol Kouk -Province Phnom Penh, District Ruessei Kaev -Province Phnom Penh, District Chhbar Ampov

Since the number of rural households per EA was not known from the 2019 census, to calculate the number of rural households in each province, the sum of the households in the villages that were classified as rural was computed. The listing operation in each sampled EA was conducted for the CAS 2021 to identify the target population, i.e., the households engaged in agricultural activities.

For this survey, there was no minimum threshold set to determine a household's engagement in agricultural activities. This differs from the procedures used during the 2013 Agriculture Census (and that would be used in the 2023 Agriculture Census later), in which households were eligible for the survey if they grew crops on at least 0.03 hectares and/or had a minimum of 2 large livestock and/or 3 small livestock and/or 25 poultry. The procedure used in the CAS, which had no minimum land area or livestock or poultry inventory, allowed for smaller household agricultural holdings to have the potential to be selected for the survey. However, based on the sampling procedure indicated below, household agricultural holdings with larger land areas or more livestock or poultry were identified and associated with different sampling strata to ensure the selection of some of them.

The CAS 2023 used a two-stage stratified sampling procedure, with EAs as primary units and households engaged in agriculture as secondary units. Overall, 1,381 EAs and 12 agricultural households per each EA were selected, for a total planned sample size of 16,572 households. The 1,381 EAs were allocated to the provinces (statistical domains) proportionally to the number of rural households. To select the EAs within each province, the villages were ordered by district, commune, and then by type of village (Rural-Urban). Systematic sampling was then performed, with probability proportional to size (number of households). After two years of attrition, the total effective sample size of the survey was 15,323 agricultural households.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Cleaning operations

Once the enumerators collected the survey data for an agricultural household, they submitted the completed questionnaire via Survey Solutions to their data supervisors who, in turn, carried out scrutiny checks. If there were errors or suspicious data detected, the data supervisor would return the record to the enumerator to address the issues with the respondent if needed, and the corrected record would be re-submitted to the data Supervisor. Once the records were validated by the data supervisors, they would approve them for final review by headquarters staff.

At the survey headquarters, the completed questionnaires were received after being approved by the data supervisors. If any issues or suspicious data were discovered during the headquarters review, the records could be returned to the enumerator for verification or correction if needed. Documentation on how to review questionnaire data for suspicious items or outliers was provided to both data Supervisors and headquarters staff. The data review and calculation of the survey estimates was undertaken using the RStudio software tool. Validation of the data began even when the questionnaires were being designed in the CAPI tool, as Survey Solutions allows for consistency checks to be built into the data collection tool. As soon as completed records were returned during the data collection stage, additional consistency checks were completed, evaluating the ranges for certain items, and verifying any outlier records with the enumerator and/or respondent. Moreover, when the data was cleaned, another step was conducted to impute the missing values derived from item non-response.

STATISTICAL DISCLOSURE CONTROL (SDC)

Microdata are disseminated as Public Use Files under the terms and conditions indicated at the NIS Microdata Catalog (https://microdata.nis.gov.kh/), as indicated in the section about 'access conditions' below.

In addition, anonymization methods have been applied to the microdata files before their dissemination, to protect the confidentiality of the statistical units (e.g. individuals) from which the data were collected. These methods include: i) removal of some variables contained in the survey (e.g. name, address, etc.), ii) grouping values of some variables into categories (e.g. age categories), iii) limiting geographical information to the province level, iv) removal of some records or specific data points, v) censoring the highest values in continuous variables (top-coding) by groups, replacing them with less extreme values from other respondents, or vi) rounding numerical values.

Users must therefore be aware that data protection with SDC methods involves perturbations in the microdata. This implies information loss and bias, and affects the resulting estimates and their parameters. In general, the smaller the subpopulation, the higher the potential impact derived from the anonymization process.

Abstract

The objective of the 2005 National Tobacco Prevalence Survey was to access and report the consumption of tobacco products in order to evaluate any potential adverse

effects resulting from the sales, production and advertisement of tobacco products within the national Cambodian population. A specific aim of the survey was to evaluate tobacco consumption of tobacco products then previously performed.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 12 individual provinces: Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spueu, Kampong Thum, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh, Prey Veaeng, Pousat, Svay Rieng, and Takaev and for the following 5 groups of provinces:

I. Bat Dambang and Krong Pailin

II. Kampot, Krong Preah Sihanouk, and Krong Kaeb

III. Kracheh, Preah Vihear, and Stueng Traeng

IV. Mondol Kiri and Rotanak Kiri

V. Otdar Mean Chey and Siem Reab.

Analysis unit

1. Individuals

2. Household

Universe

The study covered all members of resident households in Cambodia.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample population was representative of 12 individual provinces and five groups of provinces. The sample population was stratified in three stages. Initially, the whole sample population was divided by domain: urban and rural then by other criteria. All potential participants from each selected household were interviewed. In consideration of sampling techniques and the sample size (about 13,988 eligible participants 18 years of age and older), this survey report is considered a nationally representative survey of tobacco use among the general populations within the Royal

Cambodian Kingdom (Please see external resources of Sampling Design and Sample Size in PDF format).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two main questionnaires were canvassed for this survey. Form 1 (Listing of Households), Form 2 (Core Questionnaire)

1. Form 1 was filled up for the listing of households in every sample village (or segment of sample village) only.

2. Form 2 contains about 103 items including demographic characteristics, tobacco use, knowledge and attitudes about tobacco use, exposure to second hand smoke, smoking cessation activities, lifestyle habits, exposure to tobacco media advertisements, and other miscellaneous questions. Information was collected from sample households within sample village (or segment of sample village).

The contents of the Form 1 (Listing of Household) and Form 2 (Core Questionnaire) may be indicated by the following list of items of information to be collected for each sample village through the questionnaires:

I. Face Page

II. Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, ethnicity,

     literacy, education, occupation, and income (question number 1-19)

III. Tobacco use

· Smoking cigarettes (question number 20-36)

· Chewing tobacco (question number 37-47)

· Smoking pipe (question number 48-60)

· Age at initiation (question number 61-64)

· Reasons for starting/continuing to use tobacco (question number 65-66)

IV. Knowledge and Attitudes about tobacco use

· Knowledge of harmful effects (question number 67-71)

· Attitudes about tobacco use (question number 72)

· Attitudes about tobacco use in the community (question number 73-74)

· Attitudes about anti-tobacco policies (question number 75-76)

· Attitudes about addiction (question number 77)

V. Passive smoking (question number 78-80)

VI. Smoking cessation (question number 81-88)

VII. Lifestyle

· Anthropometrics (question number 89-90)

· Diet (question number 91)

· Health status (question number 92-95)

· Access to health care (question number 96)

· Women's health (question number 97-98)

· Children in the Household

VIII. Media (question number 99-102)

IX. Miscellaneous questions (question number 103)

Cleaning operations

Manual processing of questionnaires verified status of completeness, correctness, and consistency of the data entries. The coding classification of Occupations and

Industries was used and were developed for the Cambodian National Tobacco Survey. The coding and classification scheme were based on the UN International Standard Occupations Classification (ISOC) and UN International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) systems, respectively. Manual editing and coding were performed by four persons (one supervisor and three processors) all of them from NIS. They participated in editing and coding of many surveys conducted by NIS.

Response rate

The end result of all interviewing yielded a 97% percent response rate.

Sampling error estimates

Substantial differences (sampling error of > 10%) results in the addition of sample points and subjects on a per domain basis until the comparability with current national data is achieved