Springs and sinkholes in the Ozark Plateaus Physiographic Province (Ozarks) in Arkansas were digitized from 1:24,000-scale topographic maps to produce a digital dataset of karst features. Karst landscapes generally are created from bedrock dissolution that results in distinctive landforms, including sinkholes, springs, caves, and sinking streams, and a high degree of interaction between surface water and groundwater. The dataset can be used to better understand groundwater flow in the karst landscape of the Arkansas Ozarks and potential effects of karst-feature density on water quality, geomorphology, water resources, and karst hazards. In the Ozarks, karst features are present in several limestone and dolomite formations (for example, the Boone Formation, Pitkin Limestone, and Powell Dolomite). Springs (points) and sinkholes (polygons and centroid points) were digitized from over 200 topographic quadrangle maps from 22 different counties with published dates ranging from 1942 to ...

In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jo Daviess County is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain; each of these features is found in Jo Daviess County. Examples of these features have been located in the field and characterized by scientists from the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys (Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). The lead-zinc ore deposits of the Driftless Area, which includes Jo Daviess County, were emplaced within the Galena Dolomite 270 million years ago (Brannon et al. 1992). Ore-forming and associated solutions (hot brines) migrated through carbonate rocks along existing fractures and were responsible for enlarging many of these fractures into crevices. The crevices and infilling sulfide ore deposits created by these solutions have the same distribution and orientation as those identified as crop lines by Panno, Luman and Kolata (2015) using remote sensing techniques. Consequently, maps of mines and mining activities reflect the fracture and crevice orientations and provide additional information about the physical characteristics of the bedrock and aquifers of the Driftless Area. This dataset was developed from the original IMDA documents by the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) in fulfillment a grant from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program (NGGDPP). The IMDA is a detailed set of paper records for the Lead-Zinc District in Jo Daviess County in northwestern Illinois for the period 1949-1970. The IMDA consists of large-scale (1"=200') 36"x30" sheet section maps depicting mining digs and borehole locations, and a set of 8-1/2"x11" datasheets containing borehole logs and mineral analyses (assays and/or visual estimates at various depths).The following document is directly related to this dataset:Klass, R. and Z. Lasemi. Preservation of Geologic Data and Collections in Illinois: Compilation, Documentation and Planning. Technical Report, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2014-15.The following documents are pertinent references providing background information: Brannon, J.C., F.A. Podosek, and R.K. McLimans, 1992, Alleghenian age of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead deposits determined by Rb-Sr dating of sphalerite: Nature, v. 356, p. 509–511.Mansberger, F., T. Townsend, and C. Stratton. The People Must be Crazy: The Lead and Zinc Mining Resources of Jo Daviess County, Illinois.Fever River Research, Springfield, Illinois, 1997 (revised July, 2020). http://illinoisarchaeology.com/Lead%20Mine%20Report%20Revised.pdf

description: This map is a digital update of The karst landforms of Puerto Rico (Monroe, 1976). In this new version the karst areas on the islands of Mona and Monito have been added from Briggs and Seiders (1972). This map will serve as the basis for the Puerto Rico portion of a new national karst map currently being compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, this product serves as a standalone, citable source of digital karst data for Puerto Rico. Nearly 25 percent of the United States is underlain by karst terrain, and a large part of this area is undergoing urban and industrial development. Accurate delineations of karstic rocks are needed at the national, state, and local scales. These data will lead to a better understanding of subsidence hazards, groundwater contamination potential, and cave resources, and will serve as a guide to topical research about these rocks.; abstract: This map is a digital update of The karst landforms of Puerto Rico (Monroe, 1976). In this new version the karst areas on the islands of Mona and Monito have been added from Briggs and Seiders (1972). This map will serve as the basis for the Puerto Rico portion of a new national karst map currently being compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, this product serves as a standalone, citable source of digital karst data for Puerto Rico. Nearly 25 percent of the United States is underlain by karst terrain, and a large part of this area is undergoing urban and industrial development. Accurate delineations of karstic rocks are needed at the national, state, and local scales. These data will lead to a better understanding of subsidence hazards, groundwater contamination potential, and cave resources, and will serve as a guide to topical research about these rocks.

This feature class shows the distribution of areas that contain one or more sinkholes throughout the state of Illinois. Areas that contain sinkholes are susceptible to aquifer contamination and may also lack the stability required for certain land-uses. Sinkholes are one of the major indicators of karst terrains. This map provides basic data for land-use planning and decision making.

© Illinois State Geological Survey

This layer is a component of Sinkhole Areas in Illinois.

The Karst Occurrence GIS polygon coverages for Kentucky were compiled from a digital version of the 1:500:000-scale geologic map of Kentucky (Noger, M.C., 1988). Because of the 1:500,000 scale of the source map, these coverages should NOT be used for evaluating karst geologic hazards or hydrogeology at scales larger than 1:500,000. The classification of the potential for karst development was based on the field experience of the authors and other data. A number of isolated carbonate units were newly digitized for these coverages. For more information about Karst Topography in Kentucky, please visit https://www.uky.edu/KGS/karst/For more information about these coverages, please contact Randall L. Paylor or James C. Currens at the Kentucky Geological Survey, 228 Mining and Minerals Building, University of Kentucky, 40506-0107. (859)257-5500.Sinkhole Data:These data represent digital GIS sinkhole coverage for all of Kentucky. The highest elevation, closed, topographic contour of each mapped sinkhole was digitized as a GIS polygon. The second highest elevation contour was also digitized where very large, shallow, karst valleys were so expansive that the area covered by the polygon obscured patterns in sinkhole distribution. These karst valleys are mostly confined to the Western Pennyroyal. The spacing of contour intervals on the topographic maps of the state vary in from 40 foot to 10 foot. No attempt was made to use a constant elevation, standardize the outline to a uniform contour interval, or record the elevation of the digitized contour. Digitization was done onscreen using digital raster graphic files of the 7 ½ minute topographic contours, registered and projected to the Kentucky State Plane coordinate system.

The New York State Departments of Environmental Conservation and Health are concerned about groundwater contamination in the carbonate-bedrock aquifers with the potential to host karst features throughout New York State, especially relating to the unintended introduction of chemical or agricultural contamination into these aquifers. USGS Scientific Investigations Report, SIR 2020-5030 (Kappel and others, 2020), provides local and State regulators and the public the information needed to determine the extent of carbonate bedrock in New York, the associated environmental impacts of karst, and the means to protect New York’s karst water resources. The four geodatabases presented in this data release were compiled in support of SIR 2020-5030. Closed depression-focused recharge is one potential pathway for aquifer contamination. A closed depression is any enclosed area that has no surface drainage outlet and from which water escapes only by evaporation or subsurface drainage. On a topographic map a closed depression is typically represented by a hachured contour line forming a closed loop. The map representation applies to closed depressions of both natural and anthropogenic origin. Closed depressions formed by natural processes need not be karst in origin to represent a source of focused-recharge. Three of the four geodatabases in this data release form a comprehensive inventory of all closed depressions, natural and anthropogenic, within the State which are proximal to carbonate, evaporite, or marble units and that have the potential for developing karst features. The fourth geodatabase in this data release contains a digital representation of the study area boundary adopted for the GIS analyses. The three closed depression inventory geodatabases were compiled in the following order: 1) Digital Contour Database of Closed Depressions, 2) Digital Raster Graphic Database of Closed Depressions, and 3) LiDAR Database of Closed Depressions. There is no duplication of features among these three geodatabases. Additionally, the closed depressions inventoried for this data release, were compared with closed depressions mapped in other published geospatial data to eliminate duplication with those datasets. The datasets referenced were the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Mining Database and the National Hydrography Dataset waterbody features. The Digital Contour Database of Closed Depressions contains features derived from data associated with U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5167. The source data is a statewide contour dataset that was generated from the National Elevation Dataset (NED) and the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) in a fully automated process. Closed depressions included in the Digital Raster Graphic Database of Closed Depressions were digitized from an assemblage of approximately 650 Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) images of scanned U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. A DRG is a scanned image of a U.S. Geological Survey topographic map that can be added as a background layer in a GIS. The LiDAR Database of Closed Depressions contains features generated from high-resolution LiDAR-derived bare-earth DEMs obtained from the New York State Office of Information Technology Services. At the time of analysis (2017) LiDAR data existed for approximately 65 percent of the study area. The DEMs were processed to identify depressions with an area of at least 4,047 square meters (1-acre) and a depth of at least 1-meter. These threshold values are greater than what is typically used for lidar-based sinkhole identification studies. For the purpose of this study, the use of lidar was primarily intended to identify closed depressions that were not represented in the Digital Raster Graphic Database, in the same manner that the DRG images were used to identify closed depressions not represented in the Digital Contour Database. For that reason, the threshold values were based on random sampling of DRG-derived closed depressions within the study area and represent the approximate mean geometric characteristics of the closed depressions sampled. For ongoing and planned larger-scale county-based assessments in New York, the thresholds will be reduced to 10- and 30-centimeters depth and 100 square meters.

An interpretation of bedrock geology, topography and other sources of information that shows the potential for karst formations. This is a reconnaissance level map for all of British Columbia

The Karst Occurrence GIS polygon coverages for Kentucky were compiled from a digital version of the 1:500:000-scale geologic map of Kentucky (Noger, M.C., 1988). Because of the 1:500,000 scale of the source map, these coverages should NOT be used for evaluating karst geologic hazards or hydrogeology at scales larger than 1:500,000. The classification of the potential for karst development was based on the field experience of the authors and other data. A number of isolated carbonate units were newly digitized for these coverages. For more information about Karst Topography in Kentucky, please visit https://www.uky.edu/KGS/karst/For more information about these coverages, please contact Randall L. Paylor or James C. Currens at the Kentucky Geological Survey, 228 Mining and Minerals Building, University of Kentucky, 40506-0107. (859)257-5500.Sinkhole Data:These data represent digital GIS sinkhole coverage for all of Kentucky. The highest elevation, closed, topographic contour of each mapped sinkhole was digitized as a GIS polygon. The second highest elevation contour was also digitized where very large, shallow, karst valleys were so expansive that the area covered by the polygon obscured patterns in sinkhole distribution. These karst valleys are mostly confined to the Western Pennyroyal. The spacing of contour intervals on the topographic maps of the state vary in from 40 foot to 10 foot. No attempt was made to use a constant elevation, standardize the outline to a uniform contour interval, or record the elevation of the digitized contour. Digitization was done onscreen using digital raster graphic files of the 7 ½ minute topographic contours, registered and projected to the Kentucky State Plane coordinate system.

Wetland area shown is the aggregate of either bajos in the fluviokarst and polygonal karst terrains, wetland areas in the karst margin plain, or the combined bajos and civales in the upland karst terrain.

Karst Areas data set was developed by the Virginia Division of Geology and Mineral Resources to depict areas of karst as defined by the presence of sinkholes. Sinkholes were identified from low-altitude stereoscopic aerial photo pairs and traced onto 1:24:000 paper topographic maps, from which they were table-digitized. This is the same data depicted at 1:250,000 scale in Division of Geology Mineral Resources Publications 44, 83, and 167. Field checking has revealed that many more sinkholes are present than are depicted in this dataset. Therefore, these data should serve as a general guide to areas of karst-related sinkhole development, and not as a true indication of the presence or absence of sinkholes at a particular location.

Please see the individual layer/table below to access the detailed metadata.In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jo Daviess County is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain; each of these features is found in Jo Daviess County. Examples of these features have been located in the field and using other remotely-sensed data and characterized by scientists from the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys (Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). For this project, groundwater samples were collected from springs and wells and analyzed for inorganic chemistry, dissolved organic carbon, stable isotopes of water, and tritium. The project objective was to initiate a karst feature database, to collect water samples from springs to determine groundwater background concentrations of major anions, cations, and field parameters, and to then characterize and group the different populations of groundwater within Jo Daviess County. This project was supported by Grant Awards F16AP00772 and F18AC00961, from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the League of Women Voters of Illinois Education Fund as well as support from the Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois.In addition to reports created for each sampling location (containing data, photographs and interpretation) and submitted to USFWS as grantee performance reports for Grant Award F16AP00772, the publication cited below references the data and provides interpretation:Panno, S.V., W.R. Kelly, and E.L. Baranski. Hydrogeochemical controls on aquifers of northwestern Illinois’ Driftless Area, USA. Environmental Earth Sciences 78:276, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8271-7The publications cited below provide background and context:Panno, S.V. and D.E. Luman. Assessment of the geology and hydrogeology of two sites for a proposed large dairy facility in Jo Daviess County near Nora, IL.Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 2008-2, 2008. https://library.isgs.illinois.edu/Pubs/pdfs/ofs/2008/ofs2008-02.pdfPanno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, and Dennis R. Kolata. Characterization of karst terrain and regional tectonics using remotely sensed data in Jo Daviess County, Illinois .Circular 589, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2015. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviessPanno, S.V., Philip G. Millhouse, Randy W. Nyboer, Daryl Watson, Walton R. Kelly, Lisa M. Anderson, Curtis C. Albert, and Donald E. Luman. Guide to the Geology, Hydrogeology, History, Archaeology, and Biotic Ecology of the Driftless area of Northwestern Illinois, Jo Daviess County. Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook 42, 2016. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/publications/gb042Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, Walton R. Kelly, Timothy H. Larson, and Stephen J. Taylor. Karst of the Driftless Area of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Circular 586, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2017. https://isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviess-0Panno, S.V., Walton R. Kelly, John Scott, Wei Zheng, Rachel E. McNeish, Nancy Holm, Timothy J. Hoellein, and Elizabeth L. Baranski. Microplastic Contamination in Karst Groundwater Systems. Groundwater.57(2):189-196. doi:10.1111/gwat.12862,2019. https://ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwat.12862

This raster dataset contains 1-meter lidar-derived imagery of 7.5 minute quadrangles in karst areas of Puerto Rico and was created using geographic information systems (GIS) software. Lidar-derived elevation data, acquired in 2018, were used to create a 1-meter resolution working digital elevation model (DEM). To create this imagery, a hillshade was applied and a topographic position index (TPI) raster was calculated. These two rasters were uploaded into GlobalMapper, where the TPI raster was made partially transparent and overlaid the hillshade DEM. The resulting image was exported to create these 1-meter resolution lidar-derived images. The data is projected in North America Datum (NAD) 1983 (2011) UTM Zone 19N.

Small-scale karst hydrologic features interpreted on LiDAR data.

The points show “Supposed karstification structures” (earths, dolins i.w. S., karst trays, etc.) about karst-capable substrates without indications of the geometry of the complete process space as well as the depth of karstisation. The karstification structures are derived from the available map material (geological map, topographic map, ground map) as well as the further historical evaluation of the high-resolution digital terrain model.

Aerial extent of karst landscapes of the PP.

The links provided in the attached metadata document point to 20 web map services hosted by the Iowa Geological and Water Survey, provided to the AASG Geothermal Data project for distribution. These services enable searching of Iowa sinkholes, lead-zinc mines, water wells and water contaminate sources, karst topography probability, aquifer depths, and various stratigraphic unit and formation depths.

This study includes the first comprehensive description of sinkholes and their characteristics in the Katherine region where karst topography is a predominant component of the surface or nearsurface geology. The study area covers approximately 962km2 around the township of Katherine where 283 sinkhole locations were defined between 1999 and 2002. The primary objective of the study was to provide basic information and data aimed at enhancing the understanding of karst topography as it relates to the potential for sinkhole collapses in the Katherine Region. This information is extremely important for planning processes and is essential to agencies responsible for planning, zoning, design, and construction in areas underlain by the Tindall Limestone.

The construction of the hazard map is based on information from existing bedrock geologic mapping, existing surficial material mapping, and the analysis of topographic relief modeling to determine the percentage of slope. The percentage of slope was generated in geographic information systems (GIS) format from the 1:100,000 scale topographic map digital contour line data that has a contour interval of 20 meters (~65 feet). Due to the coarseness of the contour interval and map scale, the percentage slope could not be effectively differentiated into more than three categories: 0-2%, 2-20%, and greater than 20%. Because of the coarseness of the data the percentage of slope is extremely generalized. Liquefaction and amplification potential was mapped where geologic and/or surficial materials maps indicated alluvial materials or where the slope percentage was 0-2% in valleys. Landslide potential was determined by geologic/surficial materials maps that indicated shale in the near sub-surface with slopes greater than 20%. Where geologic data was not available the potential was based on greater than 20% slopes. Some select areas with slopes less than 20% in north-western and south-central St. Louis County and north-western Jefferson County were interpreted with landslide potential because of their known non-seismic landslide problems that would be increasingly hazardous during a seismic event. Collapse potential was generally applied to areas of karst terrain or shallow mining operations.

All layers were produced by the authors and are copyright-free. (KML)

These files were derived from the map that Michael Jones created for identifying data available from the USGS NWIS site related to karst resources.

NWIS_Springs_With_Conductance.xlsx This file was posted by Laura Toran. This file summarizes a search of the USGS NWIS database for springs that have conductivity logger data.

NWIS_Sites_With_Nitrate.xlsx This file was posted by Laura Toran. This file summarizes a search of the online GIS maps for NWIS sites in carbonate terrain that have nitrate data and includes history of the datasets (length of record). The file contains all of the other water chemistry data available when nitrate is available. The file was created by downloading the attribute table when nitrate was the selected parameter.

NWIS_Sites_Nitrate_DataCounts.xlsx This file was posted by Laura Toran. This file summarizes the NWIS_Sites_With_Nitrate.xlxs file by counting how many nitrate records are available at each site and plotting the data. Most sites have only 1 or 2 data points but there are sites with up to 151 data points. This file was created using a python script described below.

ArcGIS_NWISData_Sort2.ipynb is a Python Collab (runs on google drive) that takes the file NWIS_Sites_With_Nitrate and sort out how much data is in each site. Although the script runs on google drive, it can be adapted for a Jupyter Notebook. If you run on Google Collab, you don't need to download Python onto your computer.

/WATER_QUALITY_GIS/AVERAGES: This shapefile is a shapefile that contains an attribute table with the averages of selected water quality parameters by site. For example, the attribute table contains columns for water quality parameters such as Calcium, specific conductance, Magnesium, etc. The table has the averages at each site for each of the water quality parameters.

/WATER_QUALITY_GIS/WQ_COUNT: This shapefile is a shapefile that contains an attribute table with the number of samples that exist for selected water quality parameters by site. For example, use "Select by Attributes" to find sites that have Calcium measured over x number of times.

/WATER_QUALITY_GIS/States.shp: Shapefile of the US states

MATLAB: See MATLAB DESCRIPTIONS documentation in the MATLAB folder for more information