In 1800, the population of the region of present-day India was approximately 169 million. The population would grow gradually throughout the 19th century, rising to over 240 million by 1900. Population growth would begin to increase in the 1920s, as a result of falling mortality rates, due to improvements in health, sanitation and infrastructure. However, the population of India would see it’s largest rate of growth in the years following the country’s independence from the British Empire in 1948, where the population would rise from 358 million to over one billion by the turn of the century, making India the second country to pass the billion person milestone. While the rate of growth has slowed somewhat as India begins a demographics shift, the country’s population has continued to grow dramatically throughout the 21st century, and in 2020, India is estimated to have a population of just under 1.4 billion, well over a billion more people than one century previously. Today, approximately 18% of the Earth’s population lives in India, and it is estimated that India will overtake China to become the most populous country in the world within the next five years.

The vehicle population in the south Indian state of Kerala amounted to around ** million at the end of fiscal year 2020. There was a sharp increment in the number of personal vehicles within the state. Public transport on the other hand, displayed a declining trend. There was a significant drop in the number of private buses over the past two years. With one in every three Keralites owning a motor vehicle, the trend of traffic congestion caught on in the state, like in many other parts of the country.

Road accidents in Kerala

The number of road accidents across the state was around ** thousand in 2018. Over-speeding was the main cause for road accidents in the south Asian country. In the World Road Statistics for 2018, India ranked first out of 200 reported countries in terms of road accidents.

Road infrastructure

In 2017, the length of state highways across Kerala was approximately *** thousand kilometers. The same year, over *** thousand kilometers of road length was added to the state. India had the second largest road network in the world with a total length of over **** million kilometers. With the number of vehicles in the country increasing each year since 1951, mishaps on roads have become a growing cause for concern for the Indian government.

The statistic gives the Christian population in India in 2011, with a breakdown by state and union territory. The region with the highest Christian population was Kerala, followed by the state of Tamil Nadu with almost *** million Christians. The region with the least Christian population was the union territory of Lakshadweep in that year. The countries with the largest number of Christians in 2010 can be found here.

Abstract

The Land and Livestock Holdings Survey (LLHS) of National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) is one of the main sources of information on livestock and poultry held by the household sector of the economy. It also provides estimates of two basic distributions of land holdings, which are; distribution of land owned by households and that of agriculturally operated land. The survey of Land and Livestock Holdings carried out in the 59th round (January-December 2003) of the NSSO is the sixth in the series of similar surveys conducted so far by the NSSO. The objective of these surveys has been to generate basic quantitative information on the agrarian structure of the country, which is relevant to land policy. In the 59th round, information on various aspects of ownership and operational holdings was collected for both rural and urban areas. Each sample household was visited twice during the period of survey with a gap of four to eight months. Two different schedules of enquiry were canvassed in the two visits. The first visit was made during January to August 2003 and the second, during September to December 2003. The survey was conducted in both rural and urban areas. The information present here is for the first visit.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the 70th round survey. The First Stage Units (FSUs) are the census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The Ultimate Stage Units (USUs) are households in both sectors. In case of large FSUs, there is an intermediate stage of sampling in which two Hamlet Groups (HGs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU. For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages updated by excluding the villages urbanised and including the towns de-urbanised after 2001 census (henceforth the term 'village' would mean Panchayat wards for Kerala) constitutes the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the latest updated list of UFS blocks (2007-12) is considered as the sampling frame.

The stratification procedure is as follows: (a)Stratum was formed at district level. Within each district of a State/ UT, generally speaking, two basic strata were formed: i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with population 10 lakhs (1 million) or more as per population census 2011 in a district, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district was considered as another basic stratum.

(b)However, a special stratum in the rural sector was formed at State/UT level before district- strata were formed in case of each of the following 20 States/UTs: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This stratum will comprise all the villages of the State with population less than 50 as per 2001 census.

(c)In case of rural sectors/areas in Nagaland, one special stratum has been formed within the State consisting of all the interior and inaccessible villages. Similarly, for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, one more special stratum has been formed within the UT consisting of all inaccessible villages. Thus for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, two special strata have been formed at the UT level: (i)special stratum 1 comprising all the interior and inaccessible villages (ii)special stratum 2 containing all the villages, other than those in special stratum 1, having population less than 50 as per 2001 census.

Sub-stratification was also done for the different sectors/ areas. They include: 1. Rural sector: Different sub-stratifications are done for 'hilly' States and other States. Ten (10) States are considered as hilly States: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. The different sub-stratifications include:

(a) sub-stratification for hilly States: If 'r' be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed was 'r/2'. The villages within a district as per frame have been first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal population. (b) sub-stratification for other States (non-hilly States except Kerala): The villages within a district as per frame were first arranged in ascending order of proportion of irrigated area in the cultivated area of the village. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal cultivated area. The information on irrigated area and cultivated area was obtained from the village directory of census 2001. (c) sub-stratification for Kerala: Although Kerala is a non-hilly State but because of non-availability of information on irrigation at FSU (Panchayat Ward) level, sub-stratification by proportion of irrigated area was not possible. Hence the procedure for sub-stratification was same as that of hilly States in case of Kerala.

1. Urban sector: There was no sub-stratification for the strata of cities with > one million in population. For other strata, each district was divided into 2 sub-strata as follows: sub-stratum 1: all towns of the district with population less than 50000 as per census 2011 sub-stratum 2: remaining non-million plus towns of the district

Total sample size (FSUs): 8042 FSUs have been allocated for the central sample at all-India level. For the state sample, there are 8998 FSUs allocated for all-India.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs have been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per census 2011 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT. While doing so, the resource availability in terms of number of field investigators as well as comparability with previous round of survey on the same subjects has been kept in view.

Allocation of State/ UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/ UT level sample size has been allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per census 2011 with double weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. should not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 16 FSUs (minimum 8 each for rural and urban sector separately) is allocated to each state/ UT.

Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size has been allocated to the different strata in proportion to the population as per census 2011. Allocations at stratum level are adjusted to multiples of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2.

For special stratum formed in the rural areas of 20 States/UTs, 2 FSUs were allocated to each.

For special stratum 1 in the rural areas of Nagaland and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, 4 and 2 FSUs were allocated respectively.

Allocation to sub-strata: Rural: Allocation is 2 for each sub-stratum in rural. Urban: Stratum allocations have been distributed among the two sub-strata in proportion to the number of FSUs in the sub-strata. Minimum allocation for each sub-stratum is 2

Sampling deviation

There was no deviation from the original sampling plan.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face paper [f2f]

Response rate

No. of First Stage Units (FSUs) is 4469 and No. of Second Stage Units (SSUs) is 35,604.

Abstract

The survey covered both mental and physical disabilities. Among the physical disabilities speech, hearing, visual and locomotor disabilities were considered. The other major topics covered were housing conditions, village facilities, slum particulars etc. In addition, the annual consumer expenditure enquiry covering some key characteristics of employment-unemployment were also carried out on a sample of four households in each sample FSU.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Outline of Sample Design:

A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the conduct of survey of NSS 58th round. The first-stage units were census villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) in the rural sector and the NSSO Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector.

Sampling Frame for First-Stage Units:

The ultimate stage units were households in both the sectors. For the rural sector, the list of Census 1991 villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) and Census 1981 villages for J & K constituted the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks was considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification

Rural sector: Two special strata were formed as given below at the State/ UT level on the basis of Population Census 1991 viz. Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50, and Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000

The special stratum 1 was formed if at least 50 such FSU's were found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 was formed if at least 4 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs were merged with the general strata.

From the remaining FSUs (not covered under stratum 1 &2) general strata (hereafter, stratum will refer to general stratum unless otherwise mentioned) was formed and numbered 3, 4, 5 …. etc. (even if no special strata have been formed). Each district of a State/UT was normally treated as a separate stratum. However, if the provisional population of the district was greater than or equal to 2.5 million as per Census 2001, the district was divided into two or more strata with more or less equal population as per population census 1991 by grouping contiguous tehsils. However, in Gujarat, some districts were not wholly included in an NSS region. In such cases, the part of the district falling in an NSS region constituted a separate stratum.

Urban sector: In the urban sector, stratum was formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Census 1991 town population except for towns specified in Table 4. The stratum number and their composition (within each region) are given below: stratum 1: all towns with population (P) < 0.1 million
stratum 2: all towns with 0.1= P < 0.5 million
stratum 3: all towns with 0.5= P < 1 million
stratum 4,5,6, … each town with P= 1 million

Sub-stratification:

There was no sub-stratification in the rural sector. However, to cover more number of households living in slums, in urban sector each stratum was divided into 2 sub-strata as follows: sub-stratum 1: all UFS blocks having area type 'slum area' sub-stratum 2: remaining UFS blocks If there was one UFS block with area type 'slum area' within a stratum, sub-stratum 1 was not formed; it was merged with sub-stratum 2.

Total sample size (FSUs):

A total number of 8338 and 9076 first-stage units were selected for survey in the Central and State samples respectively.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs:

The total sample FSUs was allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators ensuring more or less uniform work-load.

Allocation of State/ UT level sample to Rural and Urban sectors:

State/UT level sample was allocated between two sectors in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 with double weightage to urban sector.

Allocation of Rural /Urban sector level sample size to strata / sub-strata:

Both rural and urban sector samples allotted to a State/UT were allocated to different strata in proportion to population of the stratum. All the stratum-level allocations were adjusted to multiple of 2. Stratum-level sample size in the urban sector was further allocated to 2 sub-strata in proportion to the number of UFS blocks in them with double weightage to sub-stratum 1 subject to a minimum sample size of 2 or 4 to sub-stratum 1 according as stratum-level allocation is 4 or greater than 4. Sub-stratum level allocations in the urban sector were made even.

Selection of FSUs:

FSUs were selected in the form of two independent sub-samples in both the sectors. For special stratum 2 and all the general strata of rural sector, FSUs were selected by probability proportional to size with replacement (PPSWR) where size was the 1991 census population. For urban sector and special stratum 1 of rural sector, FSUs were selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR).

Selection of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks / households

Formation of hamlet-group/sub-block:

Large villages/ blocks having approximate present population 1200 or more were divided into a suitable number of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks. less than 1200 1 (no hamlet-group/sub-block formation)
1200 to 1799 3
1800 to 2399 4
2400 to 2999 5
3000 to 3599 6
....and so on

For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur and Doda districts of Jammu and Kashmir and Idukki district of Kerala where habitation pattern causes difficulty in listing due to topography of the area, hg formation criterion was relaxed for which number of hamlet groups formed as per population criterion is given below: less than 600 1 (no hamlet-group/sub-block formation)
600 to 899 3
900 to 1199 4
1200 to 1499 5
....and so on

Hamlet-groups / sub-blocks were formed by more or less equalising population. For large urban blocks, the sub-block (sb) having slum dwellers, if any, was selected with probability 1 and was termed as segment 1. However, if there were more than one sb having slum dwellers, the sb having maximum number of slum dwellers was selected as segment 1. After selection of sb for segment 1, one more sb was selected by simple random sampling (SRS) from the remaining sb's of the block and was termed as segment 2. For large blocks (having no slum areas) two sub-blocks were selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) and were combined to form segment. For urban blocks without sub-block formation, segment number was 1 or 2 depending on whether the block was having a slum or not. For large villages two hamlet-groups were selected by SRSWOR and were combined to form segment 2. For villages without hamlet-group formation, segment number was also 2. The segments were considered separately for listing and selection of the ultimate-stage units.

Formation of Second Stage Strata (SSS) and selection of households for schedules 1.2 and 1.0: In each selected village/block/segment, three and two second stage strata (SSS) were formed for schedule 1.2 and schedule 1.0 respectively on the basis of structure type in rural areas and household MPCE in urban areas.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Geographic coverage

The survey covers the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

Broad design:

A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 59th round survey. The first stage unit (FSU) is the census village in the rural sector and UFS block in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USUs) are households in both the sectors. Hamlet-groups / sub-blocks constitute the intermediate stage whenever these are formed in the selected FSU.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units:

For rural areas, the list of villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) as per Population Census 1991 and for urban areas the latest UFS frame have been used as sampling frame. For stratification of towns by size class, provisional population of towns as per Census 2001 have been used.

Stratification

Rural Sector:

Two special strata have been formed at the State/ UT level, viz.,

Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50 and Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000.

Special stratum 1 was formed whenever at least 50 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 was formed if at least 4 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs were merged with the general strata.

From FSUs other than those covered under special strata 1 & 2, general strata were formed and its numbering started from 3. Each district of a State/UT was normally treated as a separate stratum. However, if the census rural population of the district was greater than or equal to 2 million as per population census 1991 or 2.5 million as per population census 2001, the district was split into two or more strata by grouping contiguous tehsils. However, in Gujarat, some districts were not wholly included in an NSS region. In such cases, the part of the district falling in an NSS region constituted a separate stratum.

Urban Sector: In the urban sector, strata have been formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Population Census 2001. The stratum numbers and their composition (within each region) are given below.

stratum 1 : all towns with population less than 50,000 stratum 2 : all towns with population 50,000 or more but less than 2 lakhs
stratum 3 : all towns with population 2 lakhs or more but less than 10 lakhs
stratum 4, 5, 6,... : each city with population 10 lakhs or more

The stratum numbers remained as above even if, in some regions, some of the strata did not exist.

Total Sample Size (FSUs):

10608 FSUs have been allocated at all-India level on the basis of investigator strength in different States/UTs for central sample and 11496 for state sample.

Allocation of Total Sample to States and UTs:

The total number of sample FSUs has been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators ensuring more or less uniform work-load.

Allocation of State/UT Level Sample to Rural and Urban Sectors:

State/UT level sample size has been allocated between two sectors in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 with 1.5 weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. would not exceed the rural sample size. Earlier practice of giving double weightage to urban sector has been modified considering the fact that two main subjects of enquiry (sch. 18.1 and sch 33) are rural based and there has been considerable growth in urban population over the years. More samples have been allocated to rural sector of Meghalaya state sample at the request of the DES, Meghalaya.

Allocation to Strata:

Within each sector of a State/UT, the respective sample size was allocated to the different strata in proportion to the stratum population as per census 2001. Allocations at stratum level was adjusted to a multiple of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2. However, a multiple of 4 FSUs was allocated to a stratum wherever possible.

Selection of FSUs:

FSUs were selected with Probability Proportional to Size with replacement (PPSWR), size being the population as per Population Census 1991 in all the strata for rural sector except for stratum 1. In stratum 1 of rural sector and in all the strata of urban sector, selection was done using Simple Random Sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). Samples were drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples both in rural and urban sectors.

Selection of Hamlet-groups/Sub-blocks / Households

Formation of Hamlet-group/Sub-block: Large villages/blocks having approximate present population 1200 or more are divided into a suitable number of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks. less than 1200 1 (no hamlet-groups/sub-blocks formation)
1200 to 1799 3
1800 to 2399 4
2400 to 2999 5
3000 to 3599 6

For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Nagaland and Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Doda districts of Jammu and Kashmir, the number of hamlet-groups formed is less than 600 1 (no hamlet-groups/sub-blocks formation)
600 to 899 3
900 to 1199 4
1200 to 1499 5

Hamlet-groups / sub-blocks are formed by more or less equalising population. Two hamlet-groups / sub-blocks are selected from a large village or block by SRSWOR. Listing and selection of the households are done independently in the two selected hamlet-groups/sub-blocks so formed.

Two SSS are formed:

Rural:
SSS 1: households possessing land < Y
SSS 2: households possessing land = Y

Urban:
SSS 1: households belonging to MPCE classes 1, 2 and 3 SSS 2: households belonging to MPCE class 4

Out of the four households selected for sch. 1.0, two households are covered in visit 1 and two in visit 2.

Allocation and Selection of Sample Households:

Two households are selected from each SSS of each type of schedule. In case of hamlet group/ sub-block formation, one household is selected from each (hg/sb) × SSS. Sample households for each type of schedule are selected by SRSWOR in each SSS of each hg/sb.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

In NSS 36th and 47th round surveys, information was collected on three types of physical disabilities - visual, communication and loco motor - along with the cause of disability, aid/appliance acquired by the disabled, general and vocational educational level of the disabled etc. In addition, data on developmental milestones and behavioural pattern of all children of age 5-14 years, regardless of whether they were physically disabled or not, were collected.

The Report of the study not found at external Resouce.

Geographic coverage

National, State, Urban , Rural

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Outline of Sample Design: A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the conduct of survey of NSS 58th round. The first-stage units were census villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) in the rural sector and the NSSO Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units were households in both the sectors.

Sampling Frame for First-Stage Units:
For the rural sector, the list of Census 1991 villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) and Census 1981 villages for J & K constituted the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks was considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification

Rural sector: Two special strata were formed as given below at the State/ UT level on the basis of Population Census 1991 viz.

Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50, and Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000

The special stratum 1 was formed if at least 50 such FSU's were found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 was formed if at least 4 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs were merged with the general strata.

From the remaining FSUs (not covered under stratum 1 &2) general strata (hereafter, stratum will refer to general stratum unless otherwise mentioned) was formed and numbered 3, 4, 5 …. etc. (even if no special strata have been formed). Each district of a State/UT was normally treated as a separate stratum. However, if the provisional population of the district was greater than or equal to 2.5 million as per Census 2001, the district was divided into two or more strata with more or less equal population as per population census 1991 by grouping contiguous tehsils. However, in Gujarat, some districts were not wholly included in an NSS region. In such cases, the part of the district falling in an NSS region constituted a separate stratum.

Urban sector: In the urban sector, stratum was formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Census 1991 town population except for towns specified in Table 4. The stratum number and their composition (within each region) are given below:

stratum 1: all towns with population (P) < 0.1 million stratum 2: all towns with 0.1= P < 0.5 million stratum 3: all towns with 0.5= P < 1 million
stratum 4,5,6, … each town with P= 1 million

The stratum numbers was retained as above even if, in some regions, some of the stratum is not formed.

Total sample size (FSUs):
A total number of 8338 and 9076 first-stage units were selected for survey in the Central and State samples respectively. The sample size by State and Sector is given in the Annexure

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs:
The total sample FSUs was allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators ensuring more or less uniform work-load.

Allocation of State/ UT level sample to Rural and Urban sectors:
State/UT level sample was allocated between two sectors in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 with double weightage to urban sector.

Allocation of Rural /Urban sector level sample size to strata / sub-strata:
Both rural and urban sector samples allotted to a State/UT were allocated to different strata in proportion to population of the stratum. All the stratum-level allocations were adjusted to multiple of 2. Stratum-level sample size in the urban sector was further allocated to 2 sub-strata in proportion to the number of UFS blocks in them with double weightage to sub-stratum 1 subject to a minimum sample size of 2 or 4 to sub-stratum 1 according as stratum-level allocation is 4 or greater than 4. Sub-stratum level allocations in the urban sector were made even.

Selection of FSUs:
FSUs were selected in the form of two independent sub-samples in both the sectors. For special stratum 2 and all the general strata of rural sector, FSUs were selected by probability proportional to size with replacement (PPSWR) where size was the 1991 census population. For urban sector and special stratum 1 of rural sector, FSUs were selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR).

Sampling deviation

There was no deviation from the original sampling design.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The schedule on Survey of Disabled Persons (Schedule 26) consists of the following blocks:

Block 0: descriptive identification of sample household
Block 1: identification of sample household
Block 2: particulars of field operation
Block 3: household characteristics
Block 4: demographic and other particulars of household members
Block 5: particulars of disability of the disabled member
Block 6: particulars of enrolment of disabled persons of age 5-14 years
Block 7: remarks by investigator
Block 8: comments by supervisory officer(s)

Abstract

The study on common property resources conducted in the 54th round of NSSO is the first nationwide survey on the subject. The state and national level estimates on the size, utilization and contribution of CPRs that the survey is expected to generate will help for building up the much needed database. In this survey, the study on CPR has been conducted for obtaining information on availability of CPRs and their utilization. Broadly speaking, information on 'availability' has been collected in the Village Schedule 3.3 and that on 'utilization' in blocks 8 to 12 of Schedule 31. The information collected in the village schedule pertained to the entire area of the sample village. This practice has been followed even when hamlets groups are formed for the household survey. Common Property Resources (CPRs) are resources accessible to and collectively owned/held/managed by an identifiable community and to which no individual has exclusive property rights.

Geographic coverage

National, State, Rual, Villages

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Ladakh & Kargil districts of J & K, (ii) 768 interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond 5 kms. of the bus route & (iii) 195 villages of A & N Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Analysis unit

Household

Universe

Rural houlsholds at State and National level.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

As usual, a stratified sampling design is adopted in this round. The first stage units are census villages ( panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and the NSSO Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units are households in both the sectors.

Sampling frame for first stage units (a) Rural : The lists of census villages of 1991 population census (1981 census list for J & K) constitute the sampling frame for the rural sector. For Kerala, however, the list of panchayat wards has been used as the sampling frame for selection of panchayat wards in the rural sector. For Nagaland, the villages located within 5 kms. of a bus route constitute the sampling frame, whereas, for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, the list of accessible villages constitutes the sampling frame. (b) Urban : The lists of latest UFS blocks have been considered as the sampling frame for all cities and towns.

Stratification (a) Rural : At first, the following three strata (namely strata types 1, 2 & 3) are formed at the level of each state/u.t.:- Stratum 1 : list of uninhabited villages(as per '91 census). stratum 2 : villages with population 1 to 50 (including both the boundaries) stratum 3 : villages with population more than 15,000

Strata types 1, 2 & 3 above are formed provided there are at least 10 villages in each of the strata types in the state/u.t. as per 1991 population census. Otherwise, these villages are included in the general strata as described below :

After formation of the strata types 1, 2 & 3 (wherever applicable), the remaining villages of the state/u.t. are considered for formation of general strata. Each district with population less than 2 million as per 1991 census forms a separate stratum (however, district having a population of 2 million or more is divided into a number of strata as per usual procedure followed in NSS). For Gujarat, some districts cut across NSS regions. In such cases, the part of a district falling in an NSS region forms a separate stratum.

(b) Urban : Strata are formed within NSS region by grouping towns.

Sampling deviation

There was no deviation from the original sampling design.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Besides information on CPRs this schedule is also meant for collecting data on availability of various facilities in the village. The schedule consists of the following blocks.

Block 0: Descriptive identification of sample village. Block 1: Identification of sample village. Block 2: Particulars of field operations. Block 3: Availability of various facilities. Block 4: Particulars of common land in the village and nearby forest. Block 5: Particulars of common water resources in the village. Block 6: Particulars of collection from forest and other common village land (commons).

COVERAGE OF COMMON PROPERTY LAND RECOURCES (COMMONS) IN DE JURE AND DE FACTO APPROACHES

In the de jure approach, the common property land resources will be understood as all, which are used as common land and are under the formal (i.e. by legal sanction or official assignment) control of the village panchayat or a community of the village. Thus, de jure CPR land will include all permanent pasture & grazing land, village forest & woodlots, common threshing grounds, dumping grounds and village sites. In addition, it will also include all other land of a government department which are formally held by the panchayat or a community of the village.

Within a village there are also other types of common land. These are classified by land use as barren and uncultivable land, long fallow, cultivable waste and area under non-agricultural use. All these categories of land are owned by the government, except where the ownership is otherwise defined. These land are administered by the revenue departments. In de facto sense, these categories of land also belong to village communities, as the local people has usufructuary rights over them. Usually, these are nominally held by the village panchayat. Again, vasted lands, i.e. those declared surplus under the land ceiling and state acquisition (zamindari abolition) acts, are nominally held by the village panchayat, and often used like any other common land in the village. Thus, these categories of land will be treated as de facto CPR land.

All land owned by the households or held by them on long-term lease of 30 years or more will not be considered as CPR, unless such privately owned or held land are pooled and used as a common resource. Land under institutions like schools, medical centres, hospitals, and all other land for non-agricultural uses (by standard classification) will, however, be excluded. But land under a water body, if for common use, will be included in de facto CPR land. Moreover, collection of leaves, fuelwood, etc. from the road-side trees will also be included.

Abstract

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has been carrying out All-India surveys on consumer expenditure. While some of these smaller-scale surveys are spread over a full year and others over six months only, the quinquennial (full-scale) surveys have all been of a full year's duration. Household consumer expenditure is measured as the expenditure incurred by a household on domestic account during a specified period, called reference period. It includes the imputed values of goods and services, which are not purchased but procured otherwise for consumption. In other words, it is the sum total of monetary values of all the items (i.e. goods and services) consumed by the household on domestic account during the reference period. Any expenditure incurred towards the productive enterprises of the households is also excluded from household consumer expenditure. To minimise recall errors, a very detailed item classification is adopted to collect information, including items of food, items of fuel, items of clothing, bedding and footwear, items of educational and medical expenses, items of durable goods and other items. The schedule has also collected some other household particulars including age, sex and educational level etc. of each household member. The schedule design for the survey is more or less similar to that adopted in the previous rounds.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Outline of Sample Design: A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the conduct of survey of NSS 58th round. The first-stage units were census villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) in the rural sector and the NSSO Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units were households in both the sectors.

Sampling Frame for First-Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of Census 1991 villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) and Census 1981 villages for J & K constituted the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks was considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification Rural sector: Two special strata were formed as given below at the State/ UT level on the basis of Population Census 1991 viz. Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50, and Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000

Urban sector: In the urban sector, stratum was formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Census 1991 town population except the towns, which were 27 in number,with population more than one million.

Total sample size (FSUs): A total number of 8338 and 9076 first-stage units were selected for survey in the Central and State samples respectively.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The data for this survey is collected in the NSS Schedule 1.0 used for household consumer expenditure. For this round, the schedule had the following blocks.

Blocks 1 and 2 - are similar to the ones used in usual NSS rounds. These are used to record identification of sample households and particulars of field operations.

Block-3: Household characteristics like, household size, principal industry-occupation, social group, land possessed, primary source of energy used for cooking and lighting etc. have been recorded in this block.

Block-4: In this block detailed demographic particulars including age, sex, educational level, marital status, number of meals usually taken in a day etc. has been recorded.

Block-5: In this block cash purchase and household consumption of food, pan, tobacco and intoxicants during the last 30 days have been recorded.

Block-5.1: In this block cash purchase and household consumption of fuel and light during the last 30 days have been recorded.

Block-6: Annual household consumption of clothing has been recorded in this block.

Block-7: Annual household consumption of footwear has been recorded in this block.

Block-8.1 : Annual household expenditure on education and medical (institutional) goods and services has been recorded here.

Block-8.2 : Monthly household expenditure on miscellaneous goods and services including medical (non-institutional), rents and taxes has been recorded here.

Block-9 : Annual household expenditure for purchase and construction (including repairs) of durable goods for domestic use has been recorded here.

Block-10 : Perception of households regarding sufficiency of food has been recorded here.

Block-11 : Summary of household consumer expenditure has been recorded here.

Geographic coverage

The survey on village facilities covers the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Analysis unit

• Villages
• Village Facilities

Universe

Village facilities in entire sample village.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Outline of Sample Design: A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the conduct of survey of the NSS 58th round, which encompasses Schedule 3.1. The first-stage units were census villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) in the rural sector and the NSSO Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units were households in both the sectors.

Sampling Frame for First-Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of Census 1991 villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) and Census 1981 villages for J & K constituted the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks was considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification Rural sector: Two special strata were formed as given below at the State/ Union Territory (UT) level on the basis of Population Census 1991 viz. Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50, and Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000 The special stratum 1 was formed if at least 50 such FSU's were found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 was formed if at least 4 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs were merged with the general strata.

From the remaining FSUs (not covered under stratum 1 &2) general strata (hereafter, stratum will refer to general stratum unless otherwise mentioned) was formed and numbered 3, 4, 5 …. etc. (even if no special strata have been formed). Each district of a State/UT was normally treated as a separate stratum. However, if the provisional population of the district was greater than or equal to 2.5 million as per Census 2001, the district was divided into two or more strata with more or less equal population as per population census 1991 by grouping contiguous tehsils. However, in Gujarat, some districts were not wholly included in an NSS region. In such cases, the part of the district falling in an NSS region constituted a separate stratum.

Urban sector: In the urban sector, stratum was formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Census 1991 town population except for towns specified in Table 4. The stratum number and their composition (within each region) are given below: stratum 1: all towns with population (P) < 0.1 million stratum 2: all towns with 0.1= P < 0.5 million stratum 3: all towns with 0.5= P < 1 million
stratum 4,5,6, … each town with P= 1 million
The stratum numbers were retained as above even if, in some regions, some of the stratum is not formed.

Sub-stratification: There was no sub-stratification in the rural sector. However, to cover more number of households living in slums, in urban sector each stratum was divided into 2 sub-strata as follows: sub-stratum 1: all UFS blocks having area type 'slum area' sub-stratum 2: remaining UFS blocks If there was one UFS block with area type 'slum area' within a stratum, sub-stratum 1 was not formed; it was merged with sub-stratum 2.

Total sample size (FSUs): A total number of 8338 and 9076 first-stage units were selected for survey in the Central and State samples respectively. The sample size by State and Sector is given in the Appendix.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total sample FSUs was allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators ensuring more or less uniform work-load.

Allocation of State/ UT level sample to Rural and Urban sectors: State/UT level sample was allocated between two sectors in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 with double weightage to urban sector.

Allocation of Rural /Urban sector level sample size to strata / sub-strata: Both rural and urban sector samples allotted to a State/UT were allocated to different strata in proportion to population of the stratum. All the stratum-level allocations were adjusted to multiple of 2. Stratum-level sample size in the urban sector was further allocated to 2 sub-strata in proportion to the number of UFS blocks in them with double weightage to sub-stratum 1 subject to a minimum sample size of 2 or 4 to sub-stratum 1 according as stratum-level allocation is 4 or greater than 4. Sub-stratum level allocations in the urban sector were made even.

Selection of FSUs: FSUs were selected in the form of two independent sub-samples in both the sectors. For special stratum 2 and all the general strata of rural sector, FSUs were selected by probability proportional to size with replacement (PPSWR) where size was the 1991 census population. For urban sector and special stratum 1 of rural sector, FSUs were selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR).

For the complete description of sampling procedure, see the Estimation Procedure document available under External Resources.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

As of February 2025, India had a total of 413.85 million Instagram users, the largest Instagram audience in the world. The United States had 171.7 million users, and Brazil had 140.7 million. Indonesia, Turkey, and Japan ranked in fourth, fifth and sixth position, respectively. Kazakhstan is the leading country for Instagram audience reach, with 86.2 percent of the population using the social media service. Turkey came in second, with a penetration rate of 85.5 percent and Uruguay ranked third, with 87.1 percent, followed closely by the UAE, Brazil, and Bahrain. It took Instagram 11.2 years to reach the milestone of 2 billion monthly active users worldwide. WhatsApp, also owned by Meta, took 11 years, whilst Facebook took 13.3 years and YouTube took just over 14 years. Instagram’s demographics in the United States As of March 2025, Instagram was the fourth most visited social media service in the United States, after Facebook, Pinterest and X. Out of TikTok, Instagram and Snapchat, TikTok was the most used of all three platforms by Generation Z. Overall, 57 percent of Gen Z social media users used Instagram in 2021, down from 61 percent in 2020 and 64 percent in 2019. Instagram finds most popularity with those in the 25 to 34 year age group, and as of January 2025, roughly 28.3 of all users in the United States belonged to this age group. The social media app was also more likely to be used by women. Most followed accounts on Instagram Instagram’s official account had the most followers as of April 2024 with over 672 million followers. Manchester United forward Cristiano Ronaldo (@cristiano) had over 628 million followers on the platform, while the Argentinian footballer Lionel Messi (@leomessi) had over 502 million followers. The Instagram accounts of the American singer and actress Selena Gomez (@selenagomez) and the media personality and makeup mogul Kylie Jenner (@kyliejenner) had over 400 million followers each.

Abstract

In order to have a comprehensive picture of the farming community and to analyze the impact of the transformation induced by public policy, investments and technological change on the farmers' access to resources and income as well as well-being of the farmer households it was decided to collect information on Indian farmers through “Situation Assessment Survey” (SAS). The areas of interest for conducting SAS would include economic well-being of farmer households as measured by consumer expenditure, income and productive assets, and indebtedness; their farming practices and preferences, resource availability, and their awareness of technological developments and access to modern technology in the field of agriculture. In this survey, detailed information would be collected on receipts and expenses of households' farm and non-farm businesses, to arrive at their income from these sources. Income from other sources would also be ascertained, and so would be the consumption expenditure of the households.

Geographic coverage

National, State, Rural, Urban

Analysis unit

Houdeholds

Universe

All Households of the type : 1-self-employed in agriculture 2-self-employed in non-agriculture 3-regular wage/salary earning 4-casual labour in agriculture 5-casual labour in non-agriculture 6-others

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Total sample size (FSUs): 8042 FSUs have been allocated for the central sample at all-India level. For the state sample, there are 8998 FSUs allocated for all-India. sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 70th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in both the sectors. In case of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling is the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages updated by excluding the villages urbanised and including the towns de-urbanised after 2001 census (henceforth the term 'village' would mean Panchayat wards for Kerala) constitutes the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the latest updated list of UFS blocks (2007-12) is considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification:

(a) Stratum has been formed at district level. Within each district of a State/ UT, generally speaking, two basic strata have been formed: i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2011 in a district, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district was considered as another basic stratum.

(b) However, a special stratum in the rural sector only was formed at State/UT level before district- strata were formed in case of each of the following 20 States/UTs: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This stratum will comprise all the villages of the State with population less than 50 as per census 2001.

(c) In case of rural sectors of Nagaland one special stratum has been formed within the State consisting of all the interior and inaccessible villages. Similarly, for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, one more special stratum has been formed within the UT consisting of all inaccessible villages. Thus for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, two special strata have been formed at the UT level:

(i) special stratum 1 comprising all the interior and inaccessible villages (ii) special stratum 2 containing all the villages, other than those in special stratum 1, having population less than 50 as per census 2001.

Sub-stratification:

Rural sector: Different sub-stratifications are done for 'hilly' States and other States. Ten (10) States are considered as hilly States. They are: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.

(a) sub-stratification for hilly States: If 'r' be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed was 'r/2'. The villages within a district as per frame have been first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal population.

(b) sub-stratification for other States (non-hilly States except Kerala): The villages within a district as per frame were first arranged in ascending order of proportion of irrigated area in the cultivated area of the village. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal cultivated area. The information on irrigated area and cultivated area was obtained from the village directory of census 2001.

(c) sub-stratification for Kerala: Although Kerala is a non-hilly State but because of non-availability of information on irrigation at FSU (Panchayat Ward) level, sub-stratification by proportion of irrigated area was not possible. Hence the procedure for sub-stratification was same as that of hilly States in case of Kerala.

Urban sector: There was no sub-stratification for the strata of million plus cities. For other strata, each district was divided into 2 sub-strata as follows:

 sub-stratum 1: all towns of the district with population less than 50000 as per census 2011 
 sub-stratum 2: remaining non-million plus towns of the district

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs have been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per census 2011 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT.
Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size has been allocated to the different strata in proportion to the population as per census 2011. Allocations at stratum level are adjusted to multiples of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2. Allocation to sub-strata:

1 Rural: Allocation is 2 for each sub-stratum in rural.

2 Urban: Stratum allocations have been distributed among the two sub-strata in proportion to the number of FSUs in the sub-strata. Minimum allocation for each sub-stratum is 2. Selection of FSUs: For the rural sector, from each stratum x sub-stratum, required number of sample villages has been selected by Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR). For the urban sector, FSUs have been selected by using Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR) from each stratum x sub-stratum. Both rural and urban samples were drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples and equal number of samples has been allocated among the two sub rounds.

For details reexternal refer to external resouce "Note on Sample Design and Estimation Procedure of NSS 70th Round" Page no.2

Sampling deviation

There was no deviation from the original sampling design.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There are 17 blocks in visit 1. In Visits 1 & 2, Each sample FSU will be visited twice during this round. Since the workload of the first visit (i.e. visit 1) will be more, the first visit will continue till the end of July 2013. Thus, period of the first visit will be January - July 2013 and that of the second visit (i.e. visit 2) will be August - December 2013.

Abstract

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) carried out the first country wide comprehensive survey of physically disabled persons during the 36th round survey (July - December, 1981). The next survey on the subject was carried out after a period of ten years in NSS 47th round (July - December, 1991). In NSS 36th and 47th round surveys, information was collected on three types of physical disabilities - visual, communication and loco motor - along with the cause of disability, aid/appliance acquired by the disabled, general and vocational educational level of the disabled etc. In addition, data on developmental milestones and behavioural pattern of all children of age 5-14 years, regardless of whether they were physically disabled or not, were collected.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Outline of Sample Design: A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the conduct of survey of NSS 47th round. The first-stage units were census villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) in the rural sector and the NSSO Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units were households in both the sectors.

Sampling Frame for First-Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of Census 1991 villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) and Census 1981 villages for J & K constituted the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks was considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification

Rural sector: Two special strata were formed as given below at the State/ UT level on the basis of Population Census 1991 viz.

Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50, and Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000

The special stratum 1 was formed if at least 50 such FSU's were found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 was formed if at least 4 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs were merged with the general strata.

From the remaining FSUs (not covered under stratum 1 &2) general strata (hereafter, stratum will refer to general stratum unless otherwise mentioned) was formed and numbered 3, 4, 5 …. etc. (even if no special strata have been formed). Each district of a State/UT was normally treated as a separate stratum. However, if the provisional population of the district was greater than or equal to 2.5 million as per Census 2001, the district was divided into two or more strata with more or less equal population as per population census 1991 by grouping contiguous tehsils. However, in Gujarat, some districts were not wholly included in an NSS region. In such cases, the part of the district falling in an NSS region constituted a separate stratum.

Urban sector: In the urban sector, stratum was formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Census 1991 town population except for towns specified in Table 4. The stratum number and their composition (within each region) are given below:

stratum 1: all towns with population (P) < 0.1 million stratum 2: all towns with 0.1= P < 0.5 million stratum 3: all towns with 0.5= P < 1 million stratum 4,5,6, … each town with P= 1 million

Sample size: The total number of FSUs for the Survey of Disabled Persons was 6648 while the number fo SSUs was 56762.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The schedule on Survey of Disabled Persons (Schedule 26) consists of the following blocks:

Block 0: Descriptive identification of sample household Block 1: Identification of sample household Block 2: Particulars of field operation Block 3: Household characteristics Block 4: Demographic and other particulars of household members Block 5: Particulars of disability of the disabled member Block 6: Particulars of enrolment of disabled persons of age 5-14 years Block 7: Remarks by investigator Block 8: Comments by supervisory officer(s)

In 2011, around **** percent of India's total population with disability was children, at approximately **** million children out of 26.8 million of disabled people. Meanwhile, the disabled children in Bihar and Meghalaya accounted for respectively around ***** percent and ***** percent of the total disabled population in these regions. In comparison, just over *** percent of disabled people in Sikkim and in Kerala were children.

Abstract

The seventy-third round of NSS is devoted exclusively to survey on economic and operational characteristics of unincorporated non-agricultural enterprises in manufacturing, trade and other services sector (excluding construction). In Indian economy, unincorporate sector is important because of the large number of enterprises in this sector and the magnitude of employment it provides to unskilled and semi-skilled persons, besides its contribution to Gross Domestic Product. This will help National Accounts Division (NAD) of Central Statistics Office to compute important components of national accounts. Specially designed three digit product codes introduced for the first time in the enterprise schedule of this round will help NAD to also make use of the survey results in preparation of Supply-Use Table. The data to be collected in this round will help in meeting the requirements of different Ministries, Organizations and researchers in general and also of:

(i) National Skill Development Agency in measuring extent of skilled manpower engaged in this sector, (ii) Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in deriving distribution of enterprises by investment in plant,
machinery and equipments, (iii) “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” in measuring access to toilets in workplace and waste management prevailing in the unicorporate sector enterprises, in particular.

Geographic coverage

The survey will cover the whole of the Indian Union except the villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain extremely difficult to access due to the restriction imposed by local authorities.

Analysis unit

Randomly selected enterprises

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1.3 Sample Design

1.3.1 Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design will be adopted for the 73rd round survey.

Rural sector: The first stage units (FSU) will be the census villages in the rural sector. For rural part of Kerala, 2011 Population Census Enumeration Blocks (EBs) will be taken as FSUs.

Urban sector: The first stage units (FSU) will be the Population Census EBs in the urban sector. For those urban areas where Sixth EC data will not be used latest updated UFS (Urban Frame Survey) blocks will be the FSUs.

The ultimate stage units (USU) will be enterprises for both the sectors. In the case of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling will be the selection of three hamlet-groups (hg's)/sub-blocks (sb's) from each large FSU.

1.3.2 Sampling frame to be used for selection of FSUs

Census 2011 list of villages will be used as the sampling frame for rural areas. Auxiliary information such as number of enterprises, number of workers, type of enterprises, activities of enterprises, etc. available from Sixth EC frame will be used for stratification, sub-stratification and selection of FSUs, for those rural areas where EC data will be used. For other rural areas where EC data will not be used, the auxiliary information on non-agricultural workers (i.e. household industry workers + other workers) based on Primary Census Abstract (PCA) 2011 will be utilized for stratification, sub-stratification and selection of FSUs. For this purpose both main and marginal workers will be considered.

In rural areas of Kerala, list of EBs as per Census 2011 will be used as sampling frame.

For all urban areas, where EC data will be used, list of EBs as per Census 2011 will be used as sampling frame. The latest updated list of UFS blocks will be the sampling frame for those urban areas wherever EC data will not be used.

1.3.3 Stratification: Each district will be treated as a stratum. Within each district of a State/UT, generally speaking, two basic strata will be formed:

(i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and

(ii) urban stratum comprising of all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there are one or more towns with population 1.5 million or more as per Census 2011, each of them will form a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district will be considered as another basic stratum.

(iii) In case of rural sectors of Nagaland, one special stratum will be formed within the State consisting of all the villages which are difficult to access.

1.3.4 Sub-stratification:

(i) In rural areas of those States/UTs where EC data will be used: There will be three sub-strata in the rural sector:

Sub-stratum 1: Villages with at least 3 establishments (NDE/DE) under coverage as per Sixth EC data for the following categories:

Table 1.1: NIC 2008 codes for forming sub-stratum '1'
NIC 2008 codes Description of activities
20, 21 Manufacture of chemicals, chemical products, pharmaceuticals, medicinal products etc.
451, 453 Sale of motor vehicles, motor vehicles parts and accessories 50 Water transport
521 Warehousing and storage
68 Real estate activities
582, 62, 631 Computer relating services
691 Legal activities
692 Accounting, book-keeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy
70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 80, 81, 82 Research development, employment activities etc.
855 Educational support services
37, 381, 382, 39 Sanitary services
87, 88 Residential care activities, social work activities without accommodation

Sub-stratum 2: Out of the remaining, villages having at least 8 establishments (NDE/DE) under coverage in the manufacturing and services sectors as per Sixth EC data;

Sub-stratum 3: Remaining villages of the stratum.

(ii) In rural areas of those States/UTs where EC data will not be used:

If 'r' be the sample size allotted for a rural stratum, 'r/4' sub-strata will be formed in that stratum. The villages within a stratum (district) as per frame will be first arranged in ascending order of non-agricultural workers (i.e. household industry workers + other workers) as per PCA 2011. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/4' will be demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum will comprise a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal number of non-agricultural workers taken into consideration as per PCA 2011.

(iii) In rural areas of Kerala:

Sub-stratum 1: EBs with at least 3 establishments (NDE/DE) under coverage as per Sixth EC data as mentioned in Table 1.1;

Sub-stratum 2: Out of the remaining, EBs having at least 8 establishments (NDE/DE) under coverage in the manufacturing and services sectors as per Sixth EC data;

Sub-stratum 3: Remaining EBs of the stratum.

(iv) In urban areas of those States/UTs (except 1.5 million plus cities) where EC data will be used: There will be three sub-strata in these areas:

Sub-stratum 1: EBs with at least 3 establishments (NDE/DE) under coverage as per Sixth EC data and establishments mentioned in Table 1.1;

Sub-stratum 2: Out of the remaining, EBs having at least 8 establishments (NDE/DE) under coverage in the manufacturing and services sectors as per Sixth EC data;

Sub-stratum 3: Remaining EBs of the stratum. (v) Urban - 1.5 million plus cities where EC data will be used:

In each such stratum, 14 sub-strata will be formed as under:

Table 1.2: Coverage in terms of NIC 2008 codes for forming sub-strata in 1.5 million plus cities
sub-stratum number Description Coverage in terms of NIC 2008 codes 1 EBs with one or more establishment in warehousing and storage 521 2 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in accommodation, event catering and other food service activities 55 , 562
3 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in real estate, legal, accounting, management consultancy, professional, scientific and technical etc. 681, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 80, 81, 82
4 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in manufacture of non-metallic products, basic metals, recycling, fabricated metal products etc. 23, 24, 25, 331 5 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in manufacture of food products and beverages 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 11
6 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products 13, 14, 15
7 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in manufacture of wood and wood products, furniture, paper and paper products, printing, publishing of books, periodicals etc. 16, 17, 18, 31
8 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in sale of motor vehicles and wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles 451, 46 9 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in transport, supporting and auxiliary transport activities, travel agency, tour operators, financial service and insurance activities, postal, courier, software publishing, information service and communication etc. 492, 50, 522, 53, 582, 61, 62, 63, 643, 649, 661, 662, 663, 79 10 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in veterinary, human health, residential care, social work activities and membership organizations 75, 86, 87, 88, 941, 949
11 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in education 85
12 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in remaining manufacturing activities 016, 106, 108, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 332, 351
13 Out of the remaining, EBs with one or more establishment in remaining other services activities 37, 38, 39, 561, 563, 581, 59, 60, 639, 682, 771, 772, 773, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96

14 all the remaining EBs of the stratum

(vi) In urban areas

Abstract

The surveys on 'Household Social Consumption: Education' conducted by NSSO covers both qualitative and quantitative aspects related to educational attainment of the household members and educational services used by them. Qualitative aspects include literacy, educational level attained, type of institution, current attendance/enrolment, whether received free education, reason for 'never enrolled'/'ever enrolled but currently not attending', etc. On quantitative aspects, information was collected on 'expenditure incurred/to be incurred on education' of the household member by the household itself, by other households or by any institutions/organizations other than Government.

Reference period : July 2017-June 2018

Period of survey and work programme: The survey period of the round will be divided into four sub-rounds of three months’ duration each as follows: sub-round 1 : July - September 2017 sub-round 2 : October - December 2017 sub-round 3 : January - March 2018 sub-round 4 : April - June 2018

Objective of Survey on 'Household Social Consumption: Education' (Schedule 25.2): The main objective of the survey on “Household Social Consumption: Education” conducted by NSSO is to build indicators on participation of the persons in the education system, expenditure incurred on education of the household members and on various aspects of those currently not attending education (i.e., for the persons who never enrolled or who ever enrolled but currently not attending education). The surveys on ‘Household Social Consumption: Education’ conducted by NSSO covers both qualitative and quantitative aspects related to educational attainment of the household members and educational services used by them. Qualitative aspects include literacy, educational level attained, type of institution, nature of institution, current attendance/enrolment, whether received free education, reason for never enrolled/ever enrolled but currently not attending, etc. On quantitative aspects, information is collected on expenditure incurred/to be incurred on education of the household member by the household itself, by other households or by any institutions/organizations other than Government.

Geographic coverage

The survey cover's the whole of the Indian Union except except the villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which are difficult to access

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household.

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Sampling procedure

Sample Design 3.1 Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 75th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the Census villages (Panchayat wards for Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in both the sectors. In the case of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling is the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU. 3.2 Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2011 Population Census villages constitutes the sampling frame. However, for Kerala, the latest available updated list of Panchayat wards constitutes the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the latest available list of UFS blocks has been considered as the sampling frame. 3.3 Stratification: (a) Each district is a stratum. Within each district of a State/UT, generally speaking, two basic strata have been formed: (i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising of all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there are one or more towns with population one million or more as per Census 2011, each of them formed as a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district have been considered as another basic stratum. (b) In the case of rural sectors of Nagaland another special stratum has been formed within the State consisting of all the villages which are difficult to access. 3.4 Sub-stratification: 3.4.1 Rural sector: If ‘r’ be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, ‘r/4’ sub-strata are formed in that stratum. The villages within a stratum (district) as per frame are first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to ‘r/4’ have been demarcated in such a way that each substratum comprises a group of villages of the arranged frame and has more or less equal population. 3.4.2 Urban sector: Each urban stratum has been divided into two parts - ‘Affluent part’ consisting of UFS blocks identified as ‘Affluent Area’ and ‘Non-Affluent part’ consisting of the remaining UFS blocks within the stratum. Sample allocation of a stratum is then allocated to Affluent and Non-Affluent parts in proportion to total number of households in the UFS blocks with double weightage to Affluent part subject to a maximum of 8 FSUs in ‘Affluent part’ of any stratum. If ‘u’ be the sample size allocated for an urban stratum consisting of both affluent area UFS Blocks and non affluent area UFS Blocks. ‘u/4’ sub-strata are formed within each stratum. Out of these ‘u/4’ substrata, the first two sub-strata ‘01’ and ‘02’ are earmarked for those UFS blocks which are identified as ‘Affluent Area’ and the remaining sub-strata, ‘03’, ‘04’,…... and so on, are assigned to the nonaffluent UFS blocks. If any stratum does not have any Affluent Area UFS block then also the substratum number starts from ‘03’ for that stratum. For all strata, if u/4 >1, implying formation of 2 or more sub-strata, all the UFS blocks within the stratum are first arranged in ascending order of total number of households in the UFS Blocks as per the latest UFS phase. Then sub-strata 1 to ‘u/4’ are demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum has more or less equal number of households. This procedure has been done separately for Affluent-part and Non-Affluent part of the stratum (if two sub-strata are required to be formed in the Affluent part). The following three cases arise while doing the sub-stratification: i) If there is no ‘Affluent Area’ UFS block in the stratum, all the UFS blocks are divided into ‘u/4’ sub-strata and numbered as ‘03’, ‘04’, ….., ‘(u/4)+2’. ii) If only one sub-stratum is formed with the ‘Affluent Area’ UFS blocks, then all the remaining non-affluent blocks are divided into ‘(u-4)/4’ sub-strata and numbered as ‘03’, ‘04’, ….., ‘(u/4)+1’. iii) If two sub-strata are formed with the ‘Affluent Area’ blocks, then all the remaining non-affluent UFS blocks are divided into ‘(u-8)/4’ sub-strata and numbered as ‘03’, ‘04’, ….., ‘u/4’. 3.5 Total sample size (FSUs): 14300 FSUs have been allocated for the central sample at all-India level. For the state sample, there are 16492 FSUs allocated for all-India. 3.6 Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs has been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per Census 2011 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/UT. 3.7 Allocation of State/ UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/ UT level sample size has been allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per Census 2011 with 1.5 weightage to urban sector depending on population share. A minimum of 16 FSUs (minimum 8 each for rural and urban sector separately) have been allocated to each State/ UT. 3.8 Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size has been allocated to the different strata in proportion to the population as per Census 2011. Stratum level allocation has been adjusted to multiples of 4 with a minimum sample size of 4. For special stratum formed in rural areas of Nagaland as discussed in para 3.3 (b), 12 FSUs have been allocated. 3.9 Allocation to sub-strata: Allocation for each sub-stratum has been made as 4 in both rural and urban sectors. 3.10 Selection of FSUs: 3.10.1 For the rural sector, from each stratum/sub-stratum, required number of sample villages has been selected by Probability Proportional to Size With Replacement (PPSWR), size being the population of the village as per Census 2011. 3.10.2 For the urban sector, from each stratum/sub-stratum, FSUs have been selected by Probability Proportional to Size With Replacement (PPSWR), size being the number of households of the UFS Block. Both rural and urban samples are drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples. 3.11 Selection of hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks - important steps 3.11.1 Criterion for hamlet-group/ sub-block formation: After identification of the boundaries of the FSU, it is to be determined whether listing is to be done in the whole sample FSU or not. In case the approximate present population of the selected FSU is found to be 1200 or more, it is divided into a suitable number (say, D) of ‘hamlet-groups’ in the rural sector and ‘sub-blocks’ in the urban sector by more or less equalising the population as stated below. approximate present population of the sample FSU no. of hgs/sbs formed less than 1200 (no hamlet-group/sub-block) 1 1200 to 1799 3 1800 to 2399 4 2400 to 2999 5 3000 to 3599 6 …...and so on - For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Uttarakhand (except four districts Dehradun, Nainital, Hardwar and Udham Singh Nagar), Punch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Reasi, Doda, Kishtwar, Ramban, Ladakh region (Leh and Kargil districts) of Jammu and Kashmir and Idukki district of Kerala, the number of hamlet-groups to be formed as

Abstract

Millions of farmers in India have made significant contributions in providing food and nutrition to the entire nation, while also providing livelihoods to millions of people in the country. During the past five decades of planned economic development, India has moved from food-shortage and imports to self-sufficiency and exports. Food security and well being of the farmer appears to be major areas of concern of the planners and policy makers of Indian agriculture. In order to have a comprehensive picture of the farming community at the commencement of the third millennium, and to analyze the impact of the transformation induced by public policy, investments and technological change on the farmers' access to resources and income, as well as well-being; the Ministry of Agriculture decided to collect information on Indian farmers through a Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) and entrusted the job of conducting the survey to the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

The SAS 2003 is the first of its kind to be conducted by NSSO. Though information on a majority of items to be collected through SAS have been collected in some round or other of NSS, an integrated schedule - Schedule 33, covering some basic characteristics of farming households and their access to basic and modern farming resources was canvassed for the first time in SAS. Moreover, information on consumption of various goods and services in an abridged form were also collected to have an idea about the pattern of consumption expenditure of the farming households.

Schedule 33 was designed for collecting information on aspects relating to farming and other socio-economic characteristics of farming households. The information was collected in two visits to the same set of sample households. The first visit was made during January to August 2003 and the second, during September to December 2003. The survey was conducted in rural areas only. It was canvassed in the Central Sample except for the States of Maharashtra and Meghalaya where it was canvassed in both State and Central samples.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A stratified multi-stage sampling design was adopted for the SAS 2003, 59th round. The First Stage Unit (FSU), also known as the primary sampling unit, was the census village in the rural sector and UFS block in the urban sector. The Ultimate Stage Units (USUs) were households in both sectors. Hamlet-group / sub-block constitute the intermediate stage, if these are formed in the selected area.

The list of villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) based on the Population Census of 1991 constituted the sampling frame for FSUs in rural areas, while the latest UFS frame was the sampling frame used for urban areas. For stratification of towns by size class, provisional population of towns as per Census 2001 was used. A detailed description of the sampling strrategy can be found in the estimation procedure document attached in the documentation/external resource.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face paper [f2f]

As of 2019, the south Indian state of Kerala had the highest density of doctors of about ** per ten thousand population in the country. However, Jharkhand had the least density of doctors in the country of about **** doctors per ten thousand people in the state.

Abstract

The Employment and Unemployment surveys of National sample Survey (NSS) are primary sources of data on various indicators of labour force at National and State levels. These are used for planning, policy formulation, decision support and as input for further statistical exercises by various Government organizations, academicians, researchers and scholars. NSS surveys on employment and un-employment with large sample size of households have been conducted quinquennially from 27th. round(October'1972 - September'1973) onwards.Since then, the four successive quinquennial surveys conducted in 32nd, 38th, 43rd and 50th rounds have, more or less, followed an identical approach in the measurement of employment and unemployment. The basic approach in all these four quinquennial surveys have been the collection of data to generate the estimates of employment and unemployment according to the 'usual status' based on a reference period of one year, the 'current weekly status' based on a reference period of one week, and the 'current daily status' based on each day of the previous week. In order to reveal the multi-dimensional aspects of the employment-unemployment situation in India, information on several correlates were also gathered in these surveys. Sets of probing questions on some of these aspects have also been one of the basic features of these surveys.

A Working Group was set up for the purpose of finalising the survey methodology and schedules of enquiry of the 55th round. Considering all the aspects of current data demand and usefulness of the survey results, the Group has suggested a few improvisations, additions and deletions in the content of the schedule of enquiry for the present survey. The major changes made in the schedule for employment and unemployment survey vis-à-vis the previous quinquennial survey are given below:

a) Instead of recording the details for one subsidiary usual economic activity of all the members of the household, the details of two subsidiary usual economic activities pursued for relatively more time were be recorded.

b) Certain probing questions to identify the employment in the unincorporated enterprises (i.e., the proprietary and partnership enterprises other than those covered under Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)) will be asked to the workers according to usual principal as well as subsidiary statuses. This apart, information to identify 'homeworkers' were collected in this round.

c) In addition to the information on the changes undergone in industry and/or occupation of the usually employed persons during last 2 years, provisions were made to record changes in the status of work as well as the establishment of work during the same reference period. In all such cases where changes in any of these would be reported, the previous position obtaining for the person in that regard were ascertained.

d) Migration particulars of each of the members of the sample household were collected, as was done in the fourth quinquennial survey (NSS 43rd round).

e) Probing questions, framed to get data on participation of persons in specified household chores, were put only to females instead of all persons usually engaged in household chores.

f) The schedules on Employment - Unemployment and Consumer Expenditure are to be canvassed in independent sets of households. Since the monthly per capita expenditure of a household is an important classificatory variable for the study of employment- unemployment, household expenditure on broad groups of items were recorded so as to work out monthly per capita expenditure of the household.

g) A sub-sample of FSUs were repeated in two consecutive sub-rounds. The households selected and surveyed in a sub-round were re-visited in the next sub-round for collection of data on employment and unemployment only. The newly formed households, if found, during the second visit to the FSU constituted second-stage stratum 9 and a sample of households were selected from them for canvassing Schedule 10 (and not Schedule 10.1).

h) All the items of information contained in Schedule 10 were not be collected in the second visit. A separate Schedule 10.1 was designed (retaining few blocks of Schedule 10) and used for data collection in the second visit. It is important to note that for the items retained in Schedule 10.1, the reference of block, item or column (i.e., block no., item no. and column no.) were the same as those of Schedule 10 meant for first visit, unless otherwise specifically mentioned. the same concepts, definitions and procedures were followed for collection of data in the second visit.

Work Programme: The survey period of one year was divided into four sub-rounds of three months duration each as below.

sub-round period of survey

1 July-September, 1999 2 October- December, 1999 3 January-March, 2000 4 April-June, 2000

Equal number of sample fsu's were allotted for survey in each of these four sub-rounds. Each fsu was surveyed during the sub-round period to which it was allotted. Within a particular sub-round, efforts were made to spread out the field work of various fsu's uniformly over different weeks/months to the extent possible..Fifty per cent of the sample fsu's of each sub-round were be revisitd again (only for the central sample) in the subsequent sub-round and collected employment-unemployment details from the sample households who were visited during the previous sub-round. In such cases efforts were made to revisit the fsu just after 3 months.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union excepting (i) Ladakh & Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond 5 kms. of a bus route & (iii) villages of Andaman & Nicobar Islands remaining inaccessible throughout the year. All the villages of the country, uninhabited according to 1991 census, were also left out of the survey coverage of the NSS 55th round.

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

One salient feature of the 55th round is that the rotation sampling scheme has been adopted for the first time in the NSS (central sample only) for the purpose of collection of employment-unemployment data. Under this scheme, 50 per cent of the sample first stage units (fsu's) of each sub-round will be revisited in the subsequent sub-round. From each such fsu, sample households visited in the previous sub-round for collecting data on employment-unemployment will be revisited in the subsequent sub-round for collecting employment-unemployment details. In addition, for the purpose of collecting employment-unemployment data, a thin sample of 2 households will be selected during the revisit from the frame of newly formed households in the fsu. It may be noted that the above scheme of rotation sampling scheme for collecting employment-unemployment data will be followed only for the fsu's belonging to the central sample. For state samples, the fsu's are to be visited only once as they appear in the sample list for canvassing various schedules in the selected households/enterprises.

Sampling frame for first stage units:

The frame used for selection of first stage units in the rural sector was the 1991 census list of villages for all the four sub-rounds for 8 states/u.t.s viz. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Chandigarh. However for Agra district of U.P. and the three districts, viz.Durg, Sagar, and Morena of M.P., samples were drawn using 1981 census list of villages. For Jammu & Kashmir samples for all the 4 sub-rounds were drawn using the 1981 census list as the 1991 census was not conducted in the st ate. For the remaining 23 states/u.t.s, the frame was 1991 census list for sub-rounds 2 to 4 and 1981 census list for sub-round 1 as the 1991 census list was not available for use at the time of drawing the samples. As usual, for Nagaland the list of villages within 5 kms. of the bus route and for Andaman and Nicobar Islands the list of accessible villages constituted the frame. In the case of urban sector the frame consisted of the UFS blocks and, for some newly declared towns where these were not available, the 1991 census enumeration blocks were used.

Region formation and stratification: States were divided into regions by grouping contiguous districts similar in respect of population density and cropping pattern. In rural sector each district was treated a separate stratum if the population was below 2 million and where it exceeded 2 million, it was split into two or more strata. This cut off point of population was taken as 1.8 million ( in place of 2 million ) for the purpose of stratification for districts for which the 1981 census frame wa s used. In the urban sector, strata were formed, within each NSS region on the basis of population size class of towns. However for towns with population of 4 lakhs or more the urban blocks were divided into two classes viz. one consisting of blocks inhabited by affluent section of the population and the other consisting of the remaining blocks.

Selection of first stage units :

Selection of sample villages was done circular systematically with probability proportional to population and sample blocks circular system-atically with equal probability. Both the sample villages and the sample blocks were selected in the form of two or more independent

Abstract

The NSS 70th round survey on land and livestock holdings (LHS) was conducted in rural areas of the country. The main objective of the survey on Land and Livestock Holdings (LHS) is to generate basic quantitative information on the agrarian structure of the country, which is relevant to land policy. The quantitative information to be collected in the land and livestock holdings survey can be categorised into the three broad aspects of land ownership holdings, operational holdings and ownership of livestock. The survey on Land and Livestock Holding has been designed to collect information on (i) particulars of land (owned, leased-out, leased-in and otherwise possessed) of the household, (ii) location of land, (iii) area, (iv) duration of possession, (v) number of lessor/lessee households, (vi) terms of lease, (vii) land use during July 2012 to December 2012/January 2013 to June 2013/whole agricultural year (July 2012 to June 2013), (viii) whether irrigated, (ix) sources of irrigation, etc. Information on number of livestock, poultry, duckery, etc., owned by the household as on the date of survey will also be collected. Besides collection of information on land and livestock, information will be collected on some household characteristics such as (i) household classification, (ii) social group, (iii) religion, (iv) whether the household operated any land on Jhum cultivation during last 365 days, etc. Some information on demographic particulars from each of the household members will also be collected such as (i) sex, (ii) age, (iii) general education level, (iv) whether associated with the household operational holding, etc.

Using the information collected in this survey, different indicators of ownership holding, operational holding, pattern in land use, detailed types of crop production/animal farming activities of the households, seasonal variation in household operational holding, ownership of livestock, poultry, duckery, etc., can be generated for the rural areas of the country.

These statistical indicators are required for planning, policy formulation and decision making at various levels within the government and outside. The results of the survey will be of use to the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, National Accounts Division, etc. These will also be used by various users, researchers and policy makers.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the rural area of the whole of the Indian Union.

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 70th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in both the sectors. In case of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling is the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages updated by excluding the villages urbanised and including the towns de-urbanised after 2001 census (henceforth the term 'village' would mean Panchayat wards for Kerala) constitutes the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the latest updated list of UFS blocks (2007-12) is considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification: (a)Stratum has been formed at district level. Within each district of a State/ UT, generally speaking, two basic strata have been formed: i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2011 in a district, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district was considered as another basic stratum.

(b)However, a special stratum in the rural sector only was formed at State/UT level before district- strata were formed in case of each of the following 20 States/UTs: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This stratum will comprise all the villages of the State with population less than 50 as per census 2001.

(c)In case of rural sectors of Nagaland one special stratum has been formed within the State consisting of all the interior and inaccessible villages. Similarly, for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, one more special stratum has been formed within the UT consisting of all inaccessible villages. Thus for Andaman & Nicobar Islands, two special strata have been formed at the UT level: (i)special stratum 1 comprising all the interior and inaccessible villages (ii)special stratum 2 containing all the villages, other than those in special stratum 1, having population less than 50 as per census 2001.

Sub-stratification:

Rural sector: Different sub-stratifications are done for 'hilly' States and other States. Ten (10) States are considered as hilly States. They are: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.

(a) sub-stratification for hilly States: If 'r' be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed was 'r/2'. The villages within a district as per frame have been first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal population.

(b) sub-stratification for other States (non-hilly States except Kerala): The villages within a district as per frame were first arranged in ascending order of proportion of irrigated area in the cultivated area of the village. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal cultivated area. The information on irrigated area and cultivated area was obtained from the village directory of census 2001.

(c) sub-stratification for Kerala: Although Kerala is a non-hilly State but because of non-availability of information on irrigation at FSU (Panchayat Ward) level, sub-stratification by proportion of irrigated area was not possible. Hence the procedure for sub-stratification was same as that of hilly States in case of Kerala.

Urban sector: There was no sub-stratification for the strata of million plus cities. For other strata, each district was divided into 2 sub-strata as follows:

 sub-stratum 1: all towns of the district with population less than 50000 as per census 2011 
 sub-stratum 2: remaining non-million plus towns of the district

Total sample size (FSUs): 8042 FSUs have been allocated for the central sample at all-India level. For the state sample, there are 8998 FSUs allocated for all-India.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs have been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per census 2011 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT. While doing so, the resource availability in terms of number of field investigators as well as comparability with previous round of survey on the same subjects has been kept in view.

Allocation of State/ UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/ UT level sample size has been allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per census 2011 with double weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. should not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 16 FSUs (minimum 8 each for rural and urban sector separately) is allocated to each state/ UT.

Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size has been allocated to the different strata in proportion to the population as per census 2011. Allocations at stratum level are adjusted to multiples of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2.

For special stratum formed in the rural areas of 20 States/UTs, 2 FSUs were allocated to each.

For special stratum 1 in the rural areas of Nagaland and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, 4 and 2 FSUs were allocated respectively.

Allocation to sub-strata: Rural: Allocation is 2 for each sub-stratum in rural. Urban: Stratum allocations have been distributed among the two sub-strata in proportion to the number of FSUs in the sub-strata. Minimum allocation for each sub-stratum is 2

Sampling deviation

There was no deviation from the original sample deviation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Broad structure of the Schedule for collection of information in visit 1 and visit 2 are given below:

Block 0: descriptive identification of sample household Block 1: identification of sample household Block 2: particulars of field operation Block 3: household characteristics (only in visit 1) Block 4: demographic and other particulars of household members (only in visit 1) Block 5: particulars of land of the household and its operation during July 2012 to December 2012/January