In 2024, approximately 11.9 million people lived in São Paulo, making it the largest municipality in Brazil and one of the most populous cities in the world. The homonymous state of São Paulo was also the most populous federal entity in the country. Brazil's cities Brazil is home to two large metropolises: São Paulo with close to 11.9 million inhabitants, and Rio de Janeiro with around 6.7 million inhabitants. It also contains a number of smaller but well-known cities, such as Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, and many others, which report between 2 and 3 million inhabitants each. As a result, the country's population is primarily urban, with nearly 88 percent of inhabitants living in cities. While smaller than some of the other cities, Brasília was chosen to be the capital because of its relatively central location. The city is also well-known for its modernist architecture and utopian city plan, which is quite controversial - criticized by many and praised by others. Sports venues capitals A number of Brazil’s medium-sized and large cities were chosen as venues for the 2014 World Cup, and the 2015 Summer Olympics also took place in Rio de Janeiro. Both of these events required large sums of money to support infrastructure and enhance mobility within a number of different cities across the country. Billions of dollars were spent on the 2014 World Cup, which went primarily to stadium construction and renovation but also to a number of different mobility projects. Other short-term spending on infrastructure for the World Cup and the Rio Olympic Games was estimated at 50 billion U.S. dollars. While these events have poured a lot of money into urban infrastructure, a number of social and economic problems within the country remain unsolved.

In 2025, approximately 23 million people lived in the São Paulo metropolitan area, making it the biggest in Latin America and the Caribbean and the sixth most populated in the world. The homonymous state of São Paulo was also the most populous federal entity in the country. The second place for the region was Mexico City with 22.75 million inhabitants. Brazil's cities Brazil is home to two large metropolises, only counting the population within the city limits, São Paulo had approximately 11.45 million inhabitants, and Rio de Janeiro around 6.21 million inhabitants. It also contains a number of smaller, but well known cities such as Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte and many others, which report between 2 and 3 million inhabitants each. As a result, the country's population is primarily urban, with nearly 88 percent of inhabitants living in cities. Mexico City Mexico City's metropolitan area ranks sevenths in the ranking of most populated cities in the world. Founded over the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in 1521 after the Spanish conquest as the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the city still stands as one of the most important in Latin America. Nevertheless, the preeminent economic, political, and cultural position of Mexico City has not prevented the metropolis from suffering the problems affecting the rest of the country, namely, inequality and violence. Only in 2023, the city registered a crime incidence of 52,723 reported cases for every 100,000 inhabitants and around 24 percent of the population lived under the poverty line.

ABSTRACT Background: To improve the comparability of multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence across Brazilian regions, the Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in MS has implemented a standardized approach to assess the prevalence of the disease in five key cities, which were deemed representative of their regions in terms of socio-geographical features and where in-person revision of each case was feasible. Objective: To report the point-prevalence of MS in Passo Fundo, one of the key cities in Southern Brazil. Methods: We sought to identify all MS patients who were living in Passo Fundo on July 1st, 2015. The primary source for case ascertainment was records from the offices of neurologists and neurosurgeons practicing in the city. Multiple secondary sources were used to maximize identification of cases. All patients underwent in-person review of the diagnosis by a panel of neurologists with experience in MS. Results: We identified 52 MS patients living in Passo Fundo on July 1st, 2015. The point-prevalence rate for MS was 26.4/100,000 population (95% confidence interval, 19.7 to 34.6/100,000). Among the MS cases, 42 (80.8%) were female, for a sex ratio of 4.2:1. Forty-six cases (88.5%) were categorized as relapsing-remitting MS, and the remaining 6 cases, as secondary progressive MS (11.5%). Other epidemiological and clinical features were comparable to national and international MS populations. Conclusions: The prevalence of MS in Passo Fundo is one of the highest reported in Brazil so far. Studies in other key Brazilian cities, using the same methodology, are currently being carried out.

The share of urban population in Brazil saw no significant changes in 2023 in comparison to the previous year 2022 and remained at around 87.79 percent. Still, the share reached its highest value in the observed period in 2023. A country's urbanization rate refers to the share of the total population living in an urban setting. International comparisons of urbanization rates may be inconsistent, due to discrepancies between definitions of what constitutes an urban center (based on population size, area, or space between dwellings, among others).Find more statistics on other topics about Brazil with key insights such as anual population growth.

Analysis of ‘Temperature Time-Series for some Brazilian cities’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/volpatto/temperature-timeseries-for-some-brazilian-cities on 28 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Temperature Time-Series for some Brazilian cities

Do you ever wonder how are temperatures in Brazilian cities? Too hot? Cold weather sometimes? And what about climate changes? Is Brazil getting hotter?

This is your chance to check it out!

Context

This datasets are collected in order to provide some answers for the above question through Data Analysis. Maybe you want to try some Machine Learning model in order to practice and predict the evolution of temperature in some Brazilian cities.

Content

The content is provided by NOAA GHCN v4 and post-processed by NASA's GISTEMP v4.

In summary, each data file contains a temperature time series for a station named according to the city. The time series provides temperature records by month for each year. Some mean measurement is calculated, like metANN and D-J-F. I can't give details about these quantities, nor how they are calculated. Please refer for NASA GISTEMP website in this regard. The most important seems to be metANN, which is an annual temperature mean.

Acknowledgements

These datasets are provided through NASA's GISTEMP v4 and recorded by NOAA GHCN v4. Thanks for researchers and staffs for the really nice work!

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the network of Brazilian researchers studying smart cities and describe their main contributions to the debate on the theme. Representation of relationship networks was carried out to obtain a photograph of the nuclei of research in "smart cities" and a systematic review of the literature of the existing national productions. The results show that there is a conceptual and empirical predominance of smart cities that bring together aspects related to Information and Communication Technology and people's quality of life, connecting them and enabling them in order to promote constant interactions in cities and public governance . Researchers who study the subject are located mainly at USP, PUC Campinas, UFPE and UNINOVE, however, networks of relations between universities in the conduction of the research were not evidenced. The article assists in the general analysis of the research carried out in Brazil on intelligent cities as well as contributes to the discussion of the need for a broader view of the concept of intelligent cities, which goes beyond the creation of ICTs evidenced in this study.

This repository includes data set and source code used in "Topic Resilience and the Spread of News: Brazilian Cities Case Study".

Raw Data.zip file: Contains news publications collected from Brazilian cities through December 12th, 2018 to March 26th, 2019.

Source code.zip file: Contains four Jupiter files with the source code of each step of the TopicRes framework.

The South American city gas distribution market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing urbanization, industrial expansion, and rising energy demands across the region. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 2.00% is anticipated from 2025 to 2033, indicating a steady and significant market expansion. Key drivers include government initiatives promoting cleaner energy sources, coupled with expanding infrastructure development in key cities across Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) segment holds a significant market share due to its cost-effectiveness and versatility in transportation and industrial applications. However, the market faces challenges from fluctuating gas prices and the need for continued investment in pipeline infrastructure, especially in less developed areas within the "Rest of South America" segment. The market is segmented by gas type (CNG and PNG), end-user (industrial, power sector, residential & commercial, and transportation), and geography (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Rest of South America). Brazil, with its large population and industrial base, is expected to dominate the market, followed by Argentina and Chile. Key players like Petroleo Brasileiro SA, Companhia de Gas de Sao Paulo (Comgas), and Naturgy Energy Group SA are actively shaping the market landscape through expansion strategies, technological advancements, and strategic partnerships. The growth trajectory hinges on consistent investment in infrastructure, efficient regulatory frameworks, and sustained economic growth across South American nations. The residential and commercial sectors are poised for significant expansion driven by rising living standards and increased access to natural gas networks. However, competition among existing players and potential entry of new players will influence market dynamics and pricing strategies in the coming years. Recent developments include: August 2022: As part of Ambipar's initial investment of USD 5.5 million, it incorporates trucks equipped with compressed natural gas (CNG) technology, such as Scania R 410 6X2 models, into its fleet. Ambipar estimates a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in the Corridor after the first year of circulation of these new units. By incorporating compressed natural gas (CNG) trucks on a large scale, the Sustainable Corridor Project begins the process of changing its fleet's energy matrix to renewable and cleaner sources of power., May 2022: Compagas, Parana state's gas distribution company, and Brazilian logistic operator NEOgas started a pilot project to transport compressed natural gas (CNG) via natural gas-fueled trucks. The project aims to provide a greener and more cost-effective solution to the transportation of natural gas to the countryside of Brazil. The pilot project lasts around 30 days, with NEOgas compressing Compagas' natural gas at the Ponta Grossa station. The natural gas-fueled trucks from vehicle manufacturer Scania will then transport the gas daily for 130 km to the city of Arapoti, where the paper company BO Paper plans to use it.. Notable trends are: Power Sector to Dominate the Market.

Acrelandia, located in the northern state of Acre, was the most polluted city in Brazil in 2022, based on fine air particulate matter concentration (PM2.5). Throughout the year, the city had an average particulate matter concentration of 23.3 micrograms per cubic meter. The World Health Organization's air quality standards recommend a maximum annual average concentration of 10 μg/m³. Four of the top five most polluted cities in Brazil that year were located in the state of Acre.

The Brazil Residential Real Estate Market Report is Segmented by Property Type (Villas & Landed Houses, Apartments & Condominiums), by Price Band (Affordable Housing, Mid-Market, and Luxury), by Business Model (Sales and Rental), by Mode of Sale (Primary (New-Build), and More), and by Key Cities (São Paulo, Brasília, and More). The Report Offers Market Size and Forecasts in Value (USD) for all the Above Segments.

Female sex workers (FSWs) represent a key population for the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STI) due to their social vulnerability and the risks associated with their occupation. This study was conducted to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior among FSWs in cities in northern Brazil, to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1/2) infections and to identify the circulating subtypes of these agents in this key population. A cross-sectional study using the Time Location Sampling (TLS) method was conducted among 339 FSWs in cities in the state of Pará from 2005 to 2006. Serological and molecular tests were performed to identify infections and viral subtypes, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors. Most FSWs were young, single, less educated and had at least one child. The prevalence of antibodies against HIV-1 and HTLV-1 was 2.3 and 1.7%, respectively. HIV-1 subtypes B (87.5%) and F1 (12.5%) were identified among FSWs, as were Cosmopolitan subtype (1a) and Transcontinental subgroup (A). Unprotected sex and illicit drug use were associated with HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infections using bivariate and multivariate analyses, and age ≥27 years was associated only with HIV. The important information highlighted here clearly indicates that the lack of actions to control and prevent pathogens in FSWs and the lack of strategies for health promotion in key populations can further aggravate the epidemiological scenario of viral infections in remote areas with low human development indices. Neglecting these facts may be causing the spread of these two viruses and their respective subtypes in the general population of northern Brazil.

This statistic shows the age structure in Brazil from 2013 to 2023. In 2023 about 19.94 percent of Brazil's total population were aged 0 to 14 years. Population of Brazil Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world by area and population and the largest in both South America and the Latin American region. With a total population of more than 200 million inhabitants in 2013, Brazil also ranks fifth in terms of population numbers. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, CPLP, and a member of the BRIC countries. BRIC is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, and China, the four major emerging market countries. The largest cities in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. São Paulo alone reports over 11.1 million inhabitants. Due to a steady increase in the life expectancy in Brazil, the average age of the population has also rapidly increased. From 1950 until 2015, the average age of the population increased by an impressive 12 years; in 2015, the average age of the population in Brazil was reported to be around 31 years. As a result of the increasing average age, the percentage of people aged between 15 and 64 years has also increased: In 2013, about 68.4 percent of the population in Brazil was aged between 15 and 64 years.

The Brazilian Federal Government considers the Extended National Consumer Price Index (ENCPI) as one of the most important indexes for calculating inflation. In January 2025, the extended CPI has changed among Brazilian cities, with the highest monthly increase observed in Recife, which registered 0.28 percent growth in that month. The lowest values happened when Rio de Janeiro presented negative extended CPI growth, at -0.46 percent.

The Brazilian Participatory Budgeting (PB) Census is a data set that Participedia contributor Paolo Spada began collecting in 2008. It integrates and updates previous data collection efforts by Ribeiro & De Grazia (1997-2002) and Avritzer & Wampler (2004). The census includes all Brazilian cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants from 1989 through 2012 and identifies those that have implemented Participatory Budgeting. The resulting data set contains approximately 500 cities for six time periods, divided into four-year intervals. The PB census is geolocated and easily integrates with existing data sets maintained by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the Superior Electoral Court (TSE), and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The census uses Yves Sintomer's five criteria to define participatory budgeting, and is created using a two-step methodology. First, internet research is conducted to identify elements that indicate the potential presence of participatory budgeting in a city. Next, each potential PB site is contacted by phone to determine whether or not the city has implemented participatory budgeting. The data set uses a four-year coding scheme that follows the electoral cycle. A city is coded as having implemented participatory budgeting if it has completed at least two cycles of participatory budgeting. This method was used twice to conduct a census: first in the spring of 2008 and a second time in the spring of 2012. See "Full PB Census 1989 to 2012.") In 2012, Spada together with Brian Wampler, Mike Touchton, and Denilson Coelho, implemented a more detailed telephonic survey in the census to obtain data on the variety of designs of participatory budgeting. The results of the new survey are included below. (See "PB Census 2012 - variety of PB survey.") In 2016 Spada has replicated the census for a third time thanks to the support of the EMPATIA project and in collaboration with Wagner de Melo Romão, Brian Wampler, and Mike Touchton. Many additional Brazilian scholars have provided comments and support. The research is funded by the EMPATIA project and by a grant from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). The data is currently being reviewed and after a short embargo period will be released (December 2018). Below it is possible to access the previous iteration of the census with data up to 2012. A sneak preview of the 2016 dataset shows a further decline in participatory budgeting implementation. The data is currently being used in several ongoing research projects. If you have questions about these Brazilian Participatory data sets, please contact Paolo Spada. How to cite these data sets Use of these data sets is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-Sharelike 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). Please use the following APSA style format when citing these data sets: Spada, P. 2012. "Brazilian Participatory Budgeting Census: 1989-2012." Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EDSNJS (DATE OF ACCESS). Spada, P., Wampler, B., Touchton, M. & Coelho, D. 2012. "Variety of Brazilian Participatory Budgeting Designs: 2012." Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EDSNJS (DATE OF ACCESS). Citation in Text: (Spada 2012) (Spada, Wampler, Touchton, and Coelho 2012)

According to an online survey as of June 2024, the majority of vegetarians registered in the state of São Paulo lived in its homonymous capital, the city of São Paulo, where more than four thousand people identified themselves as vegetarian, vegan or supporter thereof. The second largest population was found in Campinas, with 545 respondents.

Adjusted model for association with the incidence of Covid-19 in the largest cities of all federal units in Brazil stratified by the coverage of primary health care.

Female sex workers (FSWs) represent a key population for the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STI) due to their social vulnerability and the risks associated with their occupation. This study was conducted to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior among FSWs in cities in northern Brazil, to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1/2) infections and to identify the circulating subtypes of these agents in this key population. A cross-sectional study using the Time Location Sampling (TLS) method was conducted among 339 FSWs in cities in the state of Pará from 2005 to 2006. Serological and molecular tests were performed to identify infections and viral subtypes, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors. Most FSWs were young, single, less educated and had at least one child. The prevalence of antibodies against HIV-1 and HTLV-1 was 2.3 and 1.7%, respectively. HIV-1 subtypes B (87.5%) and F1 (12.5%) were identified among FSWs, as were Cosmopolitan subtype (1a) and Transcontinental subgroup (A). Unprotected sex and illicit drug use were associated with HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infections using bivariate and multivariate analyses, and age ≥27 years was associated only with HIV. The important information highlighted here clearly indicates that the lack of actions to control and prevent pathogens in FSWs and the lack of strategies for health promotion in key populations can further aggravate the epidemiological scenario of viral infections in remote areas with low human development indices. Neglecting these facts may be causing the spread of these two viruses and their respective subtypes in the general population of northern Brazil.

Person who inject illicit substances have an important role in HIV-1 blood and sexual transmission and together with person who uses heavy non-injecting drugs may have less than optimal adherence to anti-retroviral treatment and eventually could transmit resistant HIV variants. Unfortunately, molecular biology data on such key population remain fragmentary in most low and middle-income countries. The aim of the present study was to assess HIV infection rates, evaluate HIV-1 genetic diversity, drug resistance, and to identify HIV transmission clusters in heavy drug users (DUs). For this purpose, DUs were recruited in the context of a Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) study in different Brazilian cities during 2009. Overall, 2,812 individuals were tested for HIV, and 168 (6%) of them were positive, of which 19 (11.3%) were classified as recent seroconverters, corresponding to an estimated incidence rate of 1.58%/year (95% CI 0.92–2.43%). Neighbor joining phylogenetic trees from env and pol regions and bootscan analyses were employed to subtype the virus from132 HIV-1-infected individuals. HIV-1 subtype B was prevalent in most of the cities under analysis, followed by BF recombinants (9%-35%). HIV-1 subtype C was the most prevalent in Curitiba (46%) and Itajaí (86%) and was also detected in Brasília (9%) and Campo Grande (20%). Pure HIV-1F infections were detected in Rio de Janeiro (9%), Recife (6%), Salvador (6%) and Brasília (9%). Clusters of HIV transmission were assessed by Maximum likelihood analyses and were cross-compared with the RDS network structure. Drug resistance mutations were verified in 12.2% of DUs. Our findings reinforce the importance of the permanent HIV-1 surveillance in distinct Brazilian cities due to viral resistance and increasing subtype heterogeneity all over Brazil, with relevant implications in terms of treatment monitoring, prophylaxis and vaccine development.

Background: Domestic violence is a traumatic experience that can lead to physical consequences, mental disorders and financial damage. Over 18 cases per 100,000 inhabitants were reported in Brazil between 2013 and 2014. The ministry of health poses a mandatory notification of all cases of domestic violence, which is essential, bearing in mind its systemic relation to various social issues and the extensive regional differences and high socioeconomic inequalities present in Brazil.Aim: To analyze the characteristics of the notification rates of domestic violence and investigate the correlation of these with health and socioeconomic characteristics of large Brazilian cities.Methods: Retrospective data on notifications of domestic violence was collected from the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases for Brazil, 2017. Dependent variables were collected from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Ministry of Citizenship. Inclusion criteria were: cities larger than 100.000 habitants and that had at least 20 reports, totaling 68.313 reports in 259 cities. These were stratified by age, race and sex of victim, type of violence used, violence perpetrator, place of occurrence and means of aggression. Proportional number of notified cases was calculated for each city to expose different characteristics of reports. A multiple linear regression model was used to investigate the correlation between report rates and different socioeconomic and health variables.Results: The analysis showed a high proportion of repeated violence, use of body strength and over 50% were perpetrated by a partner or boyfriend. Report rates were higher for women, black individuals and children under four, highlighting subgroups of the population that were more vulnerable. Indeed, these groups were correlated differently with socioeconomic variables. Poverty, assessed as Bolsa Família investment, was correlated with domestic violence report rates across vulnerable groups.Conclusion: The study showed that black women and children are more vulnerable to domestic violence, highlighting deleterious effects of patriarchy and structural racism within Brazilian society. Altogether, we suggest that reducing poverty, patriarchy and structural racism could lead to fewer cases of domestic violence.

UKRI GCRF project URBE Latam's Work Package 2 aimed to identify windows of opportunity to institutionalise citizen-generated data for disaster risk governance in the case study countries Brazil and Colombia.

The interview partners were selected from the project teams' existing contacts at the national (Colombia, Brazil), subnational (Rio de Janeiro state, Antioquia department) and municipal (Niterói, Medellín) levels and included representatives from disaster risk agencies, planning and statistics offices.

The interviews were conducted in Brazilian Portuguese with the Brazilian stakeholders and in Spanish with the Colombian stakeholders. The interviews aimed to understand the extent to which disaster risk reduction governance processes are equitable. The semi-structured interview schedule started with conceptual definitions, such as questions regarding the interview partners' understandings of "resilience", "risk", "vulnerability", followed by questions regarding the indicators and data to measure these and any related concepts, including the roles of the various data actors, such as questions relating to usage, representativeness, and data quality. In response to the questions, interview partners suggested the following:

• while "resilience" is an important concept, it is not used in disaster risk management and generally understood as communities' experiences of and responses to a disaster;

• the legal framework establishes hierarchical relations in risk governance, data sharing across the governance scale and policy happens primarily at the response stage of the disaster risk cycle.

• and that work with communities for prevention is the primary responsibility of municipal "social" teams.