Context

Video Action Recognition dataset. Contains 5% of balanced Kinetics-400 and Kinetics-600 (Kinetics) training data as zipped folder of mp4 files.

The Kinetics dataset is a large-scale, high-quality dataset for human action recognition in videos. The dataset consists of around 500,000 video clips covering 400/600 human action classes with at least 400/600 video clips for each action class. Each video clip lasts around 10 seconds and is labeled with a single action class. The videos are collected from YouTube.

Content

More than 10000 videos in each dataset. 10-40 videos per class.

Acknowledgements

A dataset by Deepmind.

The Kinetics-600 is a large-scale action recognition dataset which consists of around 480K videos from 600 action categories. The 480K videos are divided into 390K, 30K, 60K for training, validation and test sets, respectively. Each video in the dataset is a 10-second clip of action moment annotated from raw YouTube video. It is an extensions of the Kinetics-400 dataset.

The Kinetics-400 and Kinetics-600 datasets are video understanding datasets used for learning rich and multi-scale spatiotemporal semantics from high-dimensional videos.

Dataset Preparation for IV2 Retraining

  Downloading

git clone https://github.com/qingy1337/kinetics-dataset.git cd kinetics-dataset /kinetics-dataset > git pull /kinetics-dataset > bash ./k600_downloader.sh /kinetics-dataset > bash ./k600_extractor.sh

  Reorganizing into folders

cd kinetics-dataset /kinetics-dataset > mv k600_reorganize.py ./k600/ /kinetics-dataset > cd k600 /kinetics-dataset/k600 > python k600_reorganize annotations/train.txt… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/cminst/Slim-Kinetics-2.

The Kinetics dataset is a large-scale, high-quality dataset for human action recognition in videos. The dataset consists of around 500,000 video clips covering 600 human action classes with at least 600 video clips for each action class. Each video clip lasts around 10 seconds and is labeled with a single action class. The videos are collected from YouTube.

Slim-Kinetics

Slim Kinetics is a filtered version of the K600 training set. It only contains 287 of the highest quality actions, and only videos with ~30 FPS and duration 10 seconds are kept.

Rates of hydrogen formation in the temperature range 600C to 800C are reported for three coals of widely different rank. Between 35 and 70 percent of the total hydrogen available at any one temperature disengages with first order kinetics, but the apparent activation energies calculated from the corresponding rate constants are low and vary, for the coals in question, from ca. 8 to 15 kcal/mole. Since rate control by C-H bond rupture or gaseous diffusion must be ruled out, it is concluded that the rate determining step is a function of lamellar mobility, i.e. that hydrogen forms in a bimolecular process which occurs whenever two contiguous carbon lamellae move into an appropriate configuration.

The phenyl + ethylene (C6H5 + C2H4) reaction network was explored experimentally and theoretically to understand the temperature dependence of the reaction kinetics and product distribution under various temperature and pressure conditions. The flash photolysis apparatus combining laser absorbance spectroscopy (LAS) and time-resolved molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) was used to study reactions on the C8H9 potential energy surface (PES). In LAS experiments, 505.3 nm laser light selectively probed C6H5 decay, and we measured the total C6H5 consumption rate coefficients in the intermediate temperature region (400–800 K), which connects previous experiments performed in high-temperature (pyrolysis) and low-temperature (cavity-ring-down methods) regions. From the quantum chemistry calculations by Tokmakov and Lin using the G2M(RCC5)//B3LYP method, we constructed a kinetic model and estimated phenomenological pressure-dependent rate coefficients, k(T, P), with the Arkane package in the reaction mechanism generator. The MBMS experiments, performed at 600–800 K and 10–50 Torr, revealed three major product peaks: m/z = 105 (adducts, mostly 2-phenylethyl radical, but also 1-phenylethyl radical, ortho-ethyl phenyl radical, and a spiro-fused ring radical), 104 (styrene, co-product with a H atom), and 78 (benzene, co-product with C2H3 radical). Product branching ratios were predicted by the model and validated by experiments for the first time. At 600 K and 10 Torr, the yield ratio of the H-abstraction reaction (forming benzene + C2H3) is measured to be 1.1% and the H-loss channel (styrene + H) has a 2.5% yield ratio. The model predicts 1.0% for H-abstraction and 2.3% for H-loss, which is within the experimental error bars. The branching ratio and formation of styrene increase at high temperature due to the favored formally direct channel (1.0% at 600 K and 10 Torr, 5.8% at 800 K and 10 Torr in the model prediction) and the faster β-scission reactions of C8H9 isomers. The importance of pressure dependence in kinetics is verified by the increase in the yield of the stabilized adduct from radical addition from 80.2% (800 K, 10 Torr) to 88.9% (800 K, 50 Torr), at the expense of styrene + H. The pressure-dependent model developed in this work is well validated by the LAS and MBMS measurements and gives a complete picture of the C6H5 + C2H4 reaction.

A machine-learned interatomic potential for Ge-rich GexTe alloys has been developed aiming at uncovering the kinetics of phase separation and crystallization in these materials. The results are of interest for the operation of embedded phase change memories which exploits Ge-enrichment of GeSbTe alloys to raise the crystallization temperature. The potential is generated by fitting a large database of energies and forces computed within Density Functional Theory with the neural network scheme implemented in the DeePMD-kit package. The potential is highly accurate and suitable to describe the structural and dynamical properties of the liquid, amorphous and crystalline phases of the wide range of compositions from pure Ge and stoichiometric GeTe to the Ge-rich Ge₂Te alloy. Large scale molecular dynamics simulations revealed a crystallization mechanism which depends on temperature. At 600 K, segregation of most of Ge in excess was observed to occur on the ns time scale followed by crystallization of nearly stoichiometric GeTe regions. At 500 K, nucleation of crystalline GeTe was observed to occur before phase separation, followed by a slow crystal growth due to the concurrent expulsion of Ge in excess.

The thermal stability and decomposition kinetics of the ionic liquid pyridinium nitrate was investigated by nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen). For the kinetic experiments, the thermal behavior of the sample was studied in the temperature interval from 360 up to 600 K at different heating rates (5, 10, 15 and 20 K/min). The kinetic parameters of decomposition including activation energy and pre-exponential factor under nitrogen atmosphere were evaluated by menace of two model-free methods Friedman and Kissinger-Akahira- Sunose. Depending on the used calculation model, the obtained activation energy and pre-exponential factor values with respect to the degree of sample conversion during the kinetic experiment for method ranged in the intervals of 76.36 112.56 kJ/mol and 1.72*105 1.42*1010 min 1, respectively. Based on the attained kinetic parameter values it was established that the process of pyridinium nitrate decomposition occurred as a firstorder reaction. Considering the calculated kinetic parameters, a decomposition mechanism for pyridinium nitrate was proposed.

High-pressure methods have become an interesting tool of investigation of structural stability of proteins. They are used to study protein unfolding, but dissociation of oligomeric proteins can be addressed this way, too. HIV-1 protease, although an interesting object of biophysical experiments, has not been studied at high pressure yet. In this study HIV-1 protease is investigated by high pressure (up to 600 MPa) fluorescence spectroscopy of either the inherent tryptophan residues or external 8-anilino-1-naphtalenesulfonic acid at 25°C. A fast concentration-dependent structural transition is detected that corresponds to the dimer-monomer equilibrium. This transition is followed by a slow concentration independent transition that can be assigned to the monomer unfolding. In the presence of a tight-binding inhibitor none of these transitions are observed, which confirms the stabilizing effect of inhibitor. High-pressure enzyme kinetics (up to 350 MPa) also reveals the stabilizing effect of substrate. Unfolding of the protease can thus proceed only from the monomeric state after dimer dissociation and is unfavourable at atmospheric pressure. Dimer-destabilizing effect of high pressure is caused by negative volume change of dimer dissociation of −32.5 mL/mol. It helps us to determine the atmospheric pressure dimerization constant of 0.92 μM. High-pressure methods thus enable the investigation of structural phenomena that are difficult or impossible to measure at atmospheric pressure.

A distinctive feature of char gasification reactions are the changes in pore structure of the solid reactant that occur continuously as reaction proceeds. The gasification kinetics therefore involve interactions between intrinsic reactivity and pore structural changes. It is the central objective of this research to distinguish the contributions to overall kinetics that are related to the pore structure from those attributable to surface reaction chemistry. To this end a series of experiments were designed to provide data interpretation that could parallel and critically evaluate the model development. Six char samples with different initial pore structures were generated from two types of coals (anthracite PSOC-80 and high volatile bituminous PSOC-4) by varying pyrolysis heating rates from 1 to 10/sup 0/C/min and final pyrolysis temperatures from 600 to 950/sup 0/C. These chars were also impregnated with different concentrations (0.2 to 3.0M) of Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ and K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ solution. Both catalyzed and non-catalyzed oxidation rates and their changes with conversion were measured with a Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) in the temperature range of 380 to 500/sup 0/C with oxygen partial pressure ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 atm. The particle sizes used ranged from less than 100 to 250 microns, but mostly in 250 micron. Corresponding pore structure developments during reactions were measured by the combination of mercury, porosimetry, adsorption technique, and pycnometry. An atomic absorption technique was used to determine the amount of catalyst uptake, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) served to visualize catalyst depositions. This final report consists of the complete experimental results as well as data analyses conducted under the current project. 75 refs.

To afford mechanistic studies in enzyme kinetics and protein folding in the microsecond time domain we have developed a continuous-flow microsecond time-scale mixing instrument with an unprecedented dead-time of 3.8 ± 0.3 μs. The instrument employs a micro-mixer with a mixing time of 2.7 μs integrated with a 30 mm long flow-cell of 109 μm optical path length constructed from two parallel sheets of silver foil; it produces ultraviolet-visible spectra that are linear in absorbance up to 3.5 with a spectral resolution of 0.4 nm. Each spectrum corresponds to a different reaction time determined by the distance from the mixer outlet, and by the fluid flow rate. The reaction progress is monitored in steps of 0.35 μs for a total duration of ~600 μs. As a proof of principle the instrument was used to study spontaneous protein refolding of pH-denatured cytochrome c. Three folding intermediates were determined: after a novel, extremely rapid initial phase with τ = 4.7 μs, presumably reflecting histidine re-binding to the iron, refolding proceeds with time constants of 83 μs and 345 μs to a coordinatively saturated low-spin iron form in quasi steady state. The time-resolution specifications of our spectrometer for the first time open up the general possibility for comparison of real data and molecular dynamics calculations of biomacromolecules on overlapping time scales.

Low-rank coal is used as raw material, solid waste blast furnace slag (BFS) rich in metal oxides is selected as catalyst. Co-pyrolysis experiment is carried out and explore the influence of different BFS particle size and doping amount on coal pyrolysis. The catalyst is characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TG, and the contribution degree and mechanism of BFS to the increase of oil-rich kerosene products are clarified. The results show that BFS exhibits good activity. When the added amount of BFS is 9%, the tar yield is as high as 14.65%. When the particle size is 2–5 mm, the tar yield is 14.1%. Adding BFS catalyst can improve the tar yield. By controlling the particle size and addition amount, the composition of the tar can be adjusted to achieve directional pyrolysis. According to coal kinetic analysis, when the temperature is 350–600℃, the overall activation energy in the pyrolysis process is the highest, and the first reaction is the most active.

Ru-based catalysis results in highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) ethyl esters (EE) deuterated to various extents. The products carry 2H (D) mainly at their bis-allylic positions, where they are resistant to autoxidation compared to natural HUFA and are promising as neurological and retinal drugs. We characterized the extent of deuteration at each allylic position of docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid deuterated to completion at bis-allylic and allylic positions (D-DHA) by two-dimensional (2D) and high-field (600 and 950 MHz) NMR. In separate experiments, the kinetics of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) EE deuteration was evaluated using Paternò–Büchi (PB) reaction tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis, enabling deuteration to be quantitatively characterized for isotopologues (D0–D14 DHA) at each internal allylic position. NMR analysis shows that the net deuteration of the isotopologue mixture is about 94% at the bis-allylic positions, and less than 1% remained as the protiated −CH2–. MS analysis shows that deuteration kinetics follow an increasing curve at bis-allylic positions with higher rate for internal bis-allylic positions. Percent D of bis-allylic positions increases linearly from D1 to D9 in which all internal bis-allylic positions (C9, C12, C15) deuterate uniformly and more rapidly than external bis-allylic positions (C6, C18). The mono-allylic positions near the methyl end (C21) show a steep increase of D only after the D10 isotopologue has been deuterated to >90%, while the mono-allylic position near the carboxyl position, C3, deuterates last and least. These data establish detailed methods for the characterization of Ru-catalyzed deuteration of HUFA as well as the phenomenological reaction kinetics as net product is formed.

Ammonia is considered as one of the promising hydrogen carriers toward a sustainable world. Plasma assisted decomposition of NH3 could provide cost- and energy-effective, low-temperature, on-demand (partial) cracking of NH3 into H2. Here, we presented a temperature-dependent plasma-chemical kinetic study to investigate the role of both electron-induced reactions and thermally induced reactions on the decomposition of NH3. We employed a plasma-chemical kinetic model (KAUSTKin), developed a plasma-chemical reaction mechanism for the numerical analysis, and introduced a temperature-controlled dielectric barrier discharge reactor for the experimental investigation using 1 mol % NH3 diluted in N2. As a result, we observed the plasma significantly lowered the cracking temperature and found that the plasma-chemical mechanism should be further improved to better predict the experiment. The commonly used rates for the key NH3 pyrolysis reaction (NH3 + M ↔ NH2 + H + M) significantly overpredicted the recombination rate at temperatures below 600 K. Furthermore, the other identified shortcomings in the available data are (i) thermal hydrazine chemistry, (ii) electron-scattering cross-section data of NxHy, (iii) electron-impact dissociation of N2, and (iv) dissociative quenching of excited states of N2. We believe that the present study will spark fundamental interest to address these shortcomings and contribute to technical advancements in plasma assisted NH3 cracking technology.

Picosecond - nanosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy on films as presented in the supplementary figures S3 to S7. In detail:- FigS3: TA spectra after 5 ns pump-probe delay for DR3:ICC6 with 475 nm and 680 nm excitation- FigS4: ps-ns TA spectra of DR3:IEICO-4F and DR3:ITIC after excitation at 500 nm and of DR3:PC71BM after excitation at 532 nm.- FigS5: ps-ns TA spectra of as–cast DR3:IEICO following 532 nm and 720 nm excitation.- FigS6: ps-ns TA kinetics of neat PBDB-T-2F film following excitation at 600 nm- FigS7: ps-ns TA spectra of PBDB-T-2F:IEICO with 530 nm and 800 nm excitation and of PBDB-T-2F:IEICO-4F and PBDB-T-2F:BT-CIC with 600 nm and 800 nm excitation.

The aim of this work was to investigate the carbonation kinetics of lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) by thermogravimetry and via thermodynamic simulations, using CO2 concentrations of 15 vol.% (typical of combustion gases) and 100 vol.%. Tests were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer, in two sequential steps: (1) pre-treatment at 750 ºC with N2 and (2) thermal analysis, non-isothermal (at 10 ºC min-1 up to 1000 ºC) or isothermal (at 550 ºC, 600 ºC and 650 ºC). According to the non-isothermal results, the carbonation of Li4SiO4 occurs in the range of 450-746 ºC and the decarbonation above it. Also, it was possible to capture up to 24.9 wt.%CO2. The isothermal kinetics showed that an increase in temperature promotes an increase in the reaction rate. Yet, the adsorption capacity is limited by the thermodynamics at higher temperatures and the kinetics is slow at low CO2 concentrations.

Co-combustion of coal gangue (CG) and biowaste, such as wheat straw (WS), offers a sustainable approach to waste valorization and emissions reduction. However, the combustion characteristics of CG in the presence of WS have been insufficiently explored. This study investigates the co-combustion behavior of CG, WS, and their mixtures at five different ratios using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results reveal that the addition of WS significantly lowers both the ignition and burnout temperatures of CG. Pure CG exhibits ignition and burnout temperatures of 474.4°C and 770.2°C, respectively, while CG/WS blends show reduced temperatures of 255.6–267.9°C for ignition and 608.9–710.5°C for burnout. A pronounced synergistic interaction occurs mainly between 200 and 600°C during the co-combustion process. Kinetic analysis demonstrates that WS addition substantially decreases the apparent activation energy of the blends, from 75.41 kJ mol−1 for CG to 34.14 kJ mol−1 for the blend with 20% WS. The findings such as the reduced ignition and burnout temperatures, and lower activation energy indicate that CG/WS co-combustion can significantly improve combustion behaviors. Hence, this study provides valuable insights into the thermochemical behavior and kinetics of CG/WS co-firing, promoting the optimal utilization of biomass-coal waste for efficient energy production in industrial applications while offering waste-to-energy solutions.

Spore count reduction due to pressure ramp and kinetic Weibull model parameters for isothermal/isobaric conditions at 600 MPa and 90 °C.