The objectives of the Kiribati Census changed over time shifting from earlier years where they were essentially household registrations and counts, to now where a national population census stands supreme as the most valuable single source of statistical data for Kiribati.

Census data is now widely used to evaluate: - The availability of basic household needs in key sectors, to identify disadvantaged areas and help set priorities for action plans; - Benefits of development programmes in particular areas, such as literacy, employment and family planning; In addition, census data is useful to asses manpower resources, identify areas of social concern and for the improvement in the social and economic status of women by giving more information and formulating housing policies and programmes and investment of development funds.

The census objective is to make a quick and sweeping count to avoid double counting—or under-counting for that matter. This is the main reason why the questions are often restricted to a manageable size—i.e. not to wantonly list any question one thinks of. The whole purpose of the questionnaire design is to ensure the most needed questions are asked, in addition to the count, structure and distribution of the population.

v01 - Cleaned and labelled version of the Master file.

-Population: Population's relationship, marital status, religion, residence, origins, education, work status, women's characteristics (on children given birth to)
-Housing: Living quarters and its conditions, water and electricity access, sanitation, waste disposal, household durables and livestock & pets

• Collection start: 2015
• Collection end: 2015

Abstract

The primary objective of the Census is to determine the official count of the number of persons and households in Kiribati in 2020 and can be used to compare their socio-economic characteristics with those 5 years ago collected in the 2015 Population Census. Results of the census are most useful for government of Kiribati for planning and policy formulation and thus have a direct impact on the Kiribati population. These objectives of the Kiribati Census changed over time shifting from earlier years where they were essentially household registrations and counts, to now where a national population census stands supreme as the most valuable single source of statistical data for Kiribati.

Census data is now widely used to evaluate: - The availability of basic household needs in key sectors, to identify disadvantaged areas and help set priorities for action plans; - Benefits of development programmes in particular areas, such as literacy, employment and family planning; In addition, census data is useful to asses manpower resources, identify areas of social concern and for the improvement in the social and economic status of women by giving more information and formulating housing policies and programmes and investment of development funds.

Geographic coverage

National coverage. All 5 groups of islands were covered by the enumeration.

Analysis unit

Households and Individuals.

Universe

The universe of the 2020 Kiribati Census is all occupied households in Kiribati (private households and institutions). The census was conducted on a defacto basis.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The questionnaire for this Census is composed of 8 sections and was published in English and iKiribati (local language).

The questionnaire was divided into 11 sections: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL ID 2. PERSON ROSTER: All individuals 3. MODULE D: Education, Languages and Literacy 4. MODULE E: Economic Activity Last Week 5. MODULE F: Functioning Challenges & Social Behaviour 6. MODULE G: Fertility and Mortality (Women Aged 15+) 7. MODULE H: Communications and Internet 8. MODULE I : Housing 9. MODULE J: Agriculture, Fishing, Handicraft, Food Stock & Tourism 10. MODULE K: ENVIRONMENT: energy, resources, prohibited fish consumption, trees. 11. GPS + Photo.

The English questionnaire is provided as an external resource as part of this documentation.

Cleaning operations

Data was edited and cleaned using the software Stata version 15.

Abstract

The National Statistics Office (NSO) strives and continues to support government by providing socio-economic statistics for monitoring and evaluation purposes through population censuses. These socio-economic statistics are also made available to other users such as the businesses, the churches, regional and international organizations. One of the main sources of demographic and social-economic statistics in Kiribati is the population and housing census. Kiribati has been carrying out population and housing censuses in a "modern sense" at intervals of about five years since 1985. This 2010 Census is the first census to use the GPS to plot the positions of the households.

The population census is conducted under the Population Census Ordinance CAP 8.

A population census is a fairly large undertaking involving lots of people and a significant budget. It requires elaborate organization and preparation and this is why it is necessary to start the preparations well in advance of the actual enumeration date, say two years or at least a year. Unfortunately, preparations for this 2010 census started less than a year before the enumeration took place. This is basically because of the late approval of funds and the uncertainty as whether the census would go ahead or not.

Geographic coverage

National coverage: meaning the whole population, all households and institutions in all the islands in the Gilbert group, the Line islands and the Phoenix group were covered.

Analysis unit

Individuals and Households.

Universe

The population census enumeration in Kiribati is based on a de-facto basis meaning that people residing only in Kiribati at the time of the census will be counted or enumerated-i.e. those temporary overseas will be excluded.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire, published in English, is divided into 2 categories as such: -Household and Housing form: Household characteristics, livestocks, capital goods owned, energy, fishing involvement, sanitation, waste management, cash inflow. -Persons form: Individual characteristics, education, literacy, physical activity, fertility, narcotic use, economic activity.

Questionnaire design process: Although the population census questions remain basically the same from census to census there is always a need to review the questionnaire before each census in light of recent developments and changes, and in light of complaints or problems noted in past censuses. For instance, the question on the "internet use" was never asked in the previous censuses because there was no internet or the internet use was very limited in those times, but now the internet is one of the standard household questions because many people are using it. Sometimes it may be necessary to drop off some questions that people are no longer interested in, again to give an example, in the 1990 population 14 census there was a question on the number of ducks and goats, because the agriculture division had brought in some goats in the 1980s to see whether they could be reared here-as it turned out, the goats were becoming more of a nuisance rather than worthwhile household assets, and they were eventually disposed off. The ducks are also on the decline and so the census questionnaires in recent censuses do not incorporate them anymore. Sometimes the questions are reviewed to ensure that the enumerators and the respondents fully understand them. Usually there is a committee or task force set up to review and finalize the questionnaires. For the 2010 population census project a workshop to review the questionnaire was conducted in August 2010 for three days. The participants include officials from different government ministries and representatives of non-government bodies. The 2005 census questionnaire was used as the initial template and as the basis of the discussion.

To access the full Questionnaire please refer to the external resources of this documentation.

Cleaning operations

The census commissioner went to SPC, in Noumea, in August 2011 to clean up the datafile, do some initial census tabulations, and start some analysis. Data processing was done using CSPro software.

Response rate

not applicable

Abstract

The 2005 Kiribati Population and Housing Census focuses on recent population growth and dynamics, in particular the level, trends, and patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration. The report includes a brief discussion of the likely impacts of some of these dynamics on wider cross-cutting issues such as the environment, health, education, and economic activity. Furthermore it presents a set of population projections in order to assist planners and policy-makers with scenarios of their future population size and structure. The report’s aim is to assist decision makers cater effectively for the specific needs of different population groups at different points in time.

The primary objective of the Census is to determine the official count of the number of persons and households in Kiribati in 2005 and can be used to compare their socio-economic characteristics with those 5 years ago collected in the 2000 Population Census. Results of the census are most useful for government of Kiribati for planning and policy formulation and thus have a direct impact on the Kiribati population.

The Population Census for 2005 is one of the requirements of the NSO and has been stipulated as one of the key development areas in the National Development Strategy (NDS) 2004-2007 report.

Geographic coverage

Not specified

Analysis unit

• Household;
• Individual.

Universe

The census was conducted on a defacto basis.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

While there are several methods used to carry out censuses and surveys, the methodology used to conduct the 2005 Population Census is a "Traditional Census" that involves the "face to face" enumeration at the household level. This is where trained enumerators pose questions to the household members and use the responses provided to complete the questionnaire. The census was conducted on a defacto1 basis. The personal questionnaire consisted of 31 questions and the household questionnaire had nine.

Those excluded from the census included: I-Kiribati who, were temporarily out of the country; persons working on overseas ships; those working overseas in places like Nauru; and, government workers who were overseas on the Census Night.

The overall management of the census was completed successfully, within the allocated budget and following the strategic plan. The plan was of great assistance in ensuring that schedules, targets and milestones were all met.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

This activity is to determine the contents of the Questionnaire that will capture as much of relevant information as possible. The priority; however was to ensure all questions included were in a simple and understandable format. As part of designing the questionnaire, a workshop was convened on 11th February 2005 to invite the Census users to comment. These users were a combination of technical personnel in the various government ministries as well as nongovernment organization representatives. A list of participants is attached.

There was a significant amount of input to the questionnaire at this workshop. There were a number of suggestions, ranging from the addition, deletion and alterations of existing questions. The NSO however, was not able to accommodate the needs of all users in the Census questionnaire. The questionnaire was revised and processed. The initial questionnaire was based on the previous census (2000). At the end of the workshop, the common understanding of all the stakeholders was that the design was best left to be formatted by the Statistics officials and passed on for review, before the Pilot Census was undertaken.

In the process, a draft was prepared and presented to the Director of Planning & Statistics to review and copied to the participant with a deadline for the final views to be incorporated. Other parties that received a copy of the questionnaire for reviewing included the Secretariat of the South Pacific (SPC). An ADB representative also showed their interest in having a copy of the draft questionnaire which they were provided. Most reviews were received in written and verbal form and then edits were adjusted. This confirmed a final draft of the questionnaire.

Not all comments were acceptable for the questionnaire in the view of the NSO. The questionnaire however, was prepared and finalized using the best of knowledge of the NSO about what information needed to be collected, while maintaining consistency with previous censuses. . The final review of the questionnaire was made after the pilot testing.

Cleaning operations

The data processor was appointed by the Census Commissioner. She is one of the NSO staff and her duties are to supervise and assist in the data entry and tabulation processes using the CSPRO software.

Data Processing The data was primarily captured using MS Access in order to permit an early release of the preliminary figures. At this stage, elimination of the double counts was also conducted.

Assistance was provided from SPC throughout the second data processing stage. CSPro version 2.5 initially was utilized to set up the data processing capture system by the census commissioner. Subsequently, the SPC TA was requested to fine-tune the system.

Tabulations The tabulations were done in-house with all the staff having been trained to apply CSPro 3.1 version by the TA CSPro specialist. A list of tables is included in this report providing basic information. Not all information has been cross tabulated in the report; however this could be processed, upon the request of the census data users. During the tabulations, a TA from SPC was invited for 1 week by the Office to assist and train the office staffs to use CSPro.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households/individuals

Kind of data

Census

Frequency of data collection

Yearly

Sampling procedure

Sample size:

Abstract

The 2000 Kiribati Population and Housing Census is the 4th Cencus in the series that is successfully administered by the Kiribati Statistics Office staff.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

• Households;
• Individuals.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire, published in English, was divided into 2 forms: "Person" and "Household". Here is a short description of what is covered in each form: -Person: Population's characteristics, education, work status, fertility. -Household: Housing and Lands, food, livestock and fishing, capital goods, energy and waste management, health, cash inflow.

Graph and download economic data for Number of Identified Exporters to Kiribati from Colorado (COKIRA475SCEN) from 1992 to 2015 about Kiribati, CO, exports, and business.

Graph and download economic data for Number of Identified Exporters to Kiribati from Puerto Rico (PRKIRA475SCEN) from 2009 to 2014 about Kiribati, Puerto Rico, exports, and business.

Graph and download economic data for Value of Exports to Kiribati from Virginia (VAKIRA052SCEN) from 1992 to 1992 about Kiribati, exports, and VA.

United States Exports: FAS: Kiribati data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.200 USD mn for Apr 2018. United States Exports: FAS: Kiribati data is updated monthly, averaging 0.200 USD mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to May 2018, with 341 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.700 USD mn in Mar 2011 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in May 2018. United States Exports: FAS: Kiribati data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Census Bureau. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.JA011: Trade Statistics: Census Basis: By Country: Exports: FAS.

The National Statistics Office (NSO) strives and continues to support government by providing socio-economic statistics for monitoring and evaluation purposes through population censuses. These socio-economic statistics are also made available to other users such as the businesses, the churches, regional and international organizations. One of the main sources of demographic and social-economic statistics in Kiribati is the population and housing census. Kiribati has been carrying out population and housing censuses in a "modern sense" at intervals of about five years since 1985. This 2010 Census is the first census to use the GPS to plot the positions of the households.

The population census is conducted under the Population Census Ordinance CAP 8.

A population census is a fairly large undertaking involving lots of people and a significant budget. It requires elaborate organization and preparation and this is why it is necessary to start the preparations well in advance of the actual enumeration date, say two years or at least a year. Unfortunately, preparations for this 2010 census started less than a year before the enumeration took place. This is basically because of the late approval of funds and the uncertainty as whether the census would go ahead or not.

Version 01: Cleaned, labelled and de-identified (not anonymised) version of the Master file.

INDIVIDUALS: Demographic information about the people
HOUSEHOLDS: Characteristics of the households

• Collection start: 2010
• Collection end: 2010

Kiribati KI: Population: Total data was reported at 116,398.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 114,395.000 Person for 2016. Kiribati KI: Population: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 69,979.000 Person from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 116,398.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 41,233.000 Person in 1960. Kiribati KI: Population: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kiribati – Table KI.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.; ; (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision. (2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme.; Sum; Relevance to gender indicator: disaggregating the population composition by gender will help a country in projecting its demand for social services on a gender basis.

Kiribati KI: Death Rate: Crude: per 1000 People data was reported at 6.986 Ratio in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.010 Ratio for 2015. Kiribati KI: Death Rate: Crude: per 1000 People data is updated yearly, averaging 10.276 Ratio from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.342 Ratio in 1960 and a record low of 6.986 Ratio in 2016. Kiribati KI: Death Rate: Crude: per 1000 People data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kiribati – Table KI.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.; ; (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision. (2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme.; Weighted average;

Kiribati KI: Population: Growth data was reported at 1.736 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.753 % for 2016. Kiribati KI: Population: Growth data is updated yearly, averaging 1.755 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.695 % in 1988 and a record low of 1.249 % in 1994. Kiribati KI: Population: Growth data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kiribati – Table KI.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage . Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.; ; Derived from total population. Population source: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision, (2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme.; Weighted average;

Graph and download economic data for Number of Identified Exporters to Kiribati from Virginia (VAKIRA475SCEN) from 1992 to 2016 about Kiribati, exports, VA, and business.

Graph and download economic data for Number of Identified Exporters to Kiribati from Indiana (INKIRA475SCEN) from 1992 to 2008 about Kiribati, exports, IN, and business.

There were 57 900 Facebook users in Kiribati in March 2025, which accounted for 44.5% of its entire population. The slight majority of them were women - 50.3%. People aged 25 to 34 were the largest user group (19 900). The highest difference between men and women occurs within people aged 18 to 24, where women lead by 9 000.

UNICEF's country profile for Kiribati, including under-five mortality rates, child health, education and sanitation data.

This point shapefile includes estimation on the economic value of the exposed assets in Kiribati as well as their physical characteristics in urban and rural agglomerations including estimation of population too. This information is key to assess the potential damages from different hazards to each of the exposed elements. The global exposure database is developed at 1km spatial resolution at coastal areas and at 5km spatial resolution everywhere else on the globe. It includes economic value, number of residents, and construction type of residential, commercial and industrial buildings, as well as hospitals and schools. Accessing national census has proved to be quite challenging. For estimating the non- residential distributions, especially for the countries for which no relevant published census data were available, several other sources such as World Housing Encyclopedia as well as expert judgment are used to make assumptions necessary to estimate the properties of the building stock. Combining all the components mentioned above, the economic value of each building class in one cell is assessed based on the disaggregation of the (national) Produced Capital at grid level. This downscaling was done by using the sub-national values of economic activity as a proxy. The result is the global distribution of the economic value of the urban and rural produced capital by construction class. Further details on the GAR Global Exposure Dataset can be found in technical background papers (De Bono, et.al, 2015), (Tolis et al., 2013) and (Pesaresi, et.al, 2015)..

Abstract

The 2009 Kiribati Demographic and Health Survey was the first survey in phase two of Pacific DHS Project with funding support from ADB. The primary objective of this survey was to provide up-to-date information for policy-makers, planners, researchers and programme managers, for use in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating population and health programmes within the country. The survey was intended to provide key estimates of Kiribati’s demographic and health situation.

The main objective of the 2009 Kiribati Demographic and Health Survey (2009 KDHS) is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, child mortality, adult and maternal mortality, children’s nutritional status, the use of maternal and child healthcare services, and knowledge of HIV and AIDS. Specific objectives are to:

• collect data (at the national level) that will allow the calculation of key demographic rates;
• analyse the direct and indirect factors that determine the level and trends of fertility;
• measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice among women and men by method, urban–rural residence and region;
• collect high-quality data on family health, including immunisation coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under age 5 years, and maternity care indicators (including antenatal visits, assistance at delivery, and postnatal care);
• collect data on infant and child mortality;
• obtain data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and collect ‘observation’ information to use in assessing the nutritional status of women and children;
• collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV and AIDS, and evaluate patterns of recent behaviour regarding condom use; and
• collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about tuberculosis.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

• Household,
• Individual.

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, and all men aged between 15-49 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary focus of the 2009 Kiribati Demographic Health Survey (DHS) was to provide estimates of key population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates, for the country as a whole, for the urban area and rural areas (separately) - urban is South Tarawa and urban settlement on Kiritimati Island while the rest of Kiribati is defined as rural areas. The survey used the sampling frame provided by the list of census enumeration areas, with population and household information coming from the 2005 Kiribati Population and Housing Census.

The survey was designed to obtain completed interviews of 2,193 women aged 15-49. In addition, males aged 15-59 in every second household were interviewed. To take non-response into account, 1,480 households countrywide were selected: 640 in the urban area and 840 in rural areas.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were administered during the 2009 Kiribati Demographic Health Survey (KDHS): a Household questionnaire, a Women’s questionnaire and a Men’s questionnaire. These were adapted to reflect population and health issues relevant to Kiribati, and were presented at a series of meetings with various stakeholders, including government ministries and agencies, NGOs and international donors. The final draft of each questionnaire was discussed at a questionnaire design workshop organised by Kiribati National Statistics Office (KNSO) in March 2009 in Tarawa. Survey questionnaires were then translated into the local language (I-Kiribati) and pretested from 7–19 August 2009.

The Household questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in selected households, and to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18 years, the survival status of their parents was ascertained. The Household questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of each household’s dwelling unit, such as source of drinking water, type of toilet facility, material used for the floor, and ownership of various durable goods.

The Women’s questionnaire collected information from all women aged 15–49 about: - education, residential history and media exposure; - pregnancy history and childhood mortality; - knowledge and use of family planning methods; - fertility preferences; - antenatal, delivery and postnatal care; - breastfeeding and infant feeding practices; - immunisation and childhood illnesses; - marriage and sexual activity; - their own work and their husband’s background characteristics; and - awareness and behaviour regarding HIV and other STIs.

The Men’s questionnaire was administered to all men aged 15–49 living in every second household. It collected much of the same information as the women’s questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain questions about reproductive history or maternal and child health or nutrition.

Cleaning operations

Processing the 2009 Kiribati Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) results began three weeks after the start of fieldwork. Completed questionnaires were returned periodically from the field to the Kiribati National Statistics Office (KNSO) data processing center in South Tarawa, where the data were entered and edited by seven data processing personnel specially trained for this task. Data processing personnel were supervised by KNSO staff. Data entry and editing of questionnaires was completed by 30 March 30 2010. CSPRo was used for data processing.

Response rate

In total, 1,477 households were selected for the sample, of which 1,451 were found to be occupied during data collection. Of these existing households, 1,422 were successfully interviewed, giving a household response rate of 98%.

In households, 2,193 women were identified as being eligible for the individual interview. Interviews were completed with 1,978 women, yielding a response rate of 90%. Of the 1,337 eligible men identified in the selected sub-sample of households, 85% were successfully interviewed. Response rates were higher in rural areas than in the urban area, with the rural–urban difference in response rates being the greatest among eligible men.

Sampling error estimates

The sample of respondents selected in the 2009 Kiribati Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling errors are the errors that result from taking a sample of the covered population through a particular sample design. Non-sampling errors are systematic errors that would be present even if the entire population was covered (e.g. response errors, coding and data entry errors, etc.).

For the entire covered population and for large subgroups, the KDHS sample is generally sufficiently large to provide reliable estimates. For such populations the sampling error is small and less important than the non-sampling error. However, for small subgroups, sampling errors become very important in providing an objective measure of reliability of the data.

Sampling errors will be displayed for total, urban and rural and each sample domain only. No other panels should be included in the sampling error table. The choice of variables for which sampling error computations will be done depends on the priority given to specific variables. However, it is recommended that sampling errors be calculated for at least the following variables, which was not case with Kiribati given the smallness of the sample compared to other countries in the Pacific.

Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected by simple random sampling, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2009 KDHS sample was the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it is necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2009 KDHS is the Integrated Sample Survey Analysis (ISSA) Sampling Error Module. This module uses the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

In addition to the standard error, ISSA