The number of smartphone users in India was estimated to reach over *********** in 2023. It was estimated that by 2040, the number of smartphone users in India will reach **** billion. Smartphone users in IndiaThe number of smartphone users worldwide is projected to amount to nearly *** billion by 2027. It is expected that, by 2022, more than two thirds of the total global population will use a smartphone. Due to China’s rapid growth, the country has become a distant leader in the smartphone market, leaving the U.S., which previously held the top position, far behind. Smartphone users in China already accounted for ** percent of the country’s population in 2022. By 2028, more than ** percent of the population in China is projected to use a smartphone. For 2022, the number of smartphone users in China amounted to nearly **** billion. India, the second most populous country in the world, passed the United States in the number of smartphone users in 2017. Around *** million people in the U.S. use a smartphone by 2017, compared to *** million in India. Despite this increase in volume, the U.S. still has a higher smartphone penetration rate than India. The smartphone penetration rate in India reached close to ** percent by 2023, a penetration rate that the U.S. already reached in 2019. Samsung was the leading smartphone vendor in India in 2022, followed by Xiaomi and Vivo.

Multispecies biofilms are communities composed of different microorganisms embedded in an auto-synthesized polymeric matrix. This matrix allows potential inter-species interactions that play an important role in chronic infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia are two multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming opportunistic pathogens often found in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. In this context, planktonic, static and dynamic biofilms and in vivo models of both species were optimized to understand the population dynamics and disposition, virulence and antibiotic susceptibility. From those models we determined that B. cenocepacia grows in a clustered manner at the bottom layers of biofilms, in close contact with P. aeruginosa, that tends to occupy the top layers. The coexistence of the studied bacteria resulted in a general increase of virulence-related gene expression in both species at early stages of coinfection and in in vivo models, while there was a general repression of virulence-related genes after longer coexistence periods. When evaluating antimicrobial susceptibility, a decrease of antimicrobial tolerance was observed in both species when in coculture. These findings shred a light on the differential behavior of P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia in dual-species systems, stressing the relevance of multispecies studies in the clinical context.

Estimates of the parameters from fitting the best-fit model (model #1, S1 Table) to the macaque data (Fig 2). Percent standard errors are in parentheses. dI, θE, and dE were fixed based on previous studies (Methods). Random effects for log10 β’ and log10 T(0) were removed as they were estimated to be below 0.1 (Methods).

‡A two-sample Student's T-Test was used to compare telomere length in covariates with two categories (t-statistic), whereas a one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate covariates with three or more categories (F-statistic). *p-values≤0.05 were considered statistically significant.Discrepancies in counts due to missing data.