Abstract

Statistical information on all aspects of the population is vital for the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of economic and social development plan and policy issues. Labour force survey is one of the most important sources of data for assessing the role of the population of the country in the economic and social development process. It is useful to indicate the extent of available and unutilized human resources that must be absorbed by the national economy to ensure full employment and economic well being of the population. Statistics on the labour force further present the measurement of economic activity status and its relationship to other social and economic characteristics of the population. Seasonal and other variations as well as changes over time in the size and characteristics of employed and unemployed populations that can be monitored using up-to-date information from labour force surveys. It serves as an input for assessing the meeting of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Furthermore, labour force datais also used as a springboard for monitoring and evaluation of the five years growth and transformation plan of a country.

Despite the significance of the labopur force data, the availability of reliable and timely labour force data were inadequate. The lack of reliable and timely data on different aspects of the population hinders the monitoring and evaluation of changes of developmental activities.

In order to fill the gap in data requirement for the purpose of socio-economic development planning, monitoring and evaluation, the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) has been providing labour force and related data at different levels with various contents and details. These include the 1976 Addis Ababa Manpower and Housing Sample Survey, the 1978 Survey on Population and Housing Characteristics of Seventeen Major Towns, the 1980/81 and 1987/88 Rural Labour Force Surveys (RLFS). Also, the 1984, 1994 and 2007 Population and Housing Censuses and the 1999 and 2005 National Labour Force Surveys provided a comprehensive national labour force data representing both urban and rural areas.

The survey results mainly provide data on the main characteristics of employed and unemployed population, that is, the work force engaged or available to be engaged in the production of economic goods and services and its distribution in the various sectors of the economy during a given reference period.

In addition, data on economic activities of children were also collected to measure child labour in urban areas. For this purpose, the former minimum age limit 10 years was lower down to 5 years since May 2009. Therefore, the data in this survey were collected from those persons aged five years and over. However, for the purpose of measuring the economic activity status based on Ethiopian situation, the lower age limit was fixed in to ten years. This is because children in rural and urban areas used to work at their early age such as collection of fire wood, looking after cattle, shoeshine, street vendor, petty trading…etc. Thus, the May 2011 Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey statistical report is mainly aimed at provide information on the economic characteristics of the population aged ten years and over.

Furthermore, the 2011 UEUS provide data on employment on the informal sector, their spatial distribution and problem in the sector.

Geographic coverage

The 2011 Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey (UEUS) covered all urban parts of the country except three zones of Afar, Six zones of Somali, where the residents are pastoralists.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual aged 10 years and above

Universe

The survey follows household approach and covers households residing in conventional households and thus, population residing in the collective quarters such as universities/colleges, hotel/hostel, monasteries and homeless population etc., are not covered by this survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING FRAME The list of households obtained from the 2007 population and housing census is used to select EAs. A fresh list of households from each EA was prepared at the beginning of the survey period. The list was then used as a frame in order to select 30 households from sample EAs.

SAMPLE DESIGN For the purpose of the survey the country was divided into two broad categories. That is major urban center and other urban center categories. Category I:- Major urban centers:- In this category all regional capitals and five other major urban centers that have a high population size as compared to others were included. Each urban center in this category was considered as a reporting level. The category has a total of 16 reporting levels. In this category, in order to select the sample, a stratified two-stage cluster sample design was implemented. The primary sampling units were EAs of each reporting level. From each sample EA 30 households were then selected as a Second Stage Unit (SSU).

Category II:- Other urban centers: Urban centers in the country other than those under category I were grouped into this category. A domain of other urban centers is formed for each region. Consequently 8 reporting levels were formed in this category. Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa do not have urban centers other than that grouped in category I. Hence, no domain was formed for these regions under this category.

A stratified three stage cluster sample design was also adopted to select samples from this category. The primary sampling units were urban centers and the second stage sampling units were EAs. From each EA 30 households were selected at the third stage and the survey questionnaires administered for all of them.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire is organized into six sections; Section - 1: Area identification of the selected household: this section deals with area identification of respondents such as region, zone, wereda, etc. Section - 2: Particulars of household members: it consists of the general socio-demographic characteristics of the population such as age, sex, educational status, types of training and marital status. Section - 3: Economic activity during the last seven days: this section deal with whether persons were engaged in productive activities or not during the last seven days prior to date of interview, the status and characteristics of employed persons such as occupation, industry, employment status, hours of work, employment sector /formal and informal employment/ and earnings from paid employment. Section - 4: Unemployment rate and characteristics of unemployed persons: this section focuses on the size, distribution and characteristics of the unemployed population and unemployment rate only for those aged 10 years and over. Section - 5: Economic activity during the last six months: this section contains information on the economic activity status of the population in the long reference period or during the last six months.
Section - 6: Economic activity of children aged 5-17 years: this section consists of information on the participation of children aged 5-17 years in the economic activities, whether attending education, reason for not attending education…etc.

Cleaning operations

The filled-in questionnaires that were retrieved from the field were first subjected to manual editing and coding. During the fieldwork the field supervisors and the heads of branch statistical offices have checked the filled-in questionnaires and carried out some editing. However, the major editing and coding operation was carried out at the head office. All the edited questionnaires were again fully verified and checked for consistency before they were submitted to the data entry by the subject matter experts.

Using the computer edit specifications prepared earlier for this purpose, the entered data were checked for consistencies and then computer editing or data cleaning was made by referring back to the filled-in questionnaire. This is an important part of data processing operation in attaining the required level of data quality. Consistency checks and re-checks were also made based on frequency and tabulation results. This was done by senior programmers using CSPro software in collaboration with the senior subject experts from Manpower Statistics Team of the CSA.

Response rate

It was initially planned to cover 660 EAs and 19,800 households in the survey, but ultimately 100% of EAs and 99.68% of households were successfully covered.

Balawaia (Rigo) -- 1. Kemabolo Village (Raga Kopi 27 yrs) -- - SAW's list -- - Story in Vernacular about informant's work as Patrol officer. -- - Story by Bale Kalai (Kemabolo Vill.) 1. Balawaia Lexicon A list of words organised and grouped. Motu language was used to support English word in the interviews. a) Parts of the body - Head, Hair, Forehead, Eye, Nose, Ear, Tooth, Tongue, Chin, Throat, Neck, Mouth, Shoulder, Elbow, Palm of the hand, Finger, Chest, Breast of a woman, Back, Thigh, Knee, Sole of the foot, Skin, Hair on my body b) Sun/moon/star/sky/cloud c) Precipitation: fog/rain d) Water/river/lake e) Ground /stone/stand/mountain f) Bush/garden g) Fence/wind/wind blows/fire/smoke/ashes/path h) Tree - parts of a tree. i) Food j) Domestic animals - Pig k) Short sentences: -I sleep in the house -I lie on the ground -I see it -I hear it -I cry -I sing l) Numbers 2. Somewhere in Sepik Province: A story about the informant’s life. Customs - marriage Some of you probably know me, we are Barawaia. I am telling you my story about a trip that I made. That place is far away. I got on a plane to get to that place, 4, 5 hours. I went from Moresby, to Lae, to Madang, Madang to Wewak. Like I said, it was 5 hours, the land was far away. All my relatives, you will think that I am lying but I am telling you what I saw. There are only eight villages, and their way of life is different. If we compare our lives to theirs, their life is not good. I kind of felt sorry for them. I am saying that because some people walked around without clothes. Their custom is different from ours. Their way of making gardens is different from ours. Two people will talk and agree and then they will make a garden. Because their forests are bog, they chop down one tree and then plant their taros and bananas around the stump of this tree. Their gardens are not big. We have a variety of bananas, they do not. They eat these food with greens and bamboo shoots. They can’t catch protein because there aren’t many of them. They do not work together. We do things together. They have a lot of protein but they cannot kill them because they work alone. Their houses are not big. Their houses are made on the ground so their floor is the ground. They make their fire in the house and their staple diet is sago. That is why they do not really make gardens. They do not marry until they have gray hair, then they marry small girls. When a girl is born, they go and tell the parents that that is their wife. When the child is walking, the mother gives the child to the husband. The husband looks after her until she is old enough for him to marry her. Because he is an older man, he dies first. His younger brother then marries the widow. 3. Marriage for the people of Balawaia When we want a woman, we go and leave gifts with the parents of the girl. We tell them our intentions. If the parents say yes, every time we find something, we bring it to her house. For one whole year that is what we do. At the end of that period, they give us the woman. Then we cook, her parents to cook, and they bring it to us man. When all these is over, we do the big payment. We put food and money and pigs. When a boy is born, the father and mother will dress that child up when he is old and they will take this boy with gifts to the brothers of the wife. We will not fight each other because of that woman. Our friendship will be forever. Transcribed by Eileen Bobone (Steven Gagau, January 2021). Language as given: Balawaia

In 2024, around ******* people were employed by the Ford Motor Company and entities. Net income grew from a profit of around *** billion in 2023 to a profit of around *** billion in 2024. The fiscal year end of the company is December, 31st. Restructuring to save costs Ford says it needs to restructure if it wants to become more profitable, and restructuring will probably mean job cuts, visible in 2020 to 2022. In 2018, the automaker’s profits in North America took a hit due to higher warranty costs, but it is the divisions in China and Europe that were at the core of Ford’s lower than expected performance. Ford’s European sales dipped below the ******* unit mark in 2018, and auto shoppers in China were not attracted to Ford’s model lineup, but preferred Volkswagen’s Lavida and SAIC-GM-Wuling’s Hongguang. Restructuring continued through 2023 as the company focuses more of its operations on electrification and tech. Battery powered and driverless vehicles are gaining a deeper market penetration in the worlds largest auto markets. New models to save the day In 2024, Ford announced the release of its Model Year 2025 Bronco Sport, Maverick, and Mustang GTD. The brand is also taking steps to assert itself in the growing electric vehicle market. With investments of some ***** billion U.S. dollars in engineering, research, and development, the automaker is committed to its electric transition, and has started the delivery of its e-Transit electric vans to customers. However, Ford will have to contend with plug-in electric vehicle market leaders BYD and Tesla, as well as with the rapid growth of Chinese brands such as SAIC.