FOR PLAT MAPS AND OTHER LAND DOCUMENTS, PLEASE VISIT THE COUNTY CLERK’S OFFICIAL RECORDS SEARCH: HTTPS://BEXAR.TX.PUBLICSEARCH.US.The Bexar County GIS Team does not have purview over plat maps and other land records. Please visit the Bexar County Clerk’s Official Records Search.

Minnesota's original public land survey plat maps were created between 1848 and 1907 during the first government land survey of the state by the U.S. Surveyor General's Office. This collection of more than 3,600 maps includes later General Land Office (GLO) and Bureau of Land Management maps up through 2001. Scanned images of the maps are available in several digital formats and most have been georeferenced.

The survey plat maps, and the accompanying survey field notes, serve as the fundamental legal records for real estate in Minnesota; all property titles and descriptions stem from them. They also are an essential resource for surveyors and provide a record of the state's physical geography prior to European settlement. Finally, they testify to many years of hard work by the surveying community, often under very challenging conditions.

The deteriorating physical condition of the older maps (drawn on paper, linen, and other similar materials) and the need to provide wider public access to the maps, made handling the original records increasingly impractical. To meet this challenge, the Office of the Secretary of State (SOS), the State Archives of the Minnesota Historical Society (MHS), the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), MnGeo and the Minnesota Association of County Surveyors collaborated in a digitization project which produced high quality (800 dpi), 24-bit color images of the maps in standard TIFF, JPEG and PDF formats - nearly 1.5 terabytes of data. Funding was provided by MnDOT.

In 2010-11, most of the JPEG plat map images were georeferenced. The intent was to locate the plat images to coincide with statewide geographic data without appreciably altering (warping) the image. This increases the value of the images in mapping software where they can be used as a background layer.

Donation sent to the University of Idaho Library Government Documents Librarian a CD containing General Land Office maps on it. A readme file on the CD contains this information:"I obtained the attached GLO maps from Mitch Price at River Design Group who obtained them from another source. These maps apparently do not have a date, I assume it was stripped off when they were rectified. These maps show the Great Northern Rail line, it arrived in Bonners Ferry in 1892. The Spokane International Railroad (Union Pacific purchased this line) built a bridge across the Kootenai R. in 1906." "I am a bit puzzled on the map dates, the Kootenai River Master Plan indicated these maps are 1862-65 but they also show the Great Northern Rail line but not the Spokane International Railroad which seems to place them somewhere between 1892 - 1906 unless perhaps they were revised at a later date."Gary Barton USGS Tacoma, WA 253-552-1613 officegbarton@usgs.gov

DOUGLAS COUNTY SURVEY/GISGIS PARCEL MAPPING GUIDELINES FOR PARCEL DISCREPANCIESIt is the intent of the Douglas County GIS Parcel Mapping to accurately identify the areas of land parcels to be valued and taxed 1. Discrepancies in areas• The Auditor/Assessor (tax) acreage areas started with the original US General Land Office (GLO) township plat maps created from the Public Land Survey (PLS) that was done between 1858 and 1871. The recovery of the PLS corners and the accurate location of these corners with GPS obtained coordinates has allowed for accurate section subdivisions, which results in accurate areas for parcels based on legal descriptions, which may be significantly different than the original areas. (See Example 2)• Any parcel bordering a meandered lake and/or a water boundary will likely have a disparity of area between the Auditor/Assessor acreages and the GIS acreages because of the inaccuracy of the original GLO meander lines from which the original areas were determined. Water lines are not able to be drafted to the same accuracy as the normal parcel lines. The water lines are usually just sketched on a survey and their dimensions are not generally given on a land record. The water boundaries of our GIS parcels are located from aerial photography. This is a subjective determination based on the interpretation by the Survey/GIS technician of what is water. Some lakes fluctuate significantly and the areas of all parcels bordering water are subject to constant change. In these cases the ordinary high water line (OHW) is attempted to be identified. Use of 2-foot contours will be made, if available. (See Example 1)• Some land records do not accurately report the area described in the land description and the description area is ignored. (See Example 3)• The parcel mapping has made every attempt to map the parcels based on available survey information as surveyed and located on the ground. This may conflict with some record legal descriptions.Solutions• If an actual survey by a licensed Land Surveyor is available, it will be utilized for the tax acreage.• If the Auditor/Assessor finds a discrepancy between the tax and GIS areas, they will request a review by the County Survey/GIS department.• As a starting guideline, the County Survey/GIS department will identify all parcels that differ in tax area versus GIS parcel area of 10 % or more and a difference of at least 5 acres. (This could be expanded later after the initial review.)• Each of these identified parcels will be reviewed individually by the County Survey/GIS department to determine the reason for the discrepancy and a recommendation will be made by the County Survey/GIS department to the Auditor/Assessor if the change should be made or not.• If a change is to be made to the tax area, a letter will be sent to the taxpayer informing them that their area will be changed during the next tax cycle, which could affect their property valuation. This letter will originate from the Auditor/Assessor with explanation from the County Survey/GIS department. 2. Gaps and Overlaps• Land descriptions for adjoining parcels sometimes overlap or leave a gap between them.o In these instances the Survey/GIS technician has to make a decision where to place this boundary. A number of circumstances are reviewed to facilitate this decision as these dilemmas are usually decided on a case by case basis. All effort will be made to not leave a gap, but sometimes this is not possible and the gap will be shown with “unknown” ownership. (Note: The County does not have the authority to change boundaries!)o Some of the circumstances reviewed are: Which parcel had the initial legal description? Does the physical occupation of the parcel line as shown on the air photo more closely fit one of the described parcels? Interpretation of the intent of the legal description. Is the legal description surveyable?Note: These overlaps will be shown on the GIS map with a dashed “survey line” and accompanying text for the line not used for the parcel boundary. 3. Parcel lines that do not match location of buildings Structures on parcels do not always lie within the boundaries of the parcel. This may be a circumstance of building without the benefit of a survey or of misinterpreting these boundaries. The parcel lines should be shown accurately as surveyed and/or described regardless of the location of structures on the ground. NOTE: The GIS mapping is not a survey, but is an interpretation of parcel boundaries predicated upon resources available to the County Survey/GIS department.Gary Stevenson Page 1 7/21/2017Example 1Example 2A Example 2B Example 3

About the G.M. Hopkins Maps

History and Background of the Maps

Maps produced by the G.M. Hopkins Company have made a lasting impression on the boundaries of many American cities. Between 1870 and 1940, the company produced over 175 atlases and real estate plat maps that primarily covered the Eastern sea board, including cities, counties, and townships in 18 different states and the District of Columbia. In the early years, the company produced county atlases, but gradually focused on city plans and atlases. They were among the first publishers to create a cadastral atlas, a cross between a fire insurance plat and a county atlas prevalent in the 1860s-1870s. These real estate or land ownership maps (also known as plat maps) not only depict property owners, but show lot and block numbers, dimensions, street widths, and other buildings and landmarks, including churches, cemeteries, mills, schools, roads, railroads, lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams.

Originally named the G.M. Hopkins and Company, the map-making business was jointly founded in 1865 in Philadelphia, Pa., by the Hopkins brothers, G.M. and Henry. The true identity of G.M. Hopkins remains somewhat of a mystery even today. “G.M.” either stands for Griffith Morgan or George Morgan. There are three different possibilities for the confusion over his identity. “Either the compilers of the earlier [city] directories were negligent; G.M. Hopkins changed his first name; or there were two G.M. Hopkins (father and son) working for the same firm” (Moak, Jefferson M. Philadelphia Mapmakers. Philadelphia: Shackamaxon Society, 1976, p. 258).

http://digital.library.pitt.edu/abouthp/#hopkins

description: Parcels and Land Ownership dataset current as of unknown. This data set consists of digital map files containing parcel-level cadastral information obtained from property descriptions. Cadastral features contained in the data set include real property boundary lines, rights-of-way boundaries, property dimensions.; abstract: Parcels and Land Ownership dataset current as of unknown. This data set consists of digital map files containing parcel-level cadastral information obtained from property descriptions. Cadastral features contained in the data set include real property boundary lines, rights-of-way boundaries, property dimensions.

This ownership dataset utilizes a methodology that results in a federal ownership extent that matches the Federal Responsibility Areas (FRA) footprint from CAL FIRE's State Responsibility Areas for Fire Protection (SRA) data. FRA lands are snapped to county parcel data, thus federal ownership areas will also be snapped. Since SRA Fees were first implemented in 2011, CAL FIRE has devoted significant resources to improve the quality of SRA data. This includes comparing SRA data to data from other federal, state, and local agencies, an annual comparison to county assessor roll files, and a formal SRA review process that includes input from CAL FIRE Units. As a result, FRA lands provide a solid basis as the footprint for federal lands in California (except in the southeastern desert area). The methodology for federal lands involves:

To access parcel information:Enter an address or zoom in by using the +/- tools or your mouse scroll wheel. Parcels will draw when zoomed in.Click on a parcel to display a popup with information about that parcel.Click the "Basemap" button to display background aerial imagery.From the "Layers" button you can turn map features on and off.Complete Help (PDF)Parcel Legend:Full Map LegendAbout this ViewerThis viewer displays land property boundaries from assessor parcel maps across Massachusetts. Each parcel is linked to selected descriptive information from assessor databases. Data for all 351 cities and towns are the standardized "Level 3" tax parcels served by MassGIS. More details ...Read about and download parcel dataUpdatesV 1.1: Added 'Layers' tab. (2018)V 1.2: Reformatted popup to use HTML table for columns and made address larger. (Jan 2019)V 1.3: Added 'Download Parcel Data by City/Town' option to list of layers. This box is checked off by default but when activated a user can identify anywhere and download data for that entire city/town, except Boston. (March 14, 2019)V 1.4: Data for Boston is included in the "Level 3" standardized parcels layer. (August 10, 2020)V 1.4 MassGIS, EOTSS 2021

An area depicting ownership parcels of the surface estate. Each surface ownership parcel is tied to a particular legal transaction. The same individual or organization may currently own many parcels that may or may not have been acquired through the same legal transaction. Therefore, they are captured as separate entities rather than merged together. This is in contrast to Basic Ownership, in which the surface ownership parcels having the same owner are merged together. Basic Ownership provides the general user with the Forest Service versus non-Forest Service view of land ownership within National Forest boundaries. Surface Ownership provides the land status user with a current snapshot of ownership within National Forest boundaries. Metadata

OSA web map to view State of Colorado property data

description: Minnesota's original public land survey plat maps were created between 1848 and 1907 during the first government land survey of the state by the U.S. Surveyor General's Office. This collection of more than 3,600 maps includes later General Land Office (GLO) and Bureau of Land Management maps up through 2001. Scanned images of the maps are available in several digital formats and most have been georeferenced. The survey plat maps, and the accompanying survey field notes, serve as the fundamental legal records for real estate in Minnesota; all property titles and descriptions stem from them. They also are an essential resource for surveyors and provide a record of the state's physical geography prior to European settlement. Finally, they testify to many years of hard work by the surveying community, often under very challenging conditions. The deteriorating physical condition of the older maps (drawn on paper, linen, and other similar materials) and the need to provide wider public access to the maps, made handling the original records increasingly impractical. To meet this challenge, the Office of the Secretary of State (SOS), the State Archives of the Minnesota Historical Society (MHS), the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), MnGeo (formerly the Land Management Information Center - LMIC) and the Minnesota Association of County Surveyors collaborated in a digitization project which produced high quality (800 dpi), 24-bit color images of the maps in standard TIFF, JPEG and PDF formats - nearly 1.5 terabytes of data. Funding was provided by MnDOT. In 2010-11, most of the JPEG plat map images were georeferenced. The intent was to locate the plat images to coincide with statewide geographic data without appreciably altering (warping) the image. This increases the value of the images in mapping software where they can be used as a background layer.; abstract: Minnesota's original public land survey plat maps were created between 1848 and 1907 during the first government land survey of the state by the U.S. Surveyor General's Office. This collection of more than 3,600 maps includes later General Land Office (GLO) and Bureau of Land Management maps up through 2001. Scanned images of the maps are available in several digital formats and most have been georeferenced. The survey plat maps, and the accompanying survey field notes, serve as the fundamental legal records for real estate in Minnesota; all property titles and descriptions stem from them. They also are an essential resource for surveyors and provide a record of the state's physical geography prior to European settlement. Finally, they testify to many years of hard work by the surveying community, often under very challenging conditions. The deteriorating physical condition of the older maps (drawn on paper, linen, and other similar materials) and the need to provide wider public access to the maps, made handling the original records increasingly impractical. To meet this challenge, the Office of the Secretary of State (SOS), the State Archives of the Minnesota Historical Society (MHS), the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), MnGeo (formerly the Land Management Information Center - LMIC) and the Minnesota Association of County Surveyors collaborated in a digitization project which produced high quality (800 dpi), 24-bit color images of the maps in standard TIFF, JPEG and PDF formats - nearly 1.5 terabytes of data. Funding was provided by MnDOT. In 2010-11, most of the JPEG plat map images were georeferenced. The intent was to locate the plat images to coincide with statewide geographic data without appreciably altering (warping) the image. This increases the value of the images in mapping software where they can be used as a background layer.

Information about the ownership and control of land parcels of a given area including the cadastral system and patterns of land ownership and inheritance and tenure. Includes, for example, information about: the system by which land (as a commodity) is bounded, purchased, and sold. Patterns of ownership and control (for example: owner-occupied, absentee landlord, common property)

This layer represents current city parcels within the City of Los Angeles. It shares topology with the Landbase parcel lines feature class. The Mapping and Land Records Division of the Bureau of Engineering, Department of Public Works provides the most current geographic information of the public right of way, ownership and land record information. The legal boundaries are determined on the ground by license surveyors in the State of California, and by recorded documents from the Los Angeles County Recorder's office and the City Clerk's office of the City of Los Angeles. Parcel and ownership information are available on NavigateLA, a website hosted by the Bureau of Engineering, Department of Public Works.Associated information about the landbase parcels is entered into attributes. Principal attributes include:PIN and PIND: represents the unique auto-generated parcel identifier and key to related features and tables. This field is related to the LA_LEGAL, LA_APN and LA_HSE_NBR tables. PIN contains spaces and PIND replaces those spaces with a dash (-).LA_LEGAL - Table attributes containing legal description. Principal attributes include the following:TRACT: The subdivision tract number as recorded by the County of Los AngelesMAP_REF: Identifies the subdivision map book reference as recorded by the County of Los Angeles.LOT: The subdivision lot number as recorded by the County of Los Angeles.ENG_DIST: The four engineering Districts (W=Westla, C=Central, V= Valley and H=Harbor).CNCL_DIST: Council Districts 1-15 of the City of Los Angeles. OUTLA means parcel is outside the City.LA_APN- Table attributes containing County of Los Angeles Assessors information. Principal attributes include the following:BPP: The Book, Page and Parcel from the Los Angeles County Assessors office. SITUS*: Address for the property.LA_HSE_NBR - Table attributes containing housenumber information. Principal attributes include the following:HSE_ID: Unique id of each housenumber record.HSE_NBR: housenumber numerical valueSTR_*: Official housenumber addressFor a complete list of attribute values, please refer to Landbase_parcel_polygons_data_dictionary.

© Randy Price Division Manager Mapping and Land Records Division Bureau of Engineering / Department of Public Works City of Los Angeles This layer is sourced from lacitydbs.org

These are lands still within the District of Columbia that has never been subdivided into either Record or Tax Lots through the two offices that manage land records (OS & RPTA), this land is referred to as Parcels, expressed as fractions (Ex Parcel 117/36). In this example, the number “36” would be the 36th out conveyance from original Parcel 117. The tracking of parcels was started in 1905 when, by Act of Congress, all the District’s unsubdivided properties which were mostly rural farms at the time were given parcel numbers. Their boundaries were also depicted (in many cases approximated), in large books in DCRA's Office of the Surveyor. Until the late 1960s, building permits were routinely issued by the city for new construction on Parcels, but today all Parcels, like Tax Lots, must be converted into subdivision Lots of Record before permits will be issued for exterior work. Parcels are only found in the old “County of Washington,” north of Florida Ave and east of the Anacostia River. There are no Parcels found within the original city limits or Georgetown. Parcels are not in Squares. There are examples where parcel land may be physically located in the middle of a city Square, but Parcels are not considered part of a Square until they are duly subdivided by the D.C. Surveyor’s Office.

For large areas, like Washington State, download as a file geodatabase. Large data sets like this one, for the State of Washington, may exceed the limits for downloading as shape files, excel files, or KML files. For areas less than a county, you may use the map to zoom to your area and download as shape file, excel or KML, if that format is desired.The Boundary layer consists of lines representing the boundaries of Parcels and Legal Descriptions. (See the metadata for those two layers.) Boundary lines are the places that are surveyed in order to delimit the extent of Parcels and Legal Descriptions. The character and accuracy of Boundary locations is held in the attributes of the Points that are at the ends of Boundary lines. All the boundaries of Parcels and Legal Descriptions are covered by a Boundary line. Currently the Boundary layer has little functionality. The only distinction it makes is between upland boundaries and shorelines. In the future Boundary lines will have a richer set of attributes in order to accommodate cartographic needs to distinguish between types of boundaries.WA Boundaries Metadata

Web App. Parcel map displaying Age of Housing, Residential Appraised Value and Land Use in St. Louis County, Missouri. Link to Metadata.

We are also including tabular version that’s slightly more comprehensive (would include anything that didn’t join to the parcel basefile due to lot alterations or resubdivisions since 2023 and/or due to parcels comprised of condos). There are approximately 200 records that don't join to the spatial parcel file and some additional that are null in the spatial parcel file, altogether around 560 total. This Excel file can be downloaded HERE, and does not contain the latitude and longitude information.Data Dictionary:Attribute LabelDefinitionSourceTAX_IDUnique 26 character property tax identification numberOnondaga County PlanningPRINTKEYAbbreviated tax identification number (section-block-lot)Onondaga County PlanningADDRESSNUMProperty’s physical street addressOnondaga County PlanningADDRESSNAMProperty’s physical street nameOnondaga County PlanningTAX_ID_1City Tax ID number (26 digit number used for parcel mapping)City of Syracuse - AssessmentSBLProperty Tax Map Number (Section, Block, Lot)City of Syracuse - AssessmentPNUMBRProperty Number (10 digit number)City of Syracuse - AssessmentStNumParcel street numberCity of Syracuse - AssessmentStNameParcel street nameCity of Syracuse - AssessmentFullAddressStreet number and street nameCity of Syracuse - AssessmentZipParcel zip codeCity of Syracuse - Assessmentdesc_1Lot description including dimensionsCity of Syracuse - Assessmentdesc_2Lot description including dimensionsCity of Syracuse - Assessmentdesc_3Lot description including dimensionsCity of Syracuse - AssessmentSHAPE_IND City of Syracuse - AssessmentLUC_parcelNew York State property type classification code assigned by assessor during each roll categorizing the property by use. For more details: https://www.tax.ny.gov/research/property/assess/manuals/prclas.htmCity of Syracuse - AssessmentLU_parcelNew York State property type classification nameCity of Syracuse - AssessmentLUCat_OldLegacy land use category that corresponds to the overarching NYS category, i.e. all 400s = commercial, all 300s = vacant land, etc.NAland_avLand assessed valueCity of Syracuse - Assessmenttotal_avFull assessed valueCity of Syracuse - AssessmentOwnerProperty owner name (First, Initial, Last, Suffix)City of Syracuse - AssessmentAdd1_OwnPOBoxProperty owner mailing address (PO Box)City of Syracuse - AssessmentAdd2_OwnStAddProperty owner mailing address (street number, street name, street direction)City of Syracuse - AssessmentAdd3_OwnUnitInfoProperty owner mailing address unit info (unit name, unit number)City of Syracuse - AssessmentAdd4_OwnCityStateZipProperty owner mailing address (city, state or country, zip code)City of Syracuse - AssessmentFRONTFront footage for square or rectangular shaped lots and the effective front feet on irregularly shaped lots in feetCity of Syracuse - AssessmentDEPTHActual depth of rectangular shaped lots in feet (irregular lots are usually measured in acres or square feet)City of Syracuse - AssessmentACRESNumber of acres (where values were 0, acreage calculated as FRONT*DEPTH)/43560)City of Syracuse - Assessmentyr_builtYear built. Where year built was "0" or null, effective year built is given. (Effective age is determined by comparing the physical condition of one building with that of other like-use, newer buildings. Effective age may or may not represent the actual year built; if there have been constant upgrades or excellent maintenance this may be more recent than the original year built.)City of Syracuse - Assessmentn_ResUnitsNumber of residential unitsNA - Calculated fieldIPSVacantIs it a vacant structure? ("Commercial" or "Residential" = Yes; null = No)City of Syracuse - Division of Code EnforcementIPS_ConditionProperty Condition Score assigned to vacant properties by housing inspectors during routine vacant inspections (1 = Worst; 5 = Best)City of Syracuse - Division of Code EnforcementNREligibleNational Register of Historic Places Eligible ("NR Eligible (SHPO)," or "NR Listed")City of Syracuse - Neighborhood and Business DevelopmentLPSSLocally Protected Site Status ("Eligible/Architecturally Significant" or "Local Protected Site or Local District")City of Syracuse - Neighborhood and Business DevelopmentWTR_ACTIVEWater activity code ("I" = Inactive; "A" = Active)City of Syracuse - WaterRNIIs property located in Resurgent Neighborhood Initiative (RNI) Area? (1 = Yes; 0 = No)City of Syracuse - Neighborhood and Business DevelopmentDPW_QuadGeographic quadrant property is located in. Quadrants are divided Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, and Southeast based on property location in relation to I-81 and I-690. DPW uses the quad designation for some types of staff assignments.City of Syracuse - Department of Public WorksTNT_NAMETNT Sector property is located inCity of Syracuse - Neighborhood and Business DevelopmentNHOODCity NeighborhoodSyracuse-Onondaga County Planning Agency (SOCPA)NRSAIs property located in Neighborhood Revitalization Strategy Area (NRSA)? (1 = Yes; 0 = No)City of Syracuse - Neighborhood and Business DevelopmentDOCE_AreaGeographic boundary use to assign Division of Code Enforcement casesCity of Syracuse - Neighborhood and Business DevelopmentZONE_DIST_PREVFormer zoning district codeSyracuse-Onondaga County Planning Agency (SOCPA)REZONEReZone designation (adopted June 2023)City of Syracuse - Neighborhood and Business DevelopmentNew_CC_DISTCurrent Common Council District property is located inOnondaga County Board of ElectionsCTID_2020Census Tract ID (2020)U.S. Census BureauCTLAB_2020Census Tract Label (2020)U.S. Census BureauCT_2020Census Tract (2020)U.S. Census BureauSpecNhoodIs property located in a special Neighborhood historic preservation district? (1 = Yes; 0 or null = No)Syracuse-Onondaga County Planning Agency (SOCPA)InPDIs property located in preservation district? (1 = Yes; 0 or null = No)Syracuse-Onondaga County Planning Agency (SOCPA)PDNAMEPreservation District nameSyracuse-Onondaga County Planning Agency (SOCPA)ELECT_DISTElection district numberOnondaga County Board of ElectionsCITY_WARDCity ward numberOnondaga County Board of ElectionsCOUNTY_LEGOnondaga County Legislative District number (as of Dec 2022)Onondaga County Board of ElectionsNYS_ASSEMBNew York State Assembly District number (as of Dec 2022)Onondaga County Board of ElectionsNYS_SENATENew York State Senate District number (as of Dec 2022)Onondaga County Board of ElectionsUS_CONGRUnited States Congressional District numberOnondaga County Board of Elections

These parcel boundaries represent legal descriptions of property ownership, as recorded in various public documents in the local jurisdiction. The boundaries are intended for cartographic use and spatial analysis only, and not for use as legal descriptions or property surveys. Tax parcel boundaries have not been edge-matched across municipal boundaries.

About the G.M. Hopkins Maps History and Background of the Maps Maps produced by the G.M. Hopkins Company have made a lasting impression on the boundaries of many American cities. Between 1870 and 1940, the company produced over 175 atlases and real estate plat maps that primarily covered the Eastern sea board, including cities, counties, and townships in 18 different states and the District of Columbia. In the early years, the company produced county atlases, but gradually focused on city plans and atlases. They were among the first publishers to create a cadastral atlas, a cross between a fire insurance plat and a county atlas prevalent in the 1860s-1870s. These real estate or land ownership maps (also known as plat maps) not only depict property owners, but show lot and block numbers, dimensions, street widths, and other buildings and landmarks, including churches, cemeteries, mills, schools, roads, railroads, lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. Originally named the G.M. Hopkins and Company, the map-making business was jointly founded in 1865 in Philadelphia, Pa., by the Hopkins brothers, G.M. and Henry. The true identity of G.M. Hopkins remains somewhat of a mystery even today. “G.M.” either stands for Griffith Morgan or George Morgan. There are three different possibilities for the confusion over his identity. “Either the compilers of the earlier [city] directories were negligent; G.M. Hopkins changed his first name; or there were two G.M. Hopkins (father and son) working for the same firm” (Moak, Jefferson M. Philadelphia Mapmakers. Philadelphia: Shackamaxon Society, 1976, p. 258). http://digital.library.pitt.edu/abouthp/#hopkins McKeesport from the original Sanborn maps from 1889.