This feature class depicts the boundaries of Land Survey features called sections, defined by the Public Lands Survey System Grid. Normally, 36 sections make up a township. The entire extent of each of these units should be collected, not just the portion on National Forest System lands. This dataset is derived from the USFS Southwestern Region ALP (Automated Lands Program) data Project. This is one of six layers derived from ALP for the purpose of supplying data layers for recourse GIS analysis and data needs within the Forest Service. The six layers are Surface Ownership, Administrative Forest Boundary, District Boundary, Townships, Sections, and Wilderness. There were some gapes in the ALP data so a small portion of this dataset comes from CCF (Cartographic Feature Files) datasets and the USFS Southwestern Region Core Data Project. ALP data is developed from data sources of differing accuracy, scales, and reliability. Where available it is developed from GCDB (Geographic Coordinate Data Base) data. GCDB data is maintained by the Bureau of Land Management in their State Offices. GCDB data is mostly corner data. Not all corners and not all boundaries are available in GCDB so ALP also utilizes many other data sources like CFF data to derive its boundaries. GCDB data is in a constant state of change because land corners are always getting resurveyed. The GCDB data used in this dataset represents a snapshot in time at the time the GCDB dataset was published by the BLM and may not reflect the most current GCDB dataset available. The Forest Service makes no expressed or implied warranty with respect to the character, function, or capabilities of these data. These data are intended to be used for planning and analyses purposes only and are not legally binding with regards to title or location of National Forest System lands.

Alaska Survey Boundary contains miscellaneous state, federal, and private surveys. This shape file characterizes the geographic representation of land parcels within the State of Alaska contained by the Base - Survey Boundary category. It has been extracted from data sets used to produce the State status plats. This data set includes cases noted on the digital status plats up to one day prior to data extraction. Each state survey feature has an associated attribute record, including a Land Administration System (LAS) file-type and file-number which serves as an index to related LAS case-file information. Additional LAS case-file and customer information may be obtained at: http://dnr.alaska.gov/projects/las/ Those requiring more information regarding State land records should contact the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Public Information Center directly.

Public Land Survey System (PLSS) Data for use with GIS mapping software, databases, and web applications are from Caliper Corporation and contain boundaries for Townships, First Divisions, and Second Divisions.

This dataset represents the GIS Version of the Public Land Survey System including both rectangular and non-rectangular surveys. The primary source for the data is cadastral survey records housed by the BLM supplemented with local records and geographic control coordinates from states, counties as well as other federal agencies such as the USGS and USFS. The data has been converted from source documents to digital form and transferred into a GIS format that is compliant with FGDC Cadastral Data Content Standards and Guidelines for publication. This data is optimized for data publication and sharing rather than for specific 'production' or operation and maintenance. This data set includes the following: PLSS Fully Intersected (all of the PLSS feature at the atomic or smallest polygon level), PLSS Townships, First Divisions and Second Divisions (the hierarchical break down of the PLSS Rectangular surveys), and the Bureau of Census 2015 Cartographic State Boundaries. The Entity-Attribute section of this metadata describes these components in greater detail. Please note that the data on this site, although published at regular intervals, may not be the most current PLSS data that is available from the BLM. Updates to the PLSS data at the BLM State Offices may have occurred since this data was published. To ensure users have the most current data, please contact the BLM PLSS Data Set Manager.

This layer provides the latest captured boundary mark information that defines existing parcel boundaries and associated information such as the mark name.

A boundary mark is on a node which defines the boundaries of primary parcels or non primary parcels.

Not all boundary points have a physical monument (e.g. a peg) placed. In this case the boundary mark is recorded as “unmarked”

This dataset extends the Landonline stored data by including the network accuracy which is based upon its assigned Landonline order - refer LINZS25006 (http://www.linz.govt.nz/about-linz/news-publications-and-consultations/search-for-regulatory-documents/DocumentSummary.aspx?document=256 ).

The accuracy provided relates to the accuracy of coordinates of the mark and has little relevance to the accuracy of the boundary in relation to other boundaries. For example, if the coordinates of the mark were used to locate it, a user would expect to find the existing mark within the nominal accuracy (distance) stated.

For large areas, like Washington State, download as a file geodatabase. Large data sets like this one, for the State of Washington, may exceed the limits for downloading as shape files, excel files, or KML files. For areas less than a county, you may use the map to zoom to your area and download as shape file, excel or KML, if that format is desired.The Boundary layer consists of lines representing the boundaries of Parcels and Legal Descriptions. (See the metadata for those two layers.) Boundary lines are the places that are surveyed in order to delimit the extent of Parcels and Legal Descriptions. The character and accuracy of Boundary locations is held in the attributes of the Points that are at the ends of Boundary lines. All the boundaries of Parcels and Legal Descriptions are covered by a Boundary line. Currently the Boundary layer has little functionality. The only distinction it makes is between upland boundaries and shorelines. In the future Boundary lines will have a richer set of attributes in order to accommodate cartographic needs to distinguish between types of boundaries.WA Boundaries Metadata

The purpose of this featureclass is to allow national forest system boundary managers to query and report on the status of these boundaries for planning boundary management and maintenance work, and to provide this information to anyone else needing this information for analysis, querying, reporting, mapping. The lines should indicate the current status of the physical marked and posted lines in the field, and their maintenance status. Surface Management Agency (SMA) lines represent the surveyed boundary lines for which the Forest Service is responsible for marking and posting. These include the boundaries between NFS lands and non-NFS lands and the boundaries of congressionally designated areas such as National Wilderness. Metadata

From USGS:The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) is a way of subdividing and describing land in the United States. PLSS surveys, which are available for portions of land in 30 southern and western states, are made by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The PLSS typically divides land into 6-mile-square townships. Townships are subdivided into 36 one-mile-square sections. Sections can be further subdivided into quarter sections, quarter-quarter sections, or irregular government lots. PLSS was created to divide parcels of public land; it is not useful for the accurate location of points and should not be confused with coordinate systems like latitude/longitude, UTM, or the State Plane Coordinate System.

The global land surveying market was valued at USD 639.3 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.6% from 2023 to 2032, reaching USD 836.9 million by 2032. The market's growth is attributed to the increasing demand for land surveying services in the construction, real estate, and infrastructure sectors. Land surveying ensures accurate land measurements, boundary determination, and the creation of topographic maps, which are crucial for land development and construction projects. The growing population and urbanization are also driving the demand for land surveying, as they lead to increased land use and the need for accurate land records. Key market drivers include rapid urbanization, government regulations mandating land surveys for construction projects, and the increasing adoption of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for surveying purposes. However, the market may face challenges such as the lack of skilled surveyors, technological advancements requiring costly investments, and environmental regulations restricting access to certain areas. Major players in the market include BGT Land Surveying, TEC, Carow Land Surveying, GPA Professional Land Surveyors, Land Surveys, MOSTROM & ASSOC, McPeek Land Surveying (MLS), Russell Shortt Land Surveyors, and Ferguson & Foss, among others. The market is geographically segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and South America, with North America holding the largest share.

Digital line graph (DLG) data are digital representations of cartographic information. DLGs of map features are converted to digital form from maps and related sources. Intermediate-scale DLG data are derived from USGS 1:100,000-scale 30- by 60-minute quadrangle maps. If these maps are not available, Bureau of Land Management planimetric maps at a scale of 1:100,000 are used. Intermediate-scale DLGs are sold in five categories: (1) Public Land Survey System; (2) boundaries; (3) transportation; (4) hydrography; and (5) hypsography. All DLG data distributed by the USGS are DLG-Level 3 (DLG-3), which means the data contain a full range of attribute codes, have full topological structuring, and have passed certain quality-control checks.

This dataset displays only Case Type 312 – Unorganized Borough from the Alaska Survey Boundary dataset. Each state survey feature has an associated attribute record, including a Land Administration System (LAS) file-type and file-number which serves as an index to related LAS case-file information. Additional LAS case-file and customer information may be obtained at: https://dnr.alaska.gov/projects/las/ Those requiring more information regarding State land records should contact the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Public Information Center directly.Under AS 40.15.300-380, the state is the platting authority for all lands not within an organized borough or under another local platting authority. Sec 40.15.305(A). The Commissioner shall exercise the platting authority for the state except within a municipality that has the power of land use regulation and that is exercising platting authority.

This layer provides the latest bearing (direction) and/or distance for cadastral boundaries.

When a cadastral survey is undertaken the relationship between boundary and non-boundary marks is ascertained or measured. • This commonly is in the form or a vector (bearing and distance), but occasionally just one component. • Some relationships are defined as arcs. In this data layer, the arc length is recorded in the distance field and a separate record holds the chord.

Only observations that have been captured in Landonline are available. This includes vectors that were re-captured in the Survey Capture Areas from survey plans lodged prior to Landonline and all survey observations since.

This dataset is part of the Cadastral National Spatial Data Infrastructure (CadNSDI) publication dataset for rectangular and non‐rectangular Public Land Survey System (PLSS) data. This dataset represents the GIS Version of the Public Land Survey System including both rectangular and non-rectangular surveys. The primary source for the data is cadastral survey records housed by the BLM supplemented with local records and geographic control coordinates from states, counties as well as other federal agencies such as the USGS and USFS. The data has been converted from source documents to digital form and transferred into a GIS format that is compliant with FGDC Cadastral Data Content Standards and Guidelines for publication. This data is optimized for data publication and sharing rather than for specific "production" or operation and maintenance. This data set includes the following: PLSS Fully Intersected (all of the PLSS feature at the atomic or smallest polygon level), PLSS Townships, First Divisions and Second Divisions (the hierarchical break down of the PLSS Rectangular surveys) PLSS Special surveys (non-rectangular components of the PLSS) Meandered Water, Corners and Conflicted Areas (known areas of gaps or overlaps between Townships or state boundaries). The Entity-‐ Attribute section of this metadata describes these components in greater detail. The CadNSDI or the Cadastral Publication Data Standard is the cadastral data component of the NSDI. This is the publication guideline for cadastral data that is intended to provide a common format and structure and content for cadastral information that can be made available across jurisdictional boundaries, providing a consistent and uniform cadastral data to meet business need that includes connections to the source information from the data stewards. The data stewards determine which data are published and should be contacted for any questions on data content or for additional information. The cadastral publication data is data provided by cadastral data producers in a standard form on a regular basis. Cadastral publication data has two primary components, land parcel data and cadastral reference data. It is important to recognize that the publication data are not the same as the operation and maintenance or production data. The production data is structured to optimize maintenance processes, is integrated with internal agency operations and contains much more detail than the publication data. The publication data is a subset of the more complete production data and is reformatted to meet a national standard so data can be integrated across jurisdictional boundaries and be presented in a consistent and standard form nationally.

Land Surveying Services Market Outlook

The global land surveying services market size was valued at approximately USD 8.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 15.2 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by increased urbanization, significant investments in infrastructure development, and the growing need for accurate geographic data in various industries. The demand for precise land measurements and mapping is essential for planning, construction, and legal purposes, which plays a critical role in driving the market forward.

One of the key growth factors for the land surveying services market is the expansion of urban areas and the resultant need for effective infrastructure planning and development. As cities grow and expand, there is a substantial demand for accurate land surveys to ensure proper alignment of new buildings, roads, and public utilities. This surge in urban development projects, particularly in emerging economies, drives the need for comprehensive land surveying services. Furthermore, government initiatives focusing on smart city projects and sustainable urban development are creating lucrative opportunities for market growth.

Technological advancements in surveying equipment and techniques are another significant growth driver for the market. The integration of advanced technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has revolutionized the field of land surveying. These technologies offer higher accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional methods. As a result, the adoption of these advanced surveying solutions is increasing across various sectors, thereby boosting market growth.

Additionally, the rising need for precise land data in various industries such as construction, mining, agriculture, and real estate is fueling the demand for land surveying services. Accurate land surveys are crucial for construction projects to ensure legal compliance and avoid disputes. In the mining industry, surveys help in resource exploration and site analysis. Similarly, in agriculture, land surveys assist in optimizing land use and planning irrigation systems. Thus, the multifaceted applications of land surveying services contribute significantly to market expansion.

Land Displacement Monitoring has become an integral aspect of modern land surveying services, especially in regions prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, and floods. The ability to monitor land displacement accurately helps in assessing the stability of land, which is crucial for infrastructure development and urban planning. With the advent of advanced technologies like satellite imagery and remote sensing, land displacement monitoring has become more precise and accessible. This capability allows for early detection of potential hazards, enabling timely interventions to mitigate risks. Moreover, integrating land displacement data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides a comprehensive understanding of land dynamics, supporting decision-making processes in various sectors, including construction, mining, and agriculture.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the land surveying services market, driven by extensive infrastructure development projects and the presence of advanced technology. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to register the highest growth rate during the forecast period, attributed to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and substantial investments in infrastructure development. Countries like China, India, and Japan are at the forefront of this regional growth, with government policies supporting modernization and development.

Service Type Analysis

The land surveying services market can be segmented by service type into boundary survey, topographic survey, construction survey, location survey, subdivision survey, and others. Boundary surveys are crucial for determining property lines and resolving disputes. These surveys are essential for legal documentation and real estate transactions. The increasing number of land disputes and the need for clear property delineation are driving the demand for boundary surveys. Additionally, advancements in boundary survey techniques, including

Taken from sections of the report:

The aim of the survey and mapping program on V5.1 was to carry out various surveying tasks at Mawson and Casey as listed later in this report. The vessel used in Voyage 5.1 was The Polar Queen.

Voyage 5.1 left Capetown on Thursday 18th February and arrived Fremantle Friday 19th. March.

Depart Capetown Thursday 18th February Arrive Mawson Sunday 28th February Depart Mawson Tuesday 2nd March Arrive Davis Thursday 4th March Depart Davis Thursday 4th March Arrive Casey Monday 8th March Depart Casey Thursday 11th March Arrive Fremantle Thursday 18th March

The survey team was: Henk Brolsma Australian Antarctic Division - surveyor. John Hyslop Australian Antarctic Division - volunteer surveyor.

The surveying at Mawson and Casey included bringing the data representing the station infrastructure up to date. The station infrastructure data is available for download in GIS format (shapefiles) from Related URLs below. The data resulting from this survey has a Dataset_id of 15. The data is formatted according to the SCAR Feature Catalogue. For data quality information about a particular feature use the Qinfo number of the feature to search for information using the 'Search datasets and quality' tab at a Related URL below.

Matt King, Rachel Manson and Lee Palfrey assisted with survey work at Casey. They carried out GPS surveys for aerial photo control, Casey and Wilkes, tide gauge bench marks at Casey, buildings detail at Wilkes and route markers around the station. Their work is not covered in this report.

description: Louisiana Public Land Survey System boundaries for 2002. The dataset contains vectors for township, section, and range lines.; abstract: Louisiana Public Land Survey System boundaries for 2002. The dataset contains vectors for township, section, and range lines.

Click to downloadClick for metadataService URL: https://gis.dnr.wa.gov/site3/rest/services/Public_Boundaries/WADNR_PUBLIC_Cadastre_OpenData/FeatureServer/10Official Washington State boundary

The Point layer covers the State of Washington with a variety of different types of locations. The great majority of Points, point type 1, Corner Point, are located at the corners, or angle points, of Legal Description and Parcel areas. (See the metadata for Legal Description and Parcel.) Corner Points can represent differing types of locations such as surveyed monuments, locations calculated by survey, locations digitized from various maps like US Geological Survey quadrangles, and locations that serve no other purpose than to stabilize the endpoint of a Boundary or angle point of a Legal Description or Parcel. Points are the only features in the upland Cadastre that have attributes regarding the source and accuracy of the data. The known accuracy of the data varies dramatically from place to place. The attributes also indicate whether there is a known physical object to look for on the ground. The second type of Point, Geodetic Control Point, point type 2, is not currently populated. The third type of Point, Significant Coordinated Location, point type 3, can be used to store any type of point location that has cadastral significance. At present, the only Significant Coordinated Points in Cadastre are those points along the Washington Pacific Ocean coast which were used by the US Minerals Management Service to calculate the boundary of the State at one marine league from the coast.WA Public Land Survey Points MetadataClick to download

Alaska Survey Boundary contains miscellaneous state, federal, and private surveys.

This shape file characterizes the geographic representation of land parcels within the State of Alaska contained by the Base - Survey Boundary category. It has been extracted from data sets used to produce the State status plats. This data set includes cases noted on the digital status plats up to one day prior to data extraction.

Each state survey feature has an associated attribute record, including a Land Administration System (LAS) file-type and file-number which serves as an index to related LAS case-file information. Additional LAS case-file and customer information may be obtained at: http://dnr.alaska.gov/projects/las/ Those requiring more information regarding State land records should contact the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Public Information Center directly.

The polygon (vector) shapefiles represent claim areas within Public Land Survey System (PLSS) sections aggregated by serial (claim) numbers with information about Bureau of Land Management (BLM) land and mineral use authorizations mineral materials. The land areas specified by BLM authorizations vary in size and orientation, and may cross one or more PLSS section boundaries. For spatial consistency, the information was aggregated to the square mile PLSS section boundary and by serial numbers. The original source data from BLM Cases Recordation database (LR2000) were specific to the day they were generated (March 6, 2016) and subsequent data pulls will likely be different.