The 2045 Land Use Map is based on the recommendations of Advance Apex: The 2045 Land Use Plan Map Update. Amendments approved after initial Plan adoption are incorporated. Activity center nodes are also identified. Mixed Use polygons designate areas where ≥30% of the land use is required to be nonresidential development. Apartment Only polygons designate areas with High Density Residential striping where only apartments are allowed as a future residential land use.

Extensive land use and geographic data at the tax lot level in GIS format (ESRI Shapefile). Contains more than seventy fields derived from data maintained by city agencies, merged with tax lot features from the Department of Finance’s Digital Tax Map, clipped to the shoreline. All previously released versions of this data are available at BYTES of the BIG APPLE- Archive

This web map displays the land use/land cover (LULC) timeseries layer derived from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery at 10m resolution. The visualization uses blend modes and is best used in the new Map Viewer. The time slider can be used to advance through the five years of data from 2017-2021. There are also a series of bookmarks for the locations below:Urban growth examplesOuagadougouCairo/GizaDubai, UAEKaty, Texas, USALoudoun County, VirginiaInfrastructureIstanbul International Airport, TurkeyGrand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, EthiopiaDeforestationBorder of Acre and Rondonia states, BrazilHarz Mountains, GermanyWetlands lossPantanal, BrazilParana river, ArgentinaVegetation changing after fireNorthern California: Paradise, Redding, Clear Lake, Santa Rosa, Mendocino National ForestKangaroo Island, AustraliaVictoria and NSW, AustraliaYakutia, RussiaHurricane ImpactAbaco Island, BahamasRecent Lava FlowHawaii IslandSurface MiningBrown Coal, Cottbus, GermanyLand ReclamationMarkermeer, NetherlandsEconomic DevelopmentNorth vs South Korea

This layer displays a global map of land use/land cover (LULC) derived from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery at 10m resolution. Each year is generated with Impact Observatory’s deep learning AI land classification model, trained using billions of human-labeled image pixels from the National Geographic Society. The global maps are produced by applying this model to the Sentinel-2 Level-2A image collection on Microsoft’s Planetary Computer, processing over 400,000 Earth observations per year.The algorithm generates LULC predictions for nine classes, described in detail below. The year 2017 has a land cover class assigned for every pixel, but its class is based upon fewer images than the other years. The years 2018-2023 are based upon a more complete set of imagery. For this reason, the year 2017 may have less accurate land cover class assignments than the years 2018-2023.Variable mapped: Land use/land cover in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023Source Data Coordinate System: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) WGS84Service Coordinate System: Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere WGS84 (EPSG:3857)Extent: GlobalSource imagery: Sentinel-2 L2ACell Size: 10-metersType: ThematicAttribution: Esri, Impact ObservatoryWhat can you do with this layer?Global land use/land cover maps provide information on conservation planning, food security, and hydrologic modeling, among other things. This dataset can be used to visualize land use/land cover anywhere on Earth. This layer can also be used in analyses that require land use/land cover input. For example, the Zonal toolset allows a user to understand the composition of a specified area by reporting the total estimates for each of the classes. NOTE: Land use focus does not provide the spatial detail of a land cover map. As such, for the built area classification, yards, parks, and groves will appear as built area rather than trees or rangeland classes.Class definitionsValueNameDescription1WaterAreas where water was predominantly present throughout the year; may not cover areas with sporadic or ephemeral water; contains little to no sparse vegetation, no rock outcrop nor built up features like docks; examples: rivers, ponds, lakes, oceans, flooded salt plains.2TreesAny significant clustering of tall (~15 feet or higher) dense vegetation, typically with a closed or dense canopy; examples: wooded vegetation, clusters of dense tall vegetation within savannas, plantations, swamp or mangroves (dense/tall vegetation with ephemeral water or canopy too thick to detect water underneath).4Flooded vegetationAreas of any type of vegetation with obvious intermixing of water throughout a majority of the year; seasonally flooded area that is a mix of grass/shrub/trees/bare ground; examples: flooded mangroves, emergent vegetation, rice paddies and other heavily irrigated and inundated agriculture.5CropsHuman planted/plotted cereals, grasses, and crops not at tree height; examples: corn, wheat, soy, fallow plots of structured land.7Built AreaHuman made structures; major road and rail networks; large homogenous impervious surfaces including parking structures, office buildings and residential housing; examples: houses, dense villages / towns / cities, paved roads, asphalt.8Bare groundAreas of rock or soil with very sparse to no vegetation for the entire year; large areas of sand and deserts with no to little vegetation; examples: exposed rock or soil, desert and sand dunes, dry salt flats/pans, dried lake beds, mines.9Snow/IceLarge homogenous areas of permanent snow or ice, typically only in mountain areas or highest latitudes; examples: glaciers, permanent snowpack, snow fields.10CloudsNo land cover information due to persistent cloud cover.11RangelandOpen areas covered in homogenous grasses with little to no taller vegetation; wild cereals and grasses with no obvious human plotting (i.e., not a plotted field); examples: natural meadows and fields with sparse to no tree cover, open savanna with few to no trees, parks/golf courses/lawns, pastures. Mix of small clusters of plants or single plants dispersed on a landscape that shows exposed soil or rock; scrub-filled clearings within dense forests that are clearly not taller than trees; examples: moderate to sparse cover of bushes, shrubs and tufts of grass, savannas with very sparse grasses, trees or other plants.Classification ProcessThese maps include Version 003 of the global Sentinel-2 land use/land cover data product. It is produced by a deep learning model trained using over five billion hand-labeled Sentinel-2 pixels, sampled from over 20,000 sites distributed across all major biomes of the world.The underlying deep learning model uses 6-bands of Sentinel-2 L2A surface reflectance data: visible blue, green, red, near infrared, and two shortwave infrared bands. To create the final map, the model is run on multiple dates of imagery throughout the year, and the outputs are composited into a final representative map for each year.The input Sentinel-2 L2A data was accessed via Microsoft’s Planetary Computer and scaled using Microsoft Azure Batch.CitationKarra, Kontgis, et al. “Global land use/land cover with Sentinel-2 and deep learning.” IGARSS 2021-2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2021.AcknowledgementsTraining data for this project makes use of the National Geographic Society Dynamic World training dataset, produced for the Dynamic World Project by National Geographic Society in partnership with Google and the World Resources Institute.

Zipped raster dataset of 2018 Land-Use-Land-Cover (named pima_landcover_noroads.zip)Download this zipped dataset here by clicking the download button at top right.https://gis.pima.gov/data/contents/metadet.cfm?name=lulc18

Long Range Land Use Plan illustrating existing and potential development by land use classifications. Recommended print size 36" X 66". Questions about this map call 703-792-6830.

The land inventory is based on several sources. The polygon geography is taken from appraisal district parcel layers merged together. A land use inventory is performed by classifying land according to a coding system that reflects the primary improvements (buildings or structures) on each parcel. Most of the land use information is attached through a GIS Union from past land use inventories. Undeveloped parcels are checked against building permit, aerial photos, and appraisal records, generally collected during the fall, or when data was made available. Information is collected only in the City of Austin’s Full, Limited Purpose, and Extra-territorial jurisdictions, and not entire counties.

We present a land use management map for Europe. This is a preliminary version of the map as it can be subject to updates. The land use management map is based on the land cover (base map) which has nine different land covers for Europe. The land use management map further divides these land covers into 20 land use management classes based on different inputs. The map is made to be used as a baseline of land use in Europe for land use modelling.

Land cover has been interpreted from Satellite images and field checked, other information has been digitized from topographic maps

 Members informations:
 Attached Vector(s):
  MemberID: 1
 Vector Name: Land use
 Source Map Name: SPOT Pan
 Source Map Scale: 50000
 Source Map Date: 1989/90
 Projection: Polyconic on Modified Everest Ellipsoid
 Feature_type: polygon
 Vector 
 Land use maps, interpreted from SPOT panchromatic imagery and field
 checked (18 classes)

 Members informations:
 Attached Vector(s):
  MemberID: 2
 Vector Name: Administrative boundaries
 Source Map Name: topo sheets
 Source Map Scale: 50000
 Source Map Date: ?
 Feature_type: polygon
 Vector 
 Dzongkhags (Districts) and Gewogs

 Members informations:
 Attached Vector(s):
  MemberID: 3
 Vector Name: Roads
 Source Map Name: topo sheets
 Source Map Scale: 50000
 Source Map Date: ?
 Feature_type: lines
 Vector 
 Road network

 Attached Report(s)
 Member ID: 4
 Report Name: Atlas of Bhutan
 Report Authors: Land use planning section
 Report Publisher: Ministry of Agriculture, Thimpu
 Report Date: 1997-06-01
 Report 
 Land cover (1:250000) and area statistics of 20 Dzongkhags

This Web Mapping Application mirrors the printed Future Land Use Map approved by the Council in resolution R24-0292

This is the INSPIRE Existing Land Use data set of the Netherlands. It is based on the topographical map of the Netherlands (BRT) and aerial photo's of summer of 2017.

Historic land uses on lots that were vacant, privately owned, and zoned for manufacturing in 2009. Information came from a review of several years of historical Sanborn maps over the past 100 years.

When the SPEED 1.0 mapping application was created in 2009, OER had its vendor examine historic land use maps on vacant, privately-owned, industrially-zoned tax lots. Up to seven years of maps for each lot were examined, and information was recorded that indicated industrial uses or potential environmental contamination such as historic fill. Data for an additional 139 lots requested by community-based organizations was added in 2014. Each record represents the information from a map from a particular year on a particular tax lot at that time. Limitations of funding determined the number of lots included and entailed that not all years were examined for each lot.

Use this global model layer when performing analysis across continents. This layer displays a global land cover map and model for the year 2050 at a pixel resolution of 300m. ESA CCI land cover from the years 2010 and 2018 were used to create this prediction.Variable mapped: Projected land cover in 2050.Data Projection: Cylindrical Equal AreaMosaic Projection: Cylindrical Equal AreaExtent: Global Cell Size: 300mSource Type: ThematicVisible Scale: 1:50,000 and smallerSource: Clark UniversityPublication date: April 2021What you can do with this layer?This layer may be added to online maps and compared with the ESA CCI Land Cover from any year from 1992 to 2018. To do this, add Global Land Cover 1992-2018 to your map and choose the processing template (image display) from that layer called “Simplified Renderer.” This layer can also be used in analysis in ecological planning to find specific areas that may need to be set aside before they are converted to human use.Links to the six Clark University land cover 2050 layers in ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World:There are three scales (country, regional, and world) for the land cover and vulnerability models. They’re all slightly different since the country model can be more fine-tuned to the drivers in that particular area. Regional (continental) and global have more spatially consistent model weights. Which should you use? If you’re analyzing one country or want to make accurate comparisons between countries, use the country level. If mapping larger patterns, use the global or regional extent (depending on your area of interest). Land Cover 2050 - GlobalLand Cover 2050 - RegionalLand Cover 2050 - CountryLand Cover Vulnerability to Change 2050 GlobalLand Cover Vulnerability to Change 2050 RegionalLand Cover Vulnerability to Change 2050 CountryWhat these layers model (and what they don’t model)The model focuses on human-based land cover changes and projects the extent of these changes to the year 2050. It seeks to find where agricultural and urban land cover will cover the planet in that year, and what areas are most vulnerable to change due to the expansion of the human footprint. It does not predict changes to other land cover types such as forests or other natural vegetation during that time period unless it is replaced by agriculture or urban land cover. It also doesn’t predict sea level rise unless the model detected a pattern in changes in bodies of water between 2010 and 2018. A few 300m pixels might have changed due to sea level rise during that timeframe, but not many.The model predicts land cover changes based upon patterns it found in the period 2010-2018. But it cannot predict future land use. This is partly because current land use is not necessarily a model input. In this model, land set aside as a result of political decisions, for example military bases or nature reserves, may be found to be filled in with urban or agricultural areas in 2050. This is because the model is blind to the political decisions that affect land use.Quantitative Variables used to create ModelsBiomassCrop SuitabilityDistance to AirportsDistance to Cropland 2010Distance to Primary RoadsDistance to RailroadsDistance to Secondary RoadsDistance to Settled AreasDistance to Urban 2010ElevationGDPHuman Influence IndexPopulation DensityPrecipitationRegions SlopeTemperatureQualitative Variables used to create ModelsBiomesEcoregionsIrrigated CropsProtected AreasProvincesRainfed CropsSoil ClassificationSoil DepthSoil DrainageSoil pHSoil TextureWere small countries modeled?Clark University modeled some small countries that had a few transitions. Only five countries were modeled with this procedure: Bhutan, North Macedonia, Palau, Singapore and Vanuatu.As a rule of thumb, the MLP neural network in the Land Change Modeler requires at least 100 pixels of change for model calibration. Several countries experienced less than 100 pixels of change between 2010 & 2018 and therefore required an alternate modeling methodology. These countries are Bhutan, North Macedonia, Palau, Singapore and Vanuatu. To overcome the lack of samples, these select countries were resampled from 300 meters to 150 meters, effectively multiplying the number of pixels by four. As a result, we were able to empirically model countries which originally had as few as 25 pixels of change.Once a selected country was resampled to 150 meter resolution, three transition potential images were calibrated and averaged to produce one final transition potential image per transition. Clark Labs chose to create averaged transition potential images to limit artifacts of model overfitting. Though each model contained at least 100 samples of "change", this is still relatively little for a neural network-based model and could lead to anomalous outcomes. The averaged transition potentials were used to extrapolate change and produce a final hard prediction and risk map of natural land cover conversion to Cropland and Artificial Surfaces in 2050.39 Small Countries Not ModeledThere were 39 countries that were not modeled because the transitions, if any, from natural to anthropogenic were very small. In this case the land cover for 2050 for these countries are the same as the 2018 maps and their vulnerability was given a value of 0. Here were the countries not modeled:AndorraAntigua and BarbudaBarbadosCape VerdeComorosCook IslandsDjiboutiDominicaFaroe IslandsFrench GuyanaFrench PolynesiaGibraltarGrenadaGuamGuyanaIcelandJan MayenKiribatiLiechtensteinLuxembourgMaldivesMaltaMarshall IslandsMicronesia, Federated States ofMoldovaMonacoNauruSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSeychellesSurinameSvalbardThe BahamasTongaTuvaluVatican CityIndex to land cover values in this dataset:The Clark University Land Cover 2050 projections display a ten-class land cover generalized from ESA Climate Change Initiative Land Cover. 1 Mostly Cropland2 Grassland, Scrub, or Shrub3 Mostly Deciduous Forest4 Mostly Needleleaf/Evergreen Forest5 Sparse Vegetation6 Bare Area7 Swampy or Often Flooded Vegetation8 Artificial Surface or Urban Area9 Surface Water10 Permanent Snow and Ice

This dataset, produced by Impact Observatory, Microsoft, and Esri, displays a global map of land use and land cover (LULC) derived from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery at 10 meter resolution for the years 2017 - 2023. Each map is a composite of LULC predictions for 9 classes throughout the year in order to generate a representative snapshot of each year. This dataset was generated by Impact Observatory, which used billions of human-labeled pixels (curated by the National Geographic Society) to train a deep learning model for land classification. Each global map was produced by applying this model to the Sentinel-2 annual scene collections from the Mircosoft Planetary Computer. Each of the maps has an assessed average accuracy of over 75%. These maps have been improved from Impact Observatory’s previous release and provide a relative reduction in the amount of anomalous change between classes, particularly between “Bare” and any of the vegetative classes “Trees,” “Crops,” “Flooded Vegetation,” and “Rangeland”. This updated time series of annual global maps is also re-aligned to match the ESA UTM tiling grid for Sentinel-2 imagery. Data can be accessed directly from the Registry of Open Data on AWS, from the STAC 1.0.0 endpoint, or from the IO Store for a specific Area of Interest (AOI).

This data publication contains multiple maps of Puerto Rico scanned at 600 dots per inch: full map scans, scans clipped to mapped areas only, and georeferenced scans of 1:10,000-scale land-use maps from 1950-1951 that were produced by the Rural Land Classification Program of Puerto Rico, a project led by Dr. Clarence F. Jones of Northwestern University. These historical maps classified land use and land cover into 20 different classes, including 13 different types of crops, two classes of forests, four classes of grasslands and other areas, which is a general class for non-rural areas. This package includes maps from 76 out of the 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico, covering 422 quadrangles of a 443-quadrangle grid for mainland Puerto Rico. It excludes the island municipalities of Vieques and Culebra, Mona Island and minor outlying islands.The Rural Land Classification Program of Puerto Rico produced 430 1:10,000-scale maps. That program also produced one island-wide land-use map with more generalized delineations of land use. Previously, Kennaway and Helmer (2007) scanned and georeferenced the island-wide map, and they converted it to vector and raster formats with embedded georeferencing and classification. This data publication contains the higher-resolution maps, which will provide more precise historical context for forests. It will better inform management efforts for the sustainable use of forest lands and to build resilience and resistance to various future disturbances for these and other tropical forest landscapes.

The maps were scanned and georeferenced to help with the planning and application process for the USDA Forest Service (USDA) Forest Legacy Program, a competition-based program administered by the USDA Forest Service in partnership with State agencies to encourage the protection of privately owned forest lands through conservation easements or land purchases. Geospatial products and maps will also be used by personnel at the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and partners in Non-Governmental Organizations working with the Forest Stewardship Program. This latter program provides technical assistance and forest management plans to private landowners for the conservation and effective management of private forests across the US. The information will provide local historical context on forest change patterns that will enhance the recommendations of forest management practices for private forest landowners. These data will also be useful for urban forest professionals to understand the land legacies as a basis for planning green infrastructure interventions.

Data depict the rural areas of Puerto Rico around 1951 and how they were classified by geographers then. Having it georeferenced allows managers, teachers, students, the public and scientists to compare how these classifications have changed throughout the years. It will allow more precise identification and mapping of the past land use of present forests, forest stand age, and the past juxtaposition of different land uses relative to each other. These factors can affect forest species composition, biodiversity and ecosystem services. Forest stand age, past land-use type and past disturbance type, forest example, help gauge current forest structure, carbon storage, or rates of carbon accumulation. Another example of how the maps are important is for understanding how watersheds have changed through time, which helps assess how forest ecosystem services related to hydrology evolve. These maps will also help gauge how the forests of Puerto Rico are responding to recent disturbances, and how past disturbances over a range of scales relate to these responses.For more information on the Rural Land Classification Program of Puerto Rico, generated maps, and the island-wide land-use map, please see Jones (1952), Jones and Berrios (1956), as well as Kennaway and Helmer (2007).

A set of three estimates of land-cover types and annual transformations of land use are provided on a global 0.5 x0.5 degree lat/lon grid at annual time steps. The longest of the three estimates spans 1770-2010. The dataset presented here takes into account land-cover change due to four major land-use/management activities: (1) cropland expansion and abandonment, (2) pastureland expansion and abandonment, (3) urbanization, and (4) secondary forest regrowth due to wood harvest. Due to uncertainties associated with estimating historical agricultural (crops and pastures) land use, the study uses three widely accepted global reconstruction of cropland and pastureland in combination with common wood harvest and urban land data set to provide three distinct estimates of historical land-cover change and underlying land-use conversions. Hence, these distinct historical reconstructions offer a wide range of plausible regional estimates of uncertainty and extent to which different ecosystem have undergone changes. The three estimates use a consistent methodology, and start with a common land-cover map during pre-industrial conditions (year 1765), taking different courses as determined by the land-use/management datasets (cropland, pastureland, urbanization and wood harvest) to attain forest area distributions close to satellite estimates of forests for contemporary period. The satellite based estimates of forest area are based on MODIS sensor. All data uses the WGS84 spatial coordinate system for mapping.

[Metadata] Description: Land Use Land Cover of main Hawaiian Islands as of 1976Source: 1:100,000 1976 Digital GIRAS (Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis) files. Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data consists of historical land use and land cover classification data that was based primarily on the manual interpretation of 1970's and 1980's aerial photography. Secondary sources included land use maps and surveys. There are 21 possible categories of cover type. The spatial resolution for all LULC files will depend on the format and feature type. Files in GIRAS format will have a minimum polygon area of 10 acres (4 hectares) with a minimum width of 660 feet (200 meters) for manmade features. Non-urban or natural features have a minimum polygon area of 40 acres (16 hectares) with a minimum width of 1320 feet (400 meters). Files in CTG format will have a resolution of 30 meters. May 2024: Hawaii Statewide GIS Program staff removed extraneous fields that had been added as part of the 2016 GIS database conversion and were no longer needed.For additional information, please refer to https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/gis/data/lulc.pdf or contact Hawaii Statewide GIS Program, Office of Planning and Sustainable Development, State of Hawaii; PO Box 2359, Honolulu, HI 96804; (808) 587-2846; email: gis@hawaii.gov; Website: https://planning.hawaii.gov/gis.

Map showing land uses in the City of Austin jurisdictions. Upated during October of even years.

The non-urban land use zoning map of the 18 directly-administered cities and counties (cities) of New Taipei City and others

The dataset contains maps of the main classes of agricultural land use (dominant crop types and other land use types) in Germany, which are produced annually at the Thünen Institute beginning with the year 2017 on the basis of satellite data. The maps cover the entire open landscape, i.e., the agriculturally used area (UAA) and e.g., uncultivated areas. The map was derived from time series of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Landsat 8 and additional environmental data. Map production is based on the methods described in Blickensdörfer et al. (2022).

All optical satellite data were managed, pre-processed and structured in an analysis-ready data (ARD) cube using the open-source software FORCE - Framework for Operational Radiometric Correction for Environmental monitoring (Frantz, D., 2019), in which SAR and environmental data were integrated.

The map extent covers all areas in Germany that are defined in the respective year as cropland, grassland, small woody features, heathland, peatland or unvegetated areas according to ATKIS Basis-DLM (Geobasisdaten: © GeoBasis-DE / BKG, 2020).

Version v201:
Post-processing of the maps included a sieve filter as well as a ruleset for the reduction of non-plausible areas using the Basis-DLM and the digital terrain model of Germany (Geobasisdaten: © GeoBasis-DE / BKG, 2015).

The maps are available as cloud optimized GeoTiffs, which makes downloading the full dataset optional. All data can directly be accessed in QGIS, R, Python or any supported software of your choice using the provided URL to the datasets (right click on the respective data set --> “copy link address”). By doing so the entire map area or only the regions of interest can be accessed. QGIS legend files for data visualization can be downloaded separately.

Class-specific accuracies for each year are proveded in the respective tables. We provide this dataset "as is" without any warranty regarding the accuracy or completeness and exclude all liability.

References:

Blickensdörfer, L., Schwieder, M., Pflugmacher, D., Nendel, C., Erasmi, S., & Hostert, P. (2022). Mapping of crop types and crop sequences with combined time series of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data for Germany. Remote Sensing of Environment, 269, 112831.

BKG, Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (2015). Digitales Geländemodell Gitterweite 10 m. DGM10. https://sg.geodatenzentrum.de/web_public/gdz/dokumentation/deu/dgm10.pdf (last accessed: 28. April 2022).

BKG, Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (2020). Digitales Basis-Landschaftsmodell.
https://sg.geodatenzentrum.de/web_public/gdz/dokumentation/deu/basis-dlm.pdf (last accessed: 28. April 2022).

Frantz, D. (2019). FORCE—Landsat + Sentinel-2 Analysis Ready Data and Beyond. Remote Sensing, 11, 1124.

Statistisches Bundesamt, Deutschland (2024). Ökosystematlas Deutschland
https://oekosystematlas-ugr.destatis.de/ (last accessed: 08.02.2024).

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National-scale crop type maps for Germany from combined time series of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat data (2017 to 2021) © 2024 by Schwieder, Marcel; Tetteh, Gideon Okpoti; Blickensdörfer, Lukas; Gocht, Alexander; Erasmi, Stefan; licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Funding was provided by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture as part of the joint project “Monitoring der biologischen Vielfalt in Agrarlandschaften” (MonViA, Monitoring of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes).

The study was financially supported by the European Environment Agency and the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 101060423 (LAMASUS).