This statistics shows the leading metropolitan areas in the United States in 2023 with the highest percentage of Asian population. Among the 81 largest metropolitan areas, Urban Honolulu, Hawaii was ranked first with **** percent of residents reporting as Asian in 2023.

Project Overview The “Montagnards” (“mountain people” in the French language) represent a diverse array of cultures originating in the highlands of Vietnam. Largely isolated farmers or hunter-gather communities, the Montagnards were recruited by, and fought with, the American Special Forces throughout the Vietnam War. When the war ended with the fall of Saigon in 1975, the Montagnards were especially persecuted in the new regime. Montagnard individuals began arriving in the US as refugees in the mid-1980’s and family reunification efforts have continually brought more refugees here to the present day. There are over 12,000 Montagnards living in Greensboro, North Carolina, representing several cultures and distinct languages, with a majority of them in Guilford County. This makes the Piedmont the largest Montagnard community outside of southeast Asia. This study aims to document access to mental health care across four distinct generations of Montagnard community members, in an effort to identify potential mental health concerns that may be unique to each generation. When considering the overall health of Montagnards, both physical and mental, it is important to consider former experiences in Vietnam like starvation, trauma, and chemical exposure, and also the experience of being a refugee and an immigrant living in the United States. The immigrant health paradox is the idea that oftentimes, even if a migrant arrives to the United States relatively healthy, their health tends to get poorer the longer they remain in the U.S. Prior studies looking at the immigration experience of Vietnamese found them to be disadvantaged in several indicators of mental health, and refugees in the U.S. have been observed to have an elevated burden of chronic disease. The first generation Montagnard elders (born by 1970), spent the most time in Vietnam and experienced trauma and persecution firsthand. Many are preoccupied by concerns of family members that got left behind in Vietnam. The second generation of Montagnards (born 1971-1985) directly experienced the trauma of Montagnard life post-1975, but unlike the first generation, they were young children when these events unfolded. The third generation (born 1985-1995) is, in many ways, in between. They are the link between the young and the old, and both Montagnard and American cultures. The fourth generation (born after 1995), or the youngest of the Montagnards, have a radically different experience and perspective from those of the older generations. Many members of this generation speak fluent English and were born and educated in the United States. Montagnard researchers have concerns about suicide in this population. The youngest Montagnards are faced with the challenge of reconciling their Montagnard and American identities. Health access is a known issue in the Montagnard community, and it is not hard to imagine how sociocultural, political, and economic variables can help to further compound and explain negative health outcomes. Five aspects of health access are studied in this project via a framework analysis of five dimensions of health services provision: approachability, acceptability, availability/accommodation, affordability, and appropriateness. Data Collection Overview This data are from the results of a qualitative research study about access to mental health care in the Montagnard population in North Carolina. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Montagnard individuals, and interviews were then transcribed and analyzed using Dedoose software. The study included 26 participants, with 2 participants in the first generation, 3 in the second generation, 12 in the third generation, and 9 in the fourth generation. The participants had to be at least 18 years old to participate in the study. For participants born in the US, age was determined by official US-issued government documents, such as a driver’s license or government ID. For individuals born in Vietnam, particularly in the oldest generation, birth dates given on governmental identification (i.e., immigration documents or driver’s licenses) are often incorrect since their birth dates were never known or documented officially. In these cases, the placement of an individual in a particular generation depended on their memories of the pivotal year (1975) and what they were doing at that time (i.e., were they a young child, or a soldier, etc.). All participants had to speak a language that can be translated by one of the available translators. There are many distinct languages within the Montagnard communities and we were only able to interview those individuals with whom we can be confident of the verbal and later transcribed translation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we shifted data collection to a virtual format. All interviews beginning with the third participant were conducted virtually. Data collection occurred from March 2020 through August 2020. The virtual data collection consisted of two...

Abstract

The 2005 Vietnam Population and AIDS Indicator Survey (VPAIS) was designed with the objective of obtaining national and sub-national information about program indicators of knowledge, attitudes and sexual behavior related to HIV/AIDS. Data collection took place from 17 September 2005 until mid-December 2005.

The VPAIS was implemented by the General Statistical Office (GSO) in collaboration with the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE). ORC Macro provided financial and technical assistance for the survey through the USAID-funded MEASURE DHS program. Financial support was provided by the Government of Vietnam, the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Global AIDS Program (CDC/GAP).

The survey obtained information on sexual behavior, and knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS. In addition, in Hai Phong province, the survey also collected blood samples from survey respondents in order to estimate the prevalence of HIV. The overall goal of the survey was to provide program managers and policymakers involved in HIV/AIDS programs with strategic information needed to effectively plan, implement and evaluate future interventions.

The information is also intended to assist policymakers and program implementers to monitor and evaluate existing programs and to design new strategies for combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Vietnam. The survey data will also be used to calculate indicators developed by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS), UNAIDS, WHO, USAID, the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, and the HIV/AIDS National Response.

The specific objectives of the 2005 VPAIS were: • to obtain information on sexual behavior. • to obtain accurate information on behavioral indicators related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. • to obtain accurate information on HIV/AIDS program indicators. • to obtain accurate estimates of the magnitude and variation in HIV prevalence in Hai Phong Province.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame for the 2005 Vietnam Population and AIDS Indicator Survey (VPAIS) was the master sample used by the General Statistical Office (GSO) for its annual Population Change Survey (PCS 2005). The master sample itself was constructed in 2004 from the 1999 Population and Housing Census. As was true for the VNDHS 1997 and the VNDHS 2002 the VPAIS 2005 is a nationally representative sample of the entire population of Vietnam.

The survey utilized a two-stage sample design. In the first stage, 251 clusters were selected from the master sample. In the second stage, a fixed number of households were systematically selected within each cluster, 22 households in urban areas and 28 in rural areas.

The total sample of 251 clusters is comprised of 97 urban and 154 rural clusters. HIV/AIDS programs have focused efforts in the four provinces of Hai Phong, Ha Noi, Quang Ninh and Ho Chi Minh City; therefore, it was determined that the sample should be selected to allow for representative estimates of these four provinces in addition to the national estimates. The selected clusters were allocated as follows: 35 clusters in Hai Phong province where blood samples were collected to estimate HIV prevalence; 22 clusters in each of the other three targeted provinces of Ha Noi, Quang Ninh and Ho Chi Minh City; and the remaining 150 clusters from the other 60 provinces throughout the country.

Prior to the VPAIS fieldwork, GSO conducted a listing operation in each of the selected clusters. All households residing in the sample points were systematically listed by teams of enumerators, using listing forms specially designed for this activity, and also drew sketch maps of each cluster. A total of 6,446 households were selected. The VPAIS collected data representative of: • the entire country, at the national level • for urban and rural areas • for three regions (North, Central and South), see Appendix for classification of regions. • for four target provinces: Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh and Ho Chi Minh City.

All women and men aged 15-49 years who were either permanent residents of the sampled households or visitors present in the household during the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. All women and men in the sample points of Hai Phong who were interviewed were asked to voluntarily give a blood sample for HIV testing. For youths aged 15-17, blood samples were drawn only after first obtaining consent from their parents or guardians.

(Refer Appendix A of the final survey report for details of sample implementation)

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used in the survey, the Household Questionnaire and the Individual Questionnaire for women and men aged 15-49. The content of these questionnaires was based on the model AIDS Indicator Survey (AIS) questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS program implemented by ORC Macro.

In consultation with government agencies and local and international organizations, the GSO and NIHE modified the model questionnaires to reflect issues in HIV/AIDS relevant to Vietnam. These questionnaires were then translated from English into Vietnamese. The questionnaires were further refined after the pretest.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, relationship to the head of the household, education, basic material needs, survivorship and residence of biological parents of children under the age of 18 years and birth registration of children under the age of 5 years. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of drinking water, type of toilet facilities, type of material used in the flooring of the house, and ownership of various durable goods, in order to allow for the calculation of a wealth index. The Household Questionnaire also collected information regarding ownership and use of mosquito nets.

The Individual Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women and men aged 15-49 years.

All questionnaires were administered in a face-to-face interview. Because cultural norms in Vietnam restrict open discussion of sexual behavior, there is concern that this technique may contribute to potential under-reporting of sexual activity, especially outside of marriage.

All aspects of VPAIS data collection were pre-tested in July 2005. In total, 24 interviewers (12 men and 12 women) were involved in this task. They were trained for thirteen days (including three days of fieldwork practice) and then proceeded to conduct the survey in the various urban and rural districts of Ha Noi. In total, 240 individual interviews were completed during the pretest. The lessons learnt from the pretest were used to finalize the survey instruments and logistical arrangements for the survey and blood collection.

Cleaning operations

The data processing of the VPAIS questionnaire began shortly after the fieldwork commenced. The first stage of data editing was done by the field editors, who checked the questionnaires for completeness and consistency. Supervisors also reviewed the questionnaires in the field. The completed questionnaires were then sent periodically to the GSO in Ha Noi by mail for data processing.

The office editing staff first checked that questionnaires of all households and eligible respondents had been received from the field. The data were then entered and edited using CSPro, a software package developed collaboratively between the U.S. Census Bureau, ORC Macro, and SerPRO to process complex surveys. All data were entered twice (100 percent verification). The concurrent processing of the data was a distinct advantage for data quality, as VPAIS staff was able to advise field teams of errors detected during data entry. The data entry and editing phases of the survey were completed by the end of December 2005.

Response rate

A total of 6,446 households were selected in the sample, of which 6,346 (98 percent) were found to be occupied at the time of the fieldwork. Occupied households include dwellings in which the household was present but no competent respondent was home, the household was present but refused the interview, and dwellings that were not found. Of occupied households, 6,337 were interviewed, yielding a household response rate close to 100 percent.

All women and men aged 15-49 years who were either permanent residents of the sampled households or visitors present in the household during the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. Within interviewed households, a total of 7,369 women aged 15-49 were identified as eligible for interview, of whom 7,289 were interviewed, yielding a response rate to the Individual interview of 99 percent among women. The high response rate was also achieved in male interviews. Among the 6,788 men aged 15-49 identified as eligible for interview, 6,707 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99 percent.

Sampling error

The Community Health Resources and Needs Assessment (CHRNA) project is a large-scale health needs assessment in diverse, low-income Asian American communities in New York City. The project uses a community-engaged and community venue-based approach to assess existing health issues, available resources, and best approaches to meet community health needs. Questions asked in the CHRNAs assess various determinants of health, including length of residence in the United States, English language proficiency, educational attainment, employment and income, perceived health, health insurance and access to care, nutrition and physical activity, mental health, screening for cancer and other chronic diseases, sleep deprivation, and connections to social and religious environments.

The first round of CHRNAs, conducted between 2004 and 2006, surveyed approximately 100 individuals were surveyed from each of the following Asian subgroups: Cambodians, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, South Asians, Thai, and Vietnamese (n=1,201).

According to a survey in 2022, clothing, footwear, and cosmetic products were the most popular online product categories according to online shoppers in Vietnam. Home appliances ranked second, with ** percent of respondents having purchased these items online. Online shopping on the rise in Vietnam In 2022, around *** percent of total retail sales in Vietnam came from e-commerce, equaling over **** billion U.S. dollars. The growth of this sector has been recorded year-on-year during the last decade in the country. In the same year, over half of the Vietnamese population reported having purchased consumer goods online. Not only are there more people buying products online, but the average amount spent per consumer on e-commerce channels has also been increasing exponentially in Vietnam. Vietnam’s internet economy Vietnam had the third largest internet economy in Southeast Asia, behind Indonesia and Thailand, with a total market value of ** billion U.S. dollars. While e-commerce accounted for the lion’s share, other segments within the internet economy in the country have been growing fast in recent years. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic has made online entertainment the new normal for people across different age groups, contributing to the substantial increase in online media market value in Vietnam. Furthermore, after the pandemic, food delivery, ride-hailing, and online travel have continued to benefit from the shift in consumer preferences towards online products and services.

As of 2020, there were approximately 6.3 million veterans of the United States military still alive who served during the period of the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1975. Around 8.75 million service personnel served during the war, with 40% of those stationed in Vietnam and the surrounding Southeast Asian countries. Veterans of this conflict reflect the largest cohort of American veterans still alive in terms of service era.

Vietnam War veterans may still suffer from long-term health effects of their service during the war. These range from mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, to health conditions caused by exposure to toxic chemicals used to clear trees and plants in the Vietnamese jungle during the war. Since the signing of the Vietnam War Veterans Recognition Act of 2017 by President Donald J. Trump, March 29th is designated in the U.S. as National Vietnam War Veterans Day.

The United States military has a long history of ethnic minorities serving in its ranks, with black Americans having served as far back as the Revolutionary War. The Vietnam War took place during a period of changing race relations in the United States, with the Civil Rights Movement reaching its peak in the mid-1960s, and this too was reflected in the military. The Vietnam War was the first major conflict in which black and white troops were not formally segregated, however, discrimination did still occur with black soldiers reporting being subject to overt racism, being unjustly punished, and having fewer promotion opportunities than their white counterparts.

In the early phases of the war, black casualty rates were much higher than for other races and ethnicities, with some reports showing that black soldiers accounted for 25 percent of the casualties recorded in 1965. This declined substantially as the war progressed, however, the proportion of black service personnel among those fallen during the war was still disproportionately high, as black personnel comprised only 11 percent of the military during this era. A smaller number of other ethnic minorities were killed during the war, comprising two percent of the total.

In 2023, the gross median household income for Asian households in the United States stood at 112,800 U.S. dollars. Median household income in the United States, of all racial and ethnic groups, came out to 80,610 U.S. dollars in 2023. Asian and Caucasian (white not Hispanic) households had relatively high median incomes, while the median income of Hispanic, Black, American Indian, and Alaskan Native households all came in lower than the national median. A number of related statistics illustrate further the current state of racial inequality in the United States. Unemployment is highest among Black or African American individuals in the U.S. with 8.6 percent unemployed, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2021. Hispanic individuals (of any race) were most likely to go without health insurance as of 2021, with 22.8 percent uninsured.

The Tet Offensive was a military operation undertaken by the forces of North Vietnam and the Viet Cong insurgency during the Lunar New Year festival (Tet) in early 1968. The offensive was a surprise attack which targeted the main population centers throughout South Vietnam, with towns, cities, and military bases being seized by communist forces. While initially successful in taking control of areas of strategic importance, the communist forces were not able to hold these positions for more than a couple of days. As the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces re-grouped to fight off the attack, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong armies suffered heavy losses.

Outcome of the offensive

While the number of wounded among the communist forces is unknown, at least 60,000 of their soldiers were killed during the three and a half weeks of the offensive. The U.S. and South Vietnamese forces suffered considerably fewer losses, while the high number of civilian casualties damaged support for the communists among the civilian population of South Vietnam. The decisive repulsion of the attack did little to win support for the war in the United States, as the scale of the offensive was seen as delegitimizing claims that a U.S. victory in the conflict was near at hand. Despite some in the U.S. military command, such as General Westmoreland, wanting to send additional troops in order to strike a decisive blow against the communists, U.S. public opinion had turned decisively against the war effort and a process of 'vietnamization' of the conflict was begun under President Johnson.

In 2021, MoMo e-payment and e-wallet, a unicorn app with over 25 million users, received the most funding among all startups in Vietnam, with a total of 300 million U.S. dollars. Tiki, an e-commerce retail platform, followed with around 258 million U.S. dollars raised in funding in the same year. In total, the startup funding value in the country reached over 1.3 billion U.S. dollars, mostly going into the fintech, e-commerce, and logistics sectors.

Fintech startup boom in Vietnam

The past few years have seen constant growth in the number of financial technology (FinTech) startups in Vietnam. As of 2022, the country is home to four unicorn startups, two of which belong to the fintech sector, namely MoMo and VNPay. Both firms specialize in providing digital payment services, which are currently the main driver for the Vietnamese fintech ecosystem.

Vibrant tech startup landscape

In recent years, the rapid expansion of fintech and other digital sectors in Vietnam has contributed significantly to the country's emergence as a rising tech startup hub. With a young and tech-savvy population, high internet and smartphone penetration rate, continually improving technology infrastructure, and a developing legal framework regarding startups, Vietnam seems to have the necessary ingredients to become the breeding ground for future unicorn startups. While the Vietnamese technology sector is still in its infancy compared to global tech leaders, Vietnam remains an attractive destination for both domestic and foreign investments, which have also facilitated the growth of startups across the country.

The access to services of banks or similar organizations differs widely worldwide depending on the country. While the whole population in all the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, Australia, and Canada had access to banks (meaning an “unbanked” population of **** percent), countries like Morocco and Vietnam had very high unbanked population. Morocco was the country with the lowest share of bank account owners: less than ** percent as of 2017. Vietnam, Egypt, and the Philippines were other countries with very high share of unbanked populations. Why are people unbanked? Countries with high shares of unbanked, such as Morocco and the abovementioned, are typically less stable economies with a less developed financial system. It is generally also countries where the citizens have little trust in the banking system. Although these countries have the highest shares of unbanked, the lack of access to services of banks or similar organizations are also present in more developed and financially stable countries as well. In the United States for example, ***** percent of the population are unbanked. The most common reason for this, according to U.S. financial households in 2019, was that they had too little money. Financial services often cost money and comes with fees, and without sufficient finances, customers might find it too expensive to open a bank account. Did the situation change after COVID-19? It can be seen, at least in Latin American countries, that the share of unbanked population dropped because of the COVID-19 pandemic, as various social benefit programs were introduced to alleviate the economic impact of the pandemic. The change in unbanked population was especially apparent in Brazil, where the share dropped by ** percent in 2020.

In 2025, there were around 1.53 billion people worldwide who spoke English either natively or as a second language, slightly more than the 1.18 billion Mandarin Chinese speakers at the time of survey. Hindi and Spanish accounted for the third and fourth most widespread languages that year. Languages in the United States The United States does not have an official language, but the country uses English, specifically American English, for legislation, regulation, and other official pronouncements. The United States is a land of immigration, and the languages spoken in the United States vary as a result of the multicultural population. The second most common language spoken in the United States is Spanish or Spanish Creole, which over than 43 million people spoke at home in 2023. There were also 3.5 million Chinese speakers (including both Mandarin and Cantonese),1.8 million Tagalog speakers, and 1.57 million Vietnamese speakers counted in the United States that year. Different languages at home The percentage of people in the United States speaking a language other than English at home varies from state to state. The state with the highest percentage of population speaking a language other than English is California. About 45 percent of its population was speaking a language other than English at home in 2023.

In the past decade, TV was by far the largest advertising medium in Vietnam. In 2015, TV ad expenditure in Vietnam was estimated at 969 million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, the source predicted it would grow to approximately 1.3 billion U.S. dollars by 2018. In that year, the Vietnamese ad market was predicted to reach 1.46 billion U.S. dollars while the advertising market value of the Asia Pacific region reached 228.7 billion.

TV advertising in Vietnam

Figures from 2018 showed that the Vietnamese spent around 151 minutes on watching television every day. Due to the population’s trust in TV advertising and its reach in both urban and rural areas, TV proves to be an effective advertising medium, especially for FMCG. During the World Cup 2018, the men’s personal care brand Romano reached about 6.59 million TV viewers with their advertising spots.

The growth of Internet advertising

While the figures predicted that it was less likely for traditional newspapers and magazines to experience a growth in ad spending, internet advertising was forecasted to grow steadily. Especially with the rise of smart TV consumption, a bridge between TV and internet advertising has been built. In 2017, the majority of enterprises also stated that social media and online newspapers have become their main advertising channels.

According to a report by  Q&Me, as of March 2023, California Fitness and Yoga was the leading fitness studio chain in Vietnam with 37 studios, followed by Curves with 28 studios, and Elite Fitness with 14 stores. Founded in 2007 by an American entrepreneur, California Fitness and Yoga has become the first and largest international fitness company in Vietnam.

Fitness training among Vietnamese

In Vietnam, member penetration in health clubs is comparably low compared to other Asian countries. However, there is a growing interest in going to the gym among urban residents in Vietnam, especially among Gen Z. According to a survey in 2023, around 62 percent of the respondents from this generation confirmed that workouts were their leading healthy activity. For them, the location, price, and availability of modern equipment are most important when choosing a gym.

Fitness industry in Vietnam

The Vietnamese population has become more health-conscious, with people recognizing the importance of regular exercise and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This shift in mindset has led to a surge in the number of fitness studios in major cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. According to a survey conducted in January 2023, around 30 percent of respondents revealed that they often practiced sports casually, whether by joining dancing classes, participating in sports clubs, or simply going for a jog in the park. Additionally, the rise of social media and fitness influencers has played a role in motivating and inspiring individuals to adopt an active lifestyle. This trend has not only contributed to the growth of the fitness industry but also fostered a culture of health and wellness among the Vietnamese citizens.

In 2024, around ******* foreign residents were living in Taiwan. The largest share of immigrants originated from South East Asian countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines.