In 2025, Moscow was the largest city in Europe with an estimated urban agglomeration of 12.74 million people. The French capital, Paris, was the second largest city in 2025 at 11.35 million, followed by the capitals of the United Kingdom and Spain, with London at 9.84 million and Madrid at 6.81 million people. Istanbul, which would otherwise be the largest city in Europe in 2025, is excluded as it is only partially in Europe, with a sizeable part of its population living in Asia. Europe’s population is almost 750 million Since 1950, the population of Europe has increased by approximately 200 million people, increasing from 550 million to 750 million in these seventy years. Before the turn of the millennium, Europe was the second-most populated continent, before it was overtaken by Africa, which saw its population increase from 228 million in 1950 to 817 million by 2000. Asia has consistently had the largest population of the world’s continents and was estimated to have a population of 4.6 billion. Europe’s largest countries Including its territory in Asia, Russia is by far the largest country in the world, with a territory of around 17 million square kilometers, almost double that of the next largest country, Canada. Within Europe, Russia also has the continent's largest population at 145 million, followed by Germany at 83 million and the United Kingdom at almost 68 million. By contrast, Europe is also home to various micro-states such as San Marino, which has a population of just 30 thousand.

Actual value and historical data chart for European Union Population In The Largest City Percent Of Urban Population

The city of Paris in France had an estimated gross domestic product of 757.6 billion Euros in 2021, the most of any European city. Paris was followed by the spanish capital, Madrid, which had a GDP of 237.5 billion Euros, and the Irish capital, Dublin at 230 billion Euros. Milan, in the prosperous north of Italy, had a GDP of 228.4 billion Euros, 65 billion euros larger than the Italian capital Rome, and was the largest non-capital city in terms of GDP in Europe. The engine of Europe Among European countries, Germany had by far the largest economy, with a gross domestic product of over 4.18 trillion Euros. The United Kingdom or France have been Europe's second largest economy since the 1980s, depending on the year, with forecasts suggesting France will overtake the UK going into the 2020s. Germany however, has been the biggest European economy for some time, with five cities (Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart and Frankfurt) among the 15 largest European cities by GDP. Europe's largest cities In 2023, Moscow was the largest european city, with a population of nearly 12.7 million. Paris was the largest city in western Europe, with a population of over 11 million, while London was Europe's third-largest city at 9.6 million inhabitants.

Link to this report's codebookWe are pleased to launch the 2019 SDG Index and Dashboards Report for European Cities (prototype version). This is the first report comparing the performance of capital cities and a selection of large metropolitan areas in the European-Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In total, results for 45 European cities are presented in this first prototype version. The report was prepared by a team of researchers from the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and the Brabant Center for Sustainable Development (Telos, Tilburg University).It builds on SDSN’s experience in designing SDG indicators for nations and metropolitan areas. The report also builds on TELOS’ previous work on “Sustainability Monitoring of European Cities” (2014) prepared in collaboration with the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Environment (Zoeteman et al. 2014) which led to the development of an interactive platform on request of the Dutch Ministry of Interior and Kingdom Relations (Zoeteman et al. 2016)1.This report comes at a key opportunity for Europe to increase its focus on the SDGs, with the election of the new European Parliament in May, the new Presidency of the Council of the EU moving to Finland in July, and the arrival of a new European Commission by the end of the year. The European Union can and should strengthen its policy measures to achieve all of the SDGs. In that context, the European Commission’s January 2019 Reflection Paper “Towards a sustainable Europe by 2030” highlights various scenarios to support the SDGs over the next decade. The report by the European Commission highlights the opportunities to address the SDGs as part of the next EU Urban Agenda.Achieving the SDGs will require, at the local level, deep transformations in transportation, energy and urban planning and new approaches to address poverty and inequalities in access to key public services including health and education. The SDSN estimates that about two-thirds (65%) of the 169 SDG targets underlying the 17 SDGs can only be reached with the proper engagement of, and coordination with, local and regional governments (SDSN 2015).Similarly, UN-Habitat estimates that around one-third of all SDGs indicators have a local or urban component2. The Urban Agenda for the European Union launched in May 2016 (Pact of Amsterdam), recognizes the crucial role of cities in achieving the SDGs. Over two-thirds of EU citizens live in urban areas while about 85% of the EU’s GDP is generated in cities (European Commission 2019). The urban population in Europe is projected to rise to just over 80% by 2050 (European Commission 2016).This 2019 SDG Index and Dashboards for European Cities (prototype version) finds that no European capital city or large metropolitan area has of yet fully achieved the SDGs. Nordic European cities – Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki and Copenhagen – are closest to the SDG targets but still face challenges in achieving one or several of the SDGs. Overall, the cities in Europe perform best on SDG 3 (Health and Well-Being), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure). By contrast, performance is lowest on SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land).As always, our analysis is constrained by the availability, quality and comparability of data. These data constraints are even greater at the subnational level. Despite the ground breaking work conducted by the European Commission – notably via Eurostat and the Joint Research Centre – to define territorial levels and metropolitan areas and to standardize subnational data and indicators, major gaps remain to monitor all of the SDGs. A table summarizing some of these major gaps is included in this report.The need to expand and strengthen SDG monitoring in regions and municipalities across Europe in the coming years was raised extensively in the consultation made by SDSN as part of its 2019 study on “Exposing EU policy gaps to address the Sustainable Development Goals” prepared in collaboration with the European Economic and Social Committee (Lafortune and Schmidt-Traub 2019) . This was also one of the recom- mendations made by ESAC during the consultation phase for the “2017 Sustainable development in the European Union — Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context” (European Statistical Advisory Committee (ESAC) 2017).We hope this first 2019 SDG Index and Dashboards Report for European Cities (prototype version) will help to identify the major SDG priorities in urban Europe. All data and analyses included in this report are available on SDSN’s and TELOS’ data portals (www.sdgindex.org and www.telos.nl). Individual city profiles are accessible online. We very much welcome comments and suggestions for filling gaps in the data used for this index and for improving the analysis and presentation of the results. Please contact us at info@sdgindex.org or telos@uvt.nl.Jeffrey Sachs,Director SDSNGeert Duijsters,Dean Tilburg School of economics, Tilburg University - Telos

Visit a European Union institutionThe European Union institutions are open to visitors from around the world to learn more about the EU and get an understanding of their work. With sites in several major European cities, the institutions offer a variety of options to visitors. Some institutions provide interactive on-site visitor centres, some allow physical access to their buildings, and some organise tailor-made presentations and discussions involving their staff.Whatever form a visit to an EU institution takes, visitors are guaranteed an interactive and educational experience. Students and tourists alike will see and learn first-hand how the EU works. And have fun, too.

More info: https://european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/visit-european-union-institution_en

The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM) is the largest dedicated international initiative to promote climate action at city level, covering globally over 10,000 cities and in the European Union almost half the population by end of March 2020. The present dataset refers to a harmonised, complete and verified dataset of GHG inventories for 6,200 cities, signatories of the GCoM initiative as of end of 2019, in the: European Union, EFTA countries and UK, Western Balkans, Eastern and Southern EU neighbourhoods countries. The methodology and the general approach for the data collection can be found in Bertoldi et. al. 2018. Guidebook: How to develop a Sustainable Energy Climate Action Plan (SECAP). (2018) doi:10.2760/223399.

Intentional homicide victims in largest cities by sex

Intentional homicide offences in largest cities

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at ***** million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at **** million, Germany at **** million, the United Kingdom at **** million, and France at **** million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of ****** and ****** respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around *** trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at *** trillion and *** trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over 2,000 years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of ** million, with London being the fourth largest at *** million.

A table comparing the cost of living in various European Union countries, including expenses for rent, utilities, food, and transportation in major cities

By the year 2050, the temperature of the warmest month in Ljublijana is expected to increase by eight degrees Celsius. This is the biggest increase when compared to the other European Union capital cities. The capital cities of both France and Germany are expected to see temperatures rise by *** degrees Celsius. With temperatures expected to increase, the possibility of wildfires increases. As of May 2019, countries such as France and Spain had suffered far more wildfires than the 2008 to 2018 average.

This database shows the availability of local climate mitigation plans, local climate adaptation plans, municipal energy plans, heat wave plans and flood risk plans of all 885 Urban Audit Core Cities of the 28 countries of the European Union. Additionally, it lists per Urban Audit Core City the membership in the largest climate networks [Old Covenant of Mayors Member (2020 goal); New Covenant of Mayors Member (2030 goal); Status (1-2-3); Mayors Adapt Commitment; Compact of Mayors Member (yes/no); Compact of Mayors Stage (Badge)].Furthermore, based on a typology of plans developed in Reckien et al., 2018 and Reckien et al., 2019, the database categorizes the plans into types, and specifies whether adaptation and mitigation aspects are jointly addressed in one plan ('joint plan'). Local Climate Mitigation and Local Climate Adaptation Plans of European Urban Audit Cities Date Submitted: 2020-05-14

The research project ''Insecurities in European Cities'' was supported by the European Commission within its 5th Framework Programme: Key Action - Improving the Socioeconomic Knowledge base. The scientific positioning of the study is in criminology and urban sociology and it has an applied side by involving community crime prevention and community safety, as well as an orientation to comparing cultural patterns of insecurity, anxiety and fear by the parallel study of five large European cities: Amsterdam, Budapest, Hamburg, Krakow and Vienna. Put in a sentence the research project is about insecurity of cities from the perspective of their inhabitants and what can be done about it. To obtain information both in the individual cities and for comparing them to each other, the formulation of the methods and instruments applied were standardised as far as possible.

The main focus topics are:1. Political attitudes and questions on the European Union.2. European Parliament.3. Attitude to older people and questions on provision for old age.4. Violence against children and young people.5. Domestic violence against women.Topics:1. political attitudes and questions on the European Union:citizenship;interest in politics;personal opinion leadership;self-assessment of extent to which informed about the EU;media use;trust in media, the judiciary, the police, military, church, trade unions,parties, large concerns, charitable organizations as well as nationaland supranational institutions;sources of information used or information channels about the EU andpreferred means of information about the EU;possession of communication and media facilities and access;judgement on membership of the country in the EU;advantageousness of this membership;satisfaction with democracy at state level as well as in Europe;feeling of affiliation with village/city, region, country, Europe;knowledge, significance and trust in selected European institutions;self-assessment of extent to which informed about the Euro;sources of information used or information channels about the Euro;preferred information content of an information campaign about the Euro;attitude to a common European currency, foreign policy and defense policy;attitude to a Europeaen Central Bank independent from the member countriesor responsible to the European Parliament;attitude to responsibility of the EU for mattersthat cannot effectively be solved on national, regional and local level;attitude to support of the president and the membersof the European Commission by a majority of the European Parliament;attitude to school instruction about the work of European institutions;preference for national or European decision-making power inselected policy areas;desired priorities in EU policies, such as e.g. accepting new member countries,fight against poverty, environmental protection, consumer protection,fight against unemployment, reform of EU institutions, securing peace andprotection of personality laws and democratic principles in Europe;fears in connection with the merger of nations into a united Europe;preferred new EU member countries;criteria for accepting countries;assessment of the area with the largest EU budget.2. European Parliament:perception of reporting about the European Parliament in the media;the significance of the European Parliament for the EU;desire for greater significance of the European Parliament;election participation at the last European Election andintent to vote in the coming election for the European Parliament;assessment of representation of interests of European citizensby the European Parliament;most important interests that should be represented by the European Parliament.3. Attitude to older people and questions on provision for old age:assumed development of pension age and pension payments;expected increase in the welfare state with increased support of older people;expected shift from governmental to more private pension programs;attitude to allowing paid work by retirees;attitude to legal protection against age discrimination;preference for care in a nursing homeor people in need of care remaining in their domestic surroundings;looking after members of the family or friends in need of care andinformation on age and degree of relationship;person most able to provide nursing care;looking forward to one's own retirement;preference for main proportion of pension payments from governmental sources,from employee contributions or from private provision for old age.5. Violence against children and young people:knowledge of violence against children and young people andsources of information;subjective understanding of violence and bodily harm against children (scale);assumed normality of violence against children;assumed perpetrator and reasons for violence against children;acceptance of physical punishment of children;attitude to use of selected institutions, organizationsor persons to protect children;assessment of the effectiveness of laws in one's country regardingprevention of sexual and other forms of violence against children andregarding punishment of adults for sexual violence against children;assessment of the usefulness of various possibilities to combatviolence against children;familiarity of the measures recommended by the EUto combat violence against children;attitude to participation of the EU in combating violence against children.4. Domestic violence against women:knowledge of violence against women and sources of information;assumed normality of violence against women;subjective understanding of violence and of bodily injury against women (scale);assumed reasons for violence against women;acceptance of violence against women;attitude to use of selected institutions, organizations or personsto protect against violence against women;knowledge of legal requirements about prevention ofdomesti

Sales of lactoferrin-enhanced immune products in the European Union are estimated at USD 0.46 billion in 2025, with projections indicating a rise to USD 1.13 billion by 2035, reflecting a CAGR of approximately 9.5% over the forecast period. This growth reflects both expanding consumer awareness of bioactive proteins and increased per capita spending on premium immune support formulations in key European cities.

Sarajevo was the most polluted capital city in Europe in 2024, with an average PM2.5 concentration of **** micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). This level of air pollution was roughly six times higher than World Health Organization guidelines. The second most polluted capital city in Europe that year was Skopje, North Macedonia, with an average PM2.5 concentration of **** μg/m³.
How bad is air pollution in Europe? Poor air quality is a major issue in Europe, particularly in cities. In fact, more than ** percent of the EU urban population were exposed to PM2.5 concentrations above WHO guidelines in 2021. Average annual PM2.5 levels in populated European cities like Rome, Berlin, and Paris are often double recommended limits. Sources of particulate matter emissions There are several sources of PM2.5 emissions in the European Union, including transportation, energy supply, and agriculture, but the biggest contributor is the residential, commercial, and institutional sector. While PM2.5 emissions from other sectors have fallen notably since the turn of the century, residential, commercial, and institutional emissions have seen little change.

Roughly a third of EU citizens said they had heard about EU co-financed projects to improve their local area; of those “aware” citizens, three-quarters felt that the EU’s support had had a positive impact on development in their city or region. A large majority of EU citizens accepted that the Union’s regional policy served as a tool to reduce the gap between development levels of the various regions in the EU. When asked where EU regional support should be targeted, 75% of respondents said that it should go to regions with high unemployment. Educational, health and social infrastructure, and environmental issues, were regarded as being among the most important policy areas by almost all respondents. After these two policy areas, just over 8 in 10 EU citizens considered support for small businesses and employment training as important policy sectors. #####The results by volumes are distributed as follows: * Volume A: Countries * Volume AA: Groups of countries * Volume A' (AP): Trends * Volume AA' (AAP): Trends of groups of countries * Volume B: EU/socio-demographics * Volume C: Country/socio-demographics ---- Researchers may also contact GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences: http://www.gesis.org/en/home/

Attitudes to the EC, 2. Problems of environmental protection. Topics: 1. Attitudes to the EC: citizenship and eligibility to vote at place of residence; contentment with life; satisfaction with democracy; opinion leadership and frequency of political discussions; postmaterialism; frequency of obtaining news from television, radio and newspapers; preference for a dictatorship under certain conditions; major reasons for one´s own election participation; associations with the terms European Community and European Union; judgment on personal level of information about the EC; attitude to European unification and membership of one´s own country in the EC; advantages or disadvantages for the country from EC membership; regret of a possible failure of the EC; knowledge about the location of selected EC institutions; future significance of EC membership of the country for the country and the people; most important personal interests that will be achieved through the EC; satisfaction with the attitude of selected institutions and persons to Europe; self-perception as European or member of a nation-state (split: in the second case the key word ´citizen´ was introduced in the formulation of the question); judgment on current and desired speed of unification for Europe; knowledge about the European flag; cities, media and events, at which the European flag was seen; attitude to the European flag; attitude to the European Commission; preference for a national or European decision-making authority in selected political areas; attitude to reform of EC agricultural policy; knowledge about the European domestic market; expectations of the domestic market and reasons for hopes or fears; general attitude to the domestic market and a European social policy; expected effects from the domestic market; attitude to a European Government and the European Parliament; general significance of the European Parliament in selected political areas; attitude to an increasing significance of this parliament; agreement with expanded transfer of authority to the EC in an economic and currency union as well as in a political unification; knowledge about the Maastricht conference, the treaty and contents; evaluation of the significance of the Maastricht Treaty for the EC; expected effects of the Maastricht Treaty for the EC, for one´s own country and personal life; agreement with admission of selected countries into the EC and positive or negative effects originating from this for the old member countries; willingness to pay increased taxes to support Eastern Europe; knowledge about the most powerful EC institution; attitude to an eligibility to vote for EC foreigners at local and EC level; attitude to admission of Southern European job-seekers, emigrants from Eastern Europe as well as political applicants for political asylum; judgment on the proportion of foreigners from non-EC countries in one´s country and an extension of their rights; perceived disturbance from presence of people of foreign nationality, race and religion.2. Problems of environmental protection: urgency of environmental protection; personal concern about selected environmental problems(scale); preference for economic growth or environmental protection; concern about the effects of selected economic areas on the environment; most important economic areas polluting the environment; classification of the extent of various types of environmental pollution in one´s residential surroundings (scale); concern about individual areas of environmental pollution in one´s country (scale); perceived seriousness of dangers to the environment and most important effects of these dangers; actual commitment and general readiness for active environmental protection (scale); assessment of the efficiency of local, regional, national, European as well as world-wide environmental protection institutions; need for information about environmental protection; most trustworthy sources of information; preferred topics for the environmental protection conference in Rio de Janeiro; interest in information on the year of ´civil defense´. Demography: self-classification on a left-right continuum; party allegiance; party preference (Sunday question); behavior at the polls in the last election; union membership; marital status; age at end of education; resumption of school training after an interruption and length of school training; length of further education; sex; age; size of household; number of children in household; possession of durable economic goods; occupational position; weekly number of working hours; supervisor status; employment in the civil service or private enterprise (company sector); person managing household; head of household; age of head of household at end of education; occupation of head of household; supervisor status of head of household; self-assessment of social class; residential status; degree of urbanization; religious denomination; frequency of church attendance; religiousness; monthly household income; city size; region. Also encoded was: date of interview; length of interview; presence of third persons during interview; willingness of respondent to cooperate. Indices: opinion leadership (cognitive mobility); postmaterialism; attitude to Europe; status in profession; party preference on European level; EC support; support for the EC domestic market; media usage. The following questions were posed only in Norway: highest school degree; further education and college attendance. The following additional questions were posed only in the new states: use of selected sources of information about the EC; perceived EC topics; most important sources of information about occurrences in the state, in the Federal Republic and in Europe; classification of credibility of selected sources of information; interest in further information about the EC; preference for brief or detailed information on political questions; assessment of the EC role in the achievement of equivalent standard of living between East and West Germany; knowledge about individual EC organs and their tasks; knowledge about EC member countries. The following questions were posed only in Portugal: knowledge and significance of the Portuguese EC presidency. The following questions were posed only in Ireland: agreement with Irish participation in a common European defense policy.

Europe IoT Security Market Size was valued at USD 4.31 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 22.55 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 23% from 2024 to 2031.

Increasing Cybersecurity Threats in IoT Ecosystems: The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) reports a 300% increase in IoT-related security incidents in European countries between 2020 and 2023. The growth of linked devices has generated unprecedented vulnerabilities, with an estimated 25 billion IoT devices predicted to be in operation by 2025, significantly increasing attackers' potential attack surface. According to the European Commission's Cybersecurity Report 2023, IoT devices are currently the principal entry point for 40% of all cyber-attacks in the European economy, necessitating significant investment in strong security solutions. Rapid Digital Transformation and Smart City: Smart city projects throughout Europe are fuelling unprecedented IoT security industry growth. According to the European Smart Cities Framework, 70% of European cities have implemented IoT-based urban management systems. According to the European Investment Bank, smart city IoT investments are expected to total 55 billion euros by 2026, with security being the primary issue. The European Commission's Digital Europe Programme has recognized IoT security as a key strategic priority, allocating 1.5 billion euros to support secure digital transformation across member states.

The European push buttons and signaling devices market, valued at approximately €[Estimate based on provided market size XX and assuming XX is in millions. For example, if XX was 1000, this would be €1000 million in 2025], is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.50% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, the increasing automation across various end-user industries like automotive, energy and power, and manufacturing fuels demand for reliable and efficient signaling devices. The automotive sector, in particular, is a significant contributor, driven by advancements in vehicle safety systems and the integration of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Secondly, growing investments in infrastructure development and smart city initiatives are further boosting market growth. The prevalence of sophisticated control systems in these environments necessitates a higher demand for durable and high-performance push buttons and signaling devices. Finally, technological advancements, including the introduction of more compact, energy-efficient, and user-friendly designs, are shaping market trends, leading to the adoption of newer product types like audible and visible signaling devices. However, certain restraining factors could potentially impact the market's trajectory. These include the high initial investment costs associated with implementing advanced signaling solutions and the potential for supply chain disruptions, particularly in light of global economic uncertainties. The market is segmented by product type (round/square, non-lighted push buttons, others), signaling type (audible, visible, others), and end-user industry (automotive, energy and power, manufacturing, food and beverage, transportation, others). Major players like ITW Switches, Siemens AG, ABB Ltd, and Schneider Electric hold significant market share, while regional variations in adoption rates are expected across the European Union, with Germany, the United Kingdom, and France likely to remain key markets due to their strong industrial bases and technological advancements. The forecast period suggests continued growth, driven by ongoing technological innovations and the consistent demand from major industrial sectors. Recent developments include: March 2021 - Northstar Capital, a middle-market private equity junior capital provider, announced its investment in Pelco Products Inc., a River Associates portfolio company. River closed the purchase due to Northstar's subordinated debt and equity co-investment.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing use of fire alarm management systems and safety systems, Signaling devices used to improve The European Railway Traffic Management System. Potential restraints include: Increasing use of fire alarm management systems and safety systems, Signaling devices used to improve The European Railway Traffic Management System. Notable trends are: Automotive Expected to Witness Significant Market Share.