Kyiv is the largest city of Ukraine, with approximately 2.95 million inhabitants as of January 1, 2022. Kharkiv had the second-largest population of around 1.42 million, followed by Odesa and Dnipro. Economic situation in Ukraine Ukraine has a population of around 42 million inhabitants - close to 70 percent of which live in urban areas, with almost three million living in Ukraine’s largest city and capital, Kyiv. The city is located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River and is one of the largest in Europe. The country’s second-largest city, Kharkiv, is about half of Kyiv's size and located in the northeast. Kharkiv was the first city to be occupied by the Soviet Union in 1917 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since the collapse, Ukraine has been largely divided between east and west. Many inhabitants speak Ukrainian to the west, whereas Russian is dominant in parts of the east and south. Like Kharkiv, many of Ukraine’s other biggest cities which have fewer than one million inhabitants are located to the east of the country – a region which has uprooted and displaced many of its inhabitants because of the military actions that started in 2014. In 2015, Ukrainians across the country were affected by a huge spike in inflation, which reached near 49 percent. In the following years, it marked a decrease, measuring below three percent in 2020. The country’s GDP has also been significantly impacted by the crisis, which has left approximately 1.5 million Ukrainians internally displaced since 2014, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The unemployment rate was above nine percent in 2020.

Population in largest city in Ukraine was reported at 3020228 in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Ukraine - Population in largest city - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on October of 2025.

Ukraine UA: Population in Largest City: as % of Urban Population data was reported at 9.499 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 9.425 % for 2016. Ukraine UA: Population in Largest City: as % of Urban Population data is updated yearly, averaging 7.403 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.499 % in 2017 and a record low of 5.826 % in 1960. Ukraine UA: Population in Largest City: as % of Urban Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ukraine – Table UA.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Population in largest city is the percentage of a country's urban population living in that country's largest metropolitan area.; ; United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects.; Weighted Average;

Population in the largest city (% of urban population) in Ukraine was reported at 11.35 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Ukraine - Population in the largest city - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

This release of Data of population in major Ukrainian cities presents year, city, and population data of named Ukrainain cities between 1950-2023. Ukraine has a rich history and here are some interesting times to look at the data.

1986: Chernobyl Disaster 1990: Ukraine Declares Sovereignty 1991: Ukraine Leaves Soviet Union 2004-2005: Orange Revolution (after a rigged presidential election) 2014: Crimean Crisis 2022 - present: Russian-Ukrainian war (some say it started all the way back in 2014)

I am a Ukrainian myself and would love more people to know of our rich history!

Glory to Ukraine :)

Ukraine UA: Population in Largest City data was reported at 2,986,974.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,965,625.000 Person for 2016. Ukraine UA: Population in Largest City data is updated yearly, averaging 2,557,524.500 Person from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,986,974.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 1,163,046.000 Person in 1960. Ukraine UA: Population in Largest City data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ukraine – Table UA.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Population in largest city is the urban population living in the country's largest metropolitan area.; ; United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects.; ;

As of April 1, 2022, the most significant number of Ukrainians was recorded in Rzeszów — about ** percent. The largest city in Poland, Warsaw, had ** percent of Ukrainians, as did Szczecin.

As of January 1, 2022, the number of people younger than 18 years in Ukraine was approximately *** million. The adult population aged 18 years and older amounted to **** million, representing around ** percent of the total inhabitants. Over ** million people, or ** percent of all residents, were aged 60 years and older. What is the population of Ukraine? Ukraine is the eighth-most populated country in Europe, ranking between Poland and Romania by the number of inhabitants. In 2023, an estimated ** million people resided in Ukraine, down approximately **** million from two years prior. The population size has decreased significantly during the Russian invasion, as millions of refugees fled to other countries. Demographics of Ukraine The number of women in Ukraine exceeded that of men by approximately ***** million as of January 1, 2022. At that point, the country’s male population stood at approximately ** million. Over the past two decades, it decreased by over ***** million. The majority, or ***** out of ten Ukrainian residents, lived in cities. Both the urban and rural population saw a decline in the past 20 years.

Abstract

The Ukraine Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme carried out in 2012 by the State Statistics Service in collaboration with the Ukrainian Institute for Social Reforms and StatInformConsulting. Financial and technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Swiss Cooperation Office in Ukraine (SDC) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The survey provides valuable information on the situation of children and women in Ukraine including the data required to meet the needs to monitor Ukraine’s progress towards goals and targets emanating from international commitments under the Millennium Declaration adopted by all the United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the Plan of Action of A World Fit for Children, adopted by Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. A key feature of MICS 2012 in Ukraine was the introduction of separate questions and modules from the Demographic and Household Survey (DHS) program into standard MICS questionnaires for, women and men.

The sample size of 12,459 households and overall response rates of over 90% for households, women, men and children under five years of age (mothers/caretakers were interviewed) ensured representative data for the national level, and the strata of urban (including subdivision in large cities/small towns) and rural areas, as well as five regions (North, West, Centre, East and South). A probabilistic, stratified, two-stage cluster sample design was developed for the survey.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• individuals
• households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all children under 5 living in the household, and all men aged 15-49 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the Ukraine Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2012) was designed to provide reliable estimates of core survey indicators for the study domains: Ukraine as a whole, urban and rural areas at the national level, and five geographical regions: North, Centre, East, South and West.

A probabilistic, stratified, two-stage cluster sample design was developed for the survey. The stratification was based on geographical regions, and within regions - on three types of settlements: large cities, towns and rural areas. Firstly, selection of primary sampling units (hereinafter referred to as the PSUs) was performed within each stratum. A full listing of households was conducted in all selected PSUs, and then the households were selected for the survey at the second sampling stage.

The MICS 2012 sample represents all non-institutional households of Ukraine and their inhabitants, excluding households and individuals living in the Chernobyl-affected areas of the first and second radioactive contamination levels.

The MICS 2012 total sample size (number of household s to be selected) was 12,480 households. The actual total sample size for MICS 2012 is 12,459 households instead of the 12,480 envisaged households. The key indicator "Percentage of children under two who were breastfed within one hour of birth" was used for calculating the sample size. The expected level of this indicator is 35.9% (estimated on the basis of the MICS3 results). The percentage of children under two in Ukraine is about 2% of the population (estimated by the demographic statistics data and the results of the national household surveys).

The stratification of the sampling frame was calculated by dividing every geographical region into large cities (with a population of 100,000 and more), towns (with a population of less than 100,000) and rural areas. This led to the formation of 15 strata.

At the first stage 480 PSUs were selected with probability proportional to the PSU size (PPS). On the basis of the information from the listing forms, a set of households in each PSU was stratified at the second sampling stage by those with children under 5 years as of October 01, 2012, and those without such children. Altogether, 960 secondary strata were formed (that is, two secondary strata within each sample PSU).

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012 - Final Report" pp.250-254.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS4 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includes Household Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Salt Iodization.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49, children under age five and men age 15-49. For children, the questionnaire was administered to the mother or primary caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire includes Woman's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Child Mortality, Pregnancy History, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Post-Natal Health Checks, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Marriage / Union, Unmet Need for Contraception, Attitudes toward Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, Life Satisfaction.

The children's questionnaire includes Child's Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, Immunization.

The men's questionnaire includes Man's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Child Mortality, Contraception, Attitudes toward Domestic Violence, Marriage / Union, Fertility Preferences, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Life Satisfaction.

The questionnaires were developed in English from the MICS4 Model Questionnaires, and were translated into Ukrainian and Russian languages. Similarly, instructions for interviewers and guidelines for completing and editing questionnaires were translated into Ukrainian.

Upon recommendations of the United States Agency for International Development and taking into account the need to collect additional information on household living conditions and on the situation of children, women and men in Ukraine, standard questionnaires were supplemented with modules and individual questions from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) mostly related to reproductive health and sexual behaviour. A 13-day pre-test training for supervisors on August 1–13, 2012 was combined with the pre-test exercise. The questionnaires were pretested in August 2012 in the city of Kyiv and in several rural communities of Kyiv oblast. Based on the results of pretest, modifications were made to the wording of some questions, and to questionnaire format.

In addition to administration of questionnaires, field teams tested the salt used for cooking in the households for iodine content; and visited child health facilities to obtain information about immunization of children under five, if the immunization card was not available in the household.

Cleaning operations

The data was entered using CSPro software. The data was entered on 14 computers by 24 data entry operators and 3 supervisors working in two shifts. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double-entered, and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS4 programme adapted to the Ukraine questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began almost simultaneously with data collection at the beginning of October 2012. Data entry was completed on January 14, 2013, while editing of the primary database was completed in February 2013. In parallel with the data entry process, MICS team proceeded with adaptation and finalisation of MICS syntax for DHS modules, included in survey questionnaires. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and the model syntax and tabulation plans, adapted to Ukraine questionnaires were used for this purpose.

MICS tabulations were finalised in March 2013. In April 2013, preliminary findings of the survey analysis were submitted to the experts of academic, non-governmental and international organisations for their critical review.

Response rate

Of the 12,459 sampled households, 11,871 households were occupied. Of these, 11,321 were successfully interviewed yielding a household response rate of 95.4 percent.

In the interviewed households, 8,239 women (aged 15–49 years) were identified as eligible. Of these, 8,006 were successfully interviewed yielding a response rate of 97.2% within interviewed households.

3,829 men (aged 15–49 years) were identified in the households selected for the men’s questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 3,620 of eligible men, which corresponds to a response rate of 94.5% within interviewed households.

There were 4,402 children under the age of 5 identified in the interviewed households. Questionnaires were completed for 4,379 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 99.5% within interviewed households.

Overall response rates of 92.7% and 90.2% are calculated for the interviews of women and men aged 15–49,

The contemporary globalized world characterizes the rapid population growth, its significant concentration in cities, and an increase in the urban population. Currently, many socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and other challenges are arising in modern cities, negatively affecting the state of the urban environment, health, and quality of life. There is a need to study these problems in order to solve them. Urban Green Areas (UGAs) are a part of the social space and a vital part of the urban landscape. They act as an environmental framework of the territory and a factor ensuring a more comfortable environment of human life. This study aims at substantiating the importance of the UGAs, identifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of their functioning, and transforming changes in their infrastructure given the expansion of their functions. This research was carried out as a case study of the second city in Ukraine, Kharkiv. The authors developed and used an original integrated approach using urban remote sensing (URS) and GIS for changes detection to evaluate the current state and monitor spatial transformations of the UGAs. We used several GIS platforms and online resources to overcome the lack of digital cadastre of the thematic municipal area of Kharkiv. This resulted in the present original study. The study analyses the dynamics of the spatial and functional organization of the UGAs according to the Master Plans, plans, maps, and functional zoning of the city for the period from 1867 to 2019. The peripheral green areas became important after the large-scale development of the extensive residential areas during the rapid industrial development in remote districts of the city. They provide opportunities for population recreation near living places. Central UGAs are modern, comprehensively developed clusters with multidisciplinary infrastructure, while the peripheral UGAs are currently being developed. The use of URS/GIS tools in the analysis of the satellite images covering 2000–2020 allowed identifying the factors of the UGAs losses in Kharkiv and finding that UGAs were not expanding and partially shrinking during the study period. It is caused by the intensive construction of the residential neighborhoods, primarily peripheral areas, infrastructure development, and expansion of the city transport network. Nonetheless, some sustainable trends of UGA functioning without more or less significant decrease could be proved as existing in a long-term perspective. The authors analyzed and evaluated changes and expansion of the UGAs functions according to modern social demand. The research value of this is the usage of different approaches, scientific sources, URS/GIS tools to determine the UGAs transformation in the second-largest city in Ukraine (Kharkiv), to expand and update the main functions of UGAs and their role in the population’s recreation. The obtained scientific results can be used to update the following strategies, programs, and development plans of Kharkiv.

UA：最大城市人口：占城镇人口百分比在12-01-2017达9.499%，相较于12-01-2016的9.425%有所增长。UA：最大城市人口：占城镇人口百分比数据按年更新，12-01-1960至12-01-2017期间平均值为7.403%，共58份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2017，达9.499%，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-1960，为5.826%。CEIC提供的UA：最大城市人口：占城镇人口百分比数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于World Bank，数据归类于Global Database的乌克兰 – 表 UA.世界银行：人口和城市化进程统计。

All the data for this dataset is provided from CARMA: Data from CARMA (www.carma.org) This dataset provides information about Power Plant emissions in Ukraine. Power Plant emissions from all power plants in Ukraine were obtained by CARMA for the past (2000 Annual Report), the present (2007 data), and the future. CARMA determine data presented for the future to reflect planned plant construction, expansion, and retirement. The dataset provides the name, company, parent company, city, state, zip, county, metro area, lat/lon, and plant id for each individual power plant. The dataset reports for the three time periods: Intensity: Pounds of CO2 emitted per megawatt-hour of electricity produced. Energy: Annual megawatt-hours of electricity produced. Carbon: Annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The units are short or U.S. tons. Multiply by 0.907 to get metric tons. Carbon Monitoring for Action (CARMA) is a massive database containing information on the carbon emissions of over 50,000 power plants and 4,000 power companies worldwide. Power generation accounts for 40% of all carbon emissions in the United States and about one-quarter of global emissions. CARMA is the first global inventory of a major, sector of the economy. The objective of CARMA.org is to equip individuals with the information they need to forge a cleaner, low-carbon future. By providing complete information for both clean and dirty power producers, CARMA hopes to influence the opinions and decisions of consumers, investors, shareholders, managers, workers, activists, and policymakers. CARMA builds on experience with public information disclosure techniques that have proven successful in reducing traditional pollutants. Please see carma.org for more information

Abstract

The Household Living Conditions Survey has been carried out annually since 1999 by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (formerly the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine). The survey is based on generally accepted international standards and depicts social and demographic situation in Ukraine.

From 2002, items of consumer money and aggregate expenditures have been developed in line with the International Classification of Individual Consumption of Goods and Services (COICOP-HBS), recommended by Eurostat.

From 2004, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine has been implementing a new system of household sample survey organization and delivery. A unified interviewer network was established to run simultaneously three household surveys: Household Living Conditions Survey, households' economic activity survey and the survey of household farming in rural areas. A new national territorial probability sampling was introduced to deliver the three sampling surveys in 2004-2008.

Geographic coverage

National, except some settlements within the territories suffered from the Chernobyl disaster.

Analysis unit

• Households,
• Individuals.

A household is a totality of persons who jointly live in the same residential facilities of part of those, satisfy all their essential needs, jointly keep the house, pool and spend all their money or portion of it. These persons may be relatives by blood, relatives by law or both, or have no kinship relations. A household may consist of one person (Law of Ukraine "On Ukraine National Census of Population," Article 1). As only 0.50% households have members with no kinship relations (0.65% total households if bachelors are excluded), the contemporary concepts "household" and "family" are very close.

Universe

Whole country, all private households. The survey does not cover collective households, foreigners temporarily living in Ukraine as well as the homeless.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

12,977 households representing all regions of Ukraine (including 8,975 in urban areas and 4,002 in rural areas) are selected for this survey. Grossing up sample survey results to all households of Ukraine is done by the statistic weighting method.

Building a territorial sample, researchers excluded settlements located in the excluded zone (Zone 1) and unconditional (forced) resettlement zone (Zone 2) within the territories suffered from the Chernobyl disaster.

Computing the number of population subject to surveying, from the number of resident population researchers excluded institutional population - army conscripts, persons in places of confinement, residents of boarding schools and nursing homes, - and marginal population (homeless, etc).

The parent population was stratified so that the sample could adequately represent basic specifics of the administrative and territorial division and ensure more homogeneous household populations. To achieve this objective, the parent population was divided into strata against the regions of Ukraine. In each stratum three smaller substrata were formed: urban settlements (city councils) having 100,000 or more inhabitants (big cities), urban settlements (city councils) having less than 100,000 inhabitants (small towns) and all districts (except city districts), i.e. administrative districts in rural areas. Sample size was distributed among strata and substrata in proportion to their non-institutional resident population.

Detailed information about selecting primary territorial units of sampling (PTUS) and households is available in the document "Household Living Conditions Survey Methodological Comments" (p. 4-7).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The HLCS uses the following survey tools:

1) Main interviews

Main interview questionnaires collect general data on households, such as household composition, housing facilities, availability and use of land plots, cattle and poultry, characteristics of household members: anthropometric data, education, employment status. Interviewing of households takes place at the survey commencement stage. In addition, while interviewing, the interviewer completes a household composition check card to trace any changes during the entire survey period.

2) Observation of household expenditures and incomes

For the observation, two tools are used: - Weekly diary of current expenditures. It is completed directly by a household twice a quarter. In the diary respondents (households) record all daily expenditures in details (e.g. for purchased foodstuffs - product description, its weight and value, and place of purchase). In addition, a household puts into the diary information on consumption of products produced in private subsidiary farming or received as a gift.

Households are evenly distributed among rotation groups, who complete diaries in different week days of every quarter. Assuming that the two weeks data are intrinsic for the entire quarter, the single time period of data processing (quarter) is formed by means of multiplying diary data by ratio 6.5 (number of weeks in a quarter divided on the number of weeks when diary records were made). Inclusion of foodstuffs for long-time consumption is done based on quarterly interview data.

• Quarterly questionnaire. It is used to interview households in the first month following the reporting quarter. Researchers collect data on large and irregular expenditures, in particular those relating to the purchase of foodstuffs for long-time consumption (e.g. sacks, etc.), and also data on household incomes. Since recalling all incomes and expenditures made in a quarter is uneasy, households make records during a quarter in a special quarterly expenditures log.

The major areas for quarterly observation are the following: - structure of consumer financial expenditures for goods and services; - structure of other expenditures (material aid to other households, expenditures for private subsidiary farming, purchase of real estate, construction and major repair of housing facilities and outbuildings, accumulating savings, etc); - importance of private subsidiary farming for household welfare level (receipt and use of products from private subsidiary farming for own consumption, financial income from sales of such products, etc.); - structure of income and other financial sources of a household. We separately study the income of every individual household member (remuneration of labor, pension, scholarship, welfare, etc.) and the income in form payments to a household as a whole (subsidies for children, aid of relatives and other persons, income from - sales of real estate and property, housing and utility subsidies, use of savings, etc.).

3) Single-time topical interviews

Single-time topical interviews questionnaires are used quarterly and cover the following topics: - household expenditures for construction and repair of housing facilities and outbuilding - availability of durable goods in a household - assessment by households members of own health and accessibility of selected medical services - self-assessment by a household of adequacy of its income - household's access to Internet

Russia is the largest country in Europe, and also the largest in the world, its total size amounting to 17 million square kilometers (km2). It should be noted, however, that over three quarters of Russia is located in Asia, and the Ural mountains are often viewed as the meeting point of the two continents in Russia; nonetheless, European Russia is still significantly larger than any other European country. Ukraine, the second largest country on the continent, is only 603,000 km2, making it about 28 times smaller than its eastern neighbor, or seven times smaller than the European part of Russia. France is the third largest country in Europe, but the largest in the European Union. The Vatican City, often referred to as the Holy Sea, is both the smallest country in Europe and in the world, at just one km2. Population Russia is also the most populous country in Europe. It has around 144 million inhabitants across the country; in this case, around three quarters of the population live in the European part, which still gives it the largest population in Europe. Despite having the largest population, Russia is a very sparsely populated country due to its size and the harsh winters. Germany is the second most populous country in Europe, with 83 million inhabitants, while the Vatican has the smallest population. Worldwide, India and China are the most populous countries, with approximately 1.4 billion inhabitants each. Cities Moscow in Russia is ranked as the most populous city in Europe with around 13 million inhabitants, although figures vary, due to differences in the methodologies used by countries and sources. Some statistics include Istanbul in Turkey* as the largest city in Europe with its 15 million inhabitants, bit it has been excluded here as most of the country and parts of the city is located in Asia. Worldwide, Tokyo is the most populous city, with Jakarta the second largest and Delhi the third.

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at ***** million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at **** million, Germany at **** million, the United Kingdom at **** million, and France at **** million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of ****** and ****** respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around *** trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at *** trillion and *** trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over 2,000 years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of ** million, with London being the fourth largest at *** million.

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• Adjusted for all other factors in table.Factors associated with repeat testing among persons attending for an HIV test April 2013– March 2014 in Kiev City, Ukraine.

Over the course of the Second World War, approximately 44.5 percent of the Soviet population and 8.7 of Soviet territory was occupied by the Axis forces at some point. Despite being allied in the war's early stages, with both countries invading Poland in 1939 via the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Germany would launch Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the USSR, in 1941, which would become the largest military invasion in history. Movement of the Eastern Front The surprise invasion began on June 22, and Axis forces caught the Soviets off-guard, quickly pushing their way eastward along a frontline that stretched from the Baltic to Black seas. The length of the front-line allowed Axis forces to execute pincer movements around cities and strongholds, which cut off large numbers of Soviet soldiers from their supply lines, as well as preventing reinforcements; in this process millions of Soviet troops were taken as prisoner. Within three weeks, the Germans had taken much of present-day Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic states, before taking Moldova and Ukraine in September, and pushing into western Russia between September and December. The front lines had reached the outskirts of Moscow by November, before exhaustion and cold weather helped Soviet forces hold the line and stall the German offensive. The Red Army was then able to regroup and turning the Germans' own tactics against them, using two-pronged attacks to encircle large numbers of troops, although harsh weather made this stage of the conflict much slower.

The lines remained fairly static until mid-1942, when the Germans focused their offensive on the south, concentrating on the Caucasian oil fields and the Volga River. By November 1942, Axis forces had pushed into these regions, establishing what would ultimately be the largest amount of occupied Soviet territory during the war. Once again, winter halted the Axis advance, and allowed the Red Army to regroup. Learning from the previous year, the Axis command strengthened their forces near Moscow in anticipation of the Soviet counter-offensive, but were caught off-guard by a second counter-offensive in the south, most famously at Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad would come to epitomize the extreme loss, destruction, and brutality of war on the eastern front, with conflict continuing in the city months after the rest of the Axis forces had been pushed west. As 1943 progressed, the Red Army gained momentum by targeting inferiorly-trained and equipped non-German regiments. The spring then became something of a balancing act for the Axis powers, as the Soviets consistently attacked weak points, and German regiments were transferred to reinforce these areas. In the summer of 1943, the front line was static once more, however the momentum was with the Soviets, who were able to capitalize on victories such as Kursk and gradually force the Axis powers back. By 1944, the Red Army had re-captured much of Ukraine, and had re-taken the south by the summer. When the Western Allies arrived in France in June, the Soviets were already pushing through Ukraine and Belarus, towards Berlin. In August 1944, the last Axis forces were pushed out of Soviet territory, and Soviet forces continued their push towards the German capital, which fell in May 1945. Soviet death toll In addition to the near-five million Soviet troops who died during Operation Barbarossa, millions of civilians died through starvation, areal bombardment, forced labor, and systematic murder campaigns. Due to the nature and severity of Soviet losses, total figures are difficult to estimate; totals of 15-20 million civilians and 7-9 million military deaths are most common. Further estimates suggest that the disruption to fertility, in addition to the high death toll, meant that the USSR's population in 1946 was 40 million lower than it would have been had there been no war.

Worldwide, the male population is slightly higher than the female population, although this varies by country. As of 2024, Hong Kong has the highest share of women worldwide with almost ** percent. Moldova followed behind with around ** percent. Among the countries with the largest share of women in the total population, several were former Soviet states or were located in Eastern Europe. By contrast, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman had some of the highest proportions of men in their populations.