Russia is the largest country in Europe, and also the largest in the world, its total size amounting to 17 million square kilometers (km2). It should be noted, however, that over three quarters of Russia is located in Asia, and the Ural mountains are often viewed as the meeting point of the two continents in Russia; nonetheless, European Russia is still significantly larger than any other European country. Ukraine, the second largest country on the continent, is only 603,000 km2, making it about 28 times smaller than its eastern neighbor, or seven times smaller than the European part of Russia. France is the third largest country in Europe, but the largest in the European Union. The Vatican City, often referred to as the Holy Sea, is both the smallest country in Europe and in the world, at just one km2. Population Russia is also the most populous country in Europe. It has around 144 million inhabitants across the country; in this case, around three quarters of the population live in the European part, which still gives it the largest population in Europe. Despite having the largest population, Russia is a very sparsely populated country due to its size and the harsh winters. Germany is the second most populous country in Europe, with 83 million inhabitants, while the Vatican has the smallest population. Worldwide, India and China are the most populous countries, with approximately 1.4 billion inhabitants each. Cities Moscow in Russia is ranked as the most populous city in Europe with around 13 million inhabitants, although figures vary, due to differences in the methodologies used by countries and sources. Some statistics include Istanbul in Turkey* as the largest city in Europe with its 15 million inhabitants, bit it has been excluded here as most of the country and parts of the city is located in Asia. Worldwide, Tokyo is the most populous city, with Jakarta the second largest and Delhi the third.

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at ***** million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at **** million, Germany at **** million, the United Kingdom at **** million, and France at **** million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of ****** and ****** respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around *** trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at *** trillion and *** trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over 2,000 years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of ** million, with London being the fourth largest at *** million.

In 2025, Moscow was the largest city in Europe with an estimated urban agglomeration of 12.74 million people. The French capital, Paris, was the second largest city in 2025 at 11.35 million, followed by the capitals of the United Kingdom and Spain, with London at 9.84 million and Madrid at 6.81 million people. Istanbul, which would otherwise be the largest city in Europe in 2025, is excluded as it is only partially in Europe, with a sizeable part of its population living in Asia. Europe’s population is almost 750 million Since 1950, the population of Europe has increased by approximately 200 million people, increasing from 550 million to 750 million in these seventy years. Before the turn of the millennium, Europe was the second-most populated continent, before it was overtaken by Africa, which saw its population increase from 228 million in 1950 to 817 million by 2000. Asia has consistently had the largest population of the world’s continents and was estimated to have a population of 4.6 billion. Europe’s largest countries Including its territory in Asia, Russia is by far the largest country in the world, with a territory of around 17 million square kilometers, almost double that of the next largest country, Canada. Within Europe, Russia also has the continent's largest population at 145 million, followed by Germany at 83 million and the United Kingdom at almost 68 million. By contrast, Europe is also home to various micro-states such as San Marino, which has a population of just 30 thousand.

This dataset provides values for GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Russia is the largest country in the world by far, with a total area of just over 17 million square kilometers. After Antarctica, the next three countries are Canada, the U.S., and China; all between 9.5 and 10 million square kilometers. The figures given include internal water surface area (such as lakes or rivers) - if the figures were for land surface only then China would be the second largest country in the world, the U.S. third, and Canada (the country with more lakes than the rest of the world combined) fourth. Russia Russia has a population of around 145 million people, putting it in the top ten most populous countries in the world, and making it the most populous in Europe. However, it's vast size gives it a very low population density, ranked among the bottom 20 countries. Most of Russia's population is concentrated in the west, with around 75 percent of the population living in the European part, while around 75 percent of Russia's territory is in Asia; the Ural Mountains are considered the continental border. Elsewhere in the world Beyond Russia, the world's largest countries all have distinctive topographies and climates setting them apart. The United States, for example, has climates ranging from tundra in Alaska to tropical forests in Florida, with various mountain ranges, deserts, plains, and forests in between. Populations in these countries are often concentrated in urban areas, and are not evenly distributed across the country. For example, around 85 percent of Canada's population lives within 100 miles of the U.S. border; around 95 percent of China lives east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line that splits the country; and the majority of populations in large countries such as Australia or Brazil live near the coast.

The population of Europe was estimated to be 745 million in 2024, an increase of around 4 million when compared with 2012. Over 35 years between 1950 and 1985, the population of Europe grew by approximately 157.8 million. But 35 years after 1985 it was estimated to have only increased by around 38.7 million. Since the 1960s, population growth in Europe has fallen quite significantly and was even negative during the mid-1990s. While population growth has increased slightly since the low of -0.07 percent in 1998, the growth rate for 2020 was just 0.04 percent. Which European country has the biggest population? As of 2024, the population of Russia was estimated to be approximately 144.8 million and was by far Europe's largest country in terms of population, with Turkey being the second-largest at over 87 million. While these two countries both have territory in Europe, however, they are both only partially in Europe, with the majority of their landmasses being in Asia. In terms of countries wholly located on the European continent, Germany had the highest population at 84.5 million, and was followed by the United Kingdom and France at 69.1 million and 66.5 million respectively. Characteristics of Europe's population There are approximately 384.6 million females in Europe, compared with 359.5 million males, a difference of around 25 million. In 1950, however, the male population has grown faster than the female one, with the male population growing by 104.7 million, and the female one by 93.6 million. As of 2024, the single year of age with the highest population was 37, at 10.6 million, while in the same year there were estimated to be around 136 thousand people aged 100 or over.

With a Gross Domestic Product of over 4.18 trillion Euros, the German economy was by far the largest in Europe in 2023. The similarly sized economies of the United Kingdom and France were the second and third largest economies in Europe during this year, followed by Italy and Spain. The smallest economy in this statistic is that of the small Balkan nation of Montenegro, which had a GDP of 5.7 billion Euros. In this year, the combined GDP of the 27 member states that compose the European Union amounted to approximately 17.1 trillion Euros. The big five Germany’s economy has consistently had the largest economy in Europe since 1980, even before the reunification of West and East Germany. The United Kingdom, by contrast, has had mixed fortunes during the same period and had a smaller economy than Italy in the late 1980s. The UK also suffered more than the other major economies during the recession of the late 2000s, meaning the French economy was the second largest on the continent for some time afterward. The Spanish economy was continually the fifth-largest in Europe in this 38-year period, and from 2004 onwards, has been worth more than one trillion Euros. The smallest GDP, the highest economic growth in Europe Despite having the smallerst GDP of Europe, Montenegro emerged as the fastest growing economy in the continent, achieving an impressive annual growth rate of 4.5 percent, surpassing Turkey's growth rate of 4 percent. Overall,this Balkan nation has shown a remarkable economic recovery since the 2010 financial crisis, with its GDP projected to grow by 28.71 percent between 2024 and 2029. Contributing to this positive trend are successful tourism seasons in recent years, along with increased private consumption and rising imports. Europe's economic stagnation Malta, Albania, Iceland, and Croatia were among the countries reporting some of the highest growth rates this year. However, Europe's overall performance reflected a general slowdown in growth compared to the trend seen in 2021, during the post-pandemic recovery. Estonia experienced the sharpest negative growth in 2023, with its economy shrinking by 2.3% compared to 2022, primarily due to the negative impact of sanctions placed on its large neighbor, Russia. Other nations, including Sweden, Germany, and Finland, also recorded slight negative growth.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Russia accounted for 18.19 percent of the value of natural gas imports into the European Union (EU) from non-EU countries in the first quarter of 2025. The share was higher than in the corresponding period of the previous year, but significantly lower than in 2021. The decrease was due to the Western sanctions on Russia over its invasion of Ukraine and the reduction of gas supplies by Gazprom to Europe. Which EU countries import gas from Russia? In 2023, the EU imported 27 billion cubic meters of natural gas via pipelines from Russia, compared to 140 billion cubic meters in 2021. Among the EU countries, Germany was by far the largest importer of natural gas from Russia. Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries such as Poland, Czechia, and Hungary also ranked in the top 10 before the war in Ukraine given their high dependence on Russian gas. After the onset of the war in 2022, Turkey and China emerged as some of the largest buyers of Russian pipeline gas. The future of natural gas in a climate-neutral Europe Gas continues to be the second-most important primary energy source in the EU, after petroleum-based products. However, to stay within the Paris Agreement’s target of 1.5 degrees Celsius, the EU is actively looking for ways to accelerate the transition to more renewable sources of energy, including the adoption of the European Green Deal and the Commission’s "Fit for 55" proposal and RePowerEU plan. Under these sustainable scenarios, the European gas demand is estimated to fall from 617 billion cubic meters in 2018 to 380 billion cubic meters in 2040.

This dataset provides values for INFLATION RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

In 2024, digital advertising spending in Europe amounted to 118.9 billion euros, up by 16 percent compared to the value of 102.5 billion recorded a year earlier. These figures do not include Russia and Belarus. The 2021 market size including the two Eastern European countries stood at 92 billion euros. Digital is the common thread running through Europe’s advertising patchwork Europe’s advertising industry is as diverse and multi-faceted as the people it aims to address. But despite vast regional differences regarding technological advances and consumer preferences, there has been a visible trend toward digital advertising activities in recent years. Based on the latest available data, digital accounted for 67 percent of Europe’s total ad spend in 2024, and this share is set to expand even further in the future. Zooming in on Western Europe, one can see that the internet has drawn particularly large chunks of advertising investments recently. The UK sets the tone for digital advertising in Europe The United Kingdom is the largest digital ad market in Europe. In 2024, digital ad expenditure in the UK reached an all-time high of 35.5 billion British pounds, up from 7.5 billion only a decade earlier. Not only that, but this figure also surpassed spending recorded in the four next largest European ad markets collectively. The UK has also been at the forefront of another distinctive trend, namely the shift towards mobile. Reports have indicated that the share of mobile in European digital ad spend currently stands at an estimated 49 percent, whereas investments in mobile ad campaigns already hit the 80-percent mark in the UK in 2024.

Fuel wholesalers have come up against hugely volatile markets in recent years. The COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent travel restrictions and lockdowns led to a standstill in global transport activity, driving a sharp drop in fuel prices and sales in 2020. Air passenger numbers tanked by 73% in the EU in 2020, according to the European Commission, driving a sharp drop off in demand for jet fuel. OPEC+ manipulates world crude oil prices by adjusting production quotas and collaborating with other producers. OPEC+ worked to cut production in early 2021 to raise prices back to their pre-pandemic level, which gave fuel wholesalers a big boost. Then, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine led to a string of sanctions being placed on Russia by the EU and other Western nations, including the UK. Bans on Russian fuel exports drove prices and wholesalers’ revenue through the roof. For example, according to vehicle insurer RAC, the average price of unleaded in the UK shot up by 23.8% between 2021 and 2022. Over the five years through 2024, fuel wholesalers’ revenue is forecast to fall at a compound annual rate of 3.8% to reach €1.1 trillion, including an expected 5.8% tumble in 2024 as supply cuts push prices up. Rising levels of environmental awareness will encourage fuel wholesalers to stock a growing range of low-carbon fuel options like biofuels and hydrogen (when they become more financially viable) in the future. In many European countries, the push to decarbonise transport is accelerating, with electric vehicles gaining ground on petrol vehicles, having already surpassed the market share of diesel vehicles in terms of new car registrations. The long-term fall in investment in oil and gas will also push up prices. Over the five years through 2029, revenue is anticipated to fall at a compound annual rate of 1.3% to reach €1.2 trillion.

In 2023, China imported more oil and its products than any other region across the globe, at roughly 13.7 million barrels per day. Europe followed closely as the second-largest importer, with 12.8 million daily barrels. Chinese demand on the rise China has become the second largest oil consumer in the world, ranking only behind the U.S. However, while the latter saw its oil production more than double in the past decade, oil production in China has remained more or less stable in the period, with an average output of four million barrels per day. In contrast, China's oil consumption has about tripled since the beginning of the century, with demand registering a year-over-year growth of almost two percent in 2020, despite the coronavirus pandemic. Oil movement between Europe and Russia The European Economic Area, as well as Eastern European countries, also account for a high level of imports, as Russia is a major producer and exporter of oil, home to the largest proved oil reserves in Europe and Eurasia. Outside of Russia and former Soviet Union (FSU) countries, Norway and the United Kingdom are the only two European nations with significant oil production, yet still only a fraction of Russia’s. Nevertheless, the share of petroleum oil imported to the European Union from Russia has slowly declined in the past decade, to just below 2.8 percent in the first quater of 2024.

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The 3D computer-aided design (CAD) market in Eastern Europe has the potential to grow by USD 209.62 million during 2021-2025, and the market’s growth momentum will accelerate at a CAGR of 5.90%.

This 3D computer-aided design market research report of Eastern Europe provides valuable insights on the post COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. Furthermore, this report extensively covers market segmentation by end-user (automotive, industrial machinery, aerospace and defense, and others) and geography (Russian Federation, Turkey, Poland, Greece, and rest of Eastern Europe). The 3D computer-aided design market report of Eastern Europe also offers information on several market vendors, including 3D Systems Corp., ANSYS Inc., Autodesk Inc, CAXA Technology Co. Ltd., Constellation Software Inc., Dassault Systemes SE, IronCAD LLC, PTC Inc., Siemens AG, and ZWSOFT Co. Ltd. among others.

What will the 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Market Size in Eastern Europe be in 2021?

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3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Market in Eastern Europe: Key Drivers and Trends

The growing adoption of 3D CAD in the civil and construction industry is notably driving the 3D computer-aided design market growth in Eastern Europe, although factors such as challenges from open-source platforms may impede market growth. To unlock information on the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the 3D computer-aided design industry in Eastern Europe get your FREE report sample now.

      The growing adoption of 3D CAD in the civil and construction industry will fuel the growth of the 3D computer-aided design market size in Eastern Europe.
      Maintenance and restoration operations, along with a shift to sustainable building development and retrofitting practices, are driving the growth of the construction market in Eastern European countries. 
      With the rising demand for construction, the demand for CAD software worldwide will increase.
      3D CAD software solutions standardize the construction process by enabling the simplified and streamlined management of labor, site events, data capture, information, and material costs.
      With the deployment of this software, engineers and architects will witness a rise in the profitability and efficiency of their projects.
      Complex structures, frames, forms, and fabrication details of materials have been made easier by the array of 3D models that can be made by the 3D CAD software. 




      The growing role of 3D CAD in packaging machineries will drive the 3D computer-aided design market in Eastern Europe.
      The rise in demand for food, healthcare, and personal and household care products and the proliferation of renowned retail product manufacturers in both Eastern Europe are projected to have a positive impact on the packaging market in the region during the forecast period.
      A major driver for the packaging machinery market in Eastern Europe is the increase in the demand for smart packaging. 
      The growing demand for smart packaging is due to the increased concern over the wastage of food since smart packaging significantly reduces the loss and wastage of food compared with traditional packaging.
      Companies such as Dassault Systèmes SE (Dassault Systèmes) are providing 3D CAD software (SOLIDWORKS) that enables engineers to design machinery and conveying and filling processes. 

This 3D computer-aided design market analysis report of Eastern Europe also provides detailed information on other upcoming trends and challenges that will have a far-reaching effect on the market growth. Get detailed insights on the trends and challenges, which will help companies evaluate and develop growth strategies.

Who are the Major 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Market Vendors in Eastern Europe?

The report analyzes the market’s competitive landscape and offers information on several market vendors, including:

3D Systems Corp.
ANSYS Inc.
Autodesk Inc
CAXA Technology Co. Ltd.
Constellation Software Inc.
Dassault Systemes SE
IronCAD LLC
PTC Inc.
Siemens AG
ZWSOFT Co. Ltd.

The 3D CAD market in Eastern Europe is fragmented and the vendors are deploying growth strategies such as entering into strategic alliances with technology providers to compete in the market. Click here to uncover other successful business strategies deployed by the vendors.

To make the most of the opportunities and recover from post COVID-19 impact, market vendors should focus more on the growth prospects in the fast-growing segments, while maintaining their positions in the slow-growing segments.

Download a free sample of the 3D computer-aided design market forecast report of Easte

The number of people with Russian citizenship living in European countries as of January 1, 2023, was by far the highest in Germany. The country's population includes around 260,000 Russian citizens. That was more than double the number of Russian citizens living in Spain. To compare, over 35,400 Russian nationals resided in Czechia.

A data set of cross-nationally comparable microdata samples for 15 Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) countries (Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, USA) based on the 1990 national population and housing censuses in countries of Europe and North America to study the social and economic conditions of older persons. These samples have been designed to allow research on a wide range of issues related to aging, as well as on other social phenomena. A common set of nomenclatures and classifications, derived on the basis of a study of census data comparability in Europe and North America, was adopted as a standard for recoding. This series was formerly called Dynamics of Population Aging in ECE Countries. The recommendations regarding the design and size of the samples drawn from the 1990 round of censuses envisaged: (1) drawing individual-based samples of about one million persons; (2) progressive oversampling with age in order to ensure sufficient representation of various categories of older people; and (3) retaining information on all persons co-residing in the sampled individual''''s dwelling unit. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania provided the entire population over age 50, while Finland sampled it with progressive over-sampling. Canada, Italy, Russia, Turkey, UK, and the US provided samples that had not been drawn specially for this project, and cover the entire population without over-sampling. Given its wide user base, the US 1990 PUMS was not recoded. Instead, PAU offers mapping modules, which recode the PUMS variables into the project''''s classifications, nomenclatures, and coding schemes. Because of the high sampling density, these data cover various small groups of older people; contain as much geographic detail as possible under each country''''s confidentiality requirements; include more extensive information on housing conditions than many other data sources; and provide information for a number of countries whose data were not accessible until recently. Data Availability: Eight of the fifteen participating countries have signed the standard data release agreement making their data available through NACDA/ICPSR (see links below). Hungary and Switzerland require a clearance to be obtained from their national statistical offices for the use of microdata, however the documents signed between the PAU and these countries include clauses stipulating that, in general, all scholars interested in social research will be granted access. Russia requested that certain provisions for archiving the microdata samples be removed from its data release arrangement. The PAU has an agreement with several British scholars to facilitate access to the 1991 UK data through collaborative arrangements. Statistics Canada and the Italian Institute of statistics (ISTAT) provide access to data from Canada and Italy, respectively. * Dates of Study: 1989-1992 * Study Features: International, Minority Oversamples * Sample Size: Approx. 1 million/country Links: * Bulgaria (1992), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/02200 * Czech Republic (1991), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06857 * Estonia (1989), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06780 * Finland (1990), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06797 * Romania (1992), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06900 * Latvia (1989), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/02572 * Lithuania (1989), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/03952 * Turkey (1990), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/03292 * U.S. (1990), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06219

In most European cities, energy prices constituted the main share of the residential end-user electricity price in February 2024. Energy price shares are among the highest in the capital cities of Cyprus, Malta, and Ireland, which are largely reliant on energy imports. Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Brussels account for the largest share of energy taxes in the region. In the Danish capital, for instance, energy taxes -including VAT- represented 47 percent of the residential electricity price. Household electricity prices around the world Italy and Germany have some of the highest electricity prices in the world. Heavily reliant on natural gas imports, these two countries were profoundly stricken by the 2022 energy crisis. Overall, Western Europe is the most expensive region for household power purchases, while many large energy producing countries such as Russia and Saudi Arabia offer their residents the cheapest average rates. Heating gas prices in European cities In terms of residential use gas prices in Europe, Stockholm was the most expensive city in January 2024. Inhabitants of Sweden's capital paid for gas nearly 40 percent more than consumers in Bern, Switzerland, which ranked second. Imports dominate Sweden's gas supply.

The European animal-based food and beverage market, valued at approximately €[Estimate based on market size XX and Value Unit Million, considering appropriate conversion rate from unspecified currency to Euros] million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a CAGR of 3.93% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, increasing consumer demand for convenience foods, particularly processed meats like sausages and burgers, and readily available dairy products like yogurt and cheese, is significantly impacting market growth. Secondly, the rising popularity of online grocery shopping presents a considerable opportunity for market expansion, allowing businesses to reach a wider customer base across Europe. However, growing health consciousness and increasing adoption of plant-based alternatives pose challenges. Consumer preference shifts towards healthier options, such as leaner meats and reduced-fat dairy products, are influencing product innovation and marketing strategies. Furthermore, stringent regulations concerning food safety and animal welfare, coupled with concerns about sustainability and environmental impact of animal agriculture, exert pressure on manufacturers to adopt more responsible and ethical practices. The market segmentation reveals key opportunities and challenges. The processed meat segment, dominated by products like bacon, burgers, and sausages, is expected to remain a significant revenue contributor, despite facing growing scrutiny regarding health implications. Dairy beverages, including flavored and unflavored milk, along with ice cream, cheese, and yogurt, represent another substantial segment, with innovations focusing on health benefits and unique flavor profiles. Distribution channels are diversifying, with online retail witnessing significant expansion, but traditional supermarkets and hypermarkets retain their dominance. Leading players such as Groupe Danone, Nestlé SA, and JBS SA are leveraging their established brands and distribution networks to maintain market share and drive innovation, while smaller companies focus on niche products and direct-to-consumer channels. Regional variations exist within Europe, with countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, and France leading in consumption and market size. However, growth potential exists across various nations as consumer preferences and dietary habits continue to evolve. Recent developments include: In April 2022, - Nomad Foods, launched an Open Innovation Portal that invites partners to share new solutions that could be scaled to help shape the future of food and support more sustainable diets., In June 2020, Food Union, prepared more than 100 products featuring exclusive flavors, textures, and nutritional benefits to launch into northern Europe including regions like Lithuania, Estonia, Norway, Denmark, Romania, Belarus, and Russia., In April 2021, Nomad foods announced the completion of its acquisition of Fortenova group's frozen foods business.. Notable trends are: Increasing Demand for High-Value Animal Protein.

The European hydropower industry, a significant contributor to the region's renewable energy portfolio, is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing concerns about climate change and the need for energy security. The market, valued at approximately €[Estimate based on Market Size XX and Value Unit Million – For example, if XX = 50, then €50 million in 2025], is projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 1.00% throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is fueled by substantial government investments in renewable energy infrastructure, supportive policies promoting sustainable energy sources, and a rising demand for clean electricity. Key segments within the industry, including large hydropower, small hydropower, and pumped storage, are all poised for expansion, with large hydropower projects continuing to dominate the market share due to their higher power generation capacity. Technological advancements in hydropower technology, such as improved turbine designs and digitalization of operations, are further enhancing efficiency and reducing operational costs, making hydropower a more competitive energy source. However, environmental concerns surrounding dam construction and its impact on aquatic ecosystems pose a significant challenge, requiring careful consideration and mitigation strategies to ensure sustainable development. Competition in the European hydropower market is intense, with major players such as Electricite de France SA, Andritz AG, PJSC RusHydro, Statkraft AS, Enel Green Power S p A, Bechtel Corporation, General Electric Company, Voith Hydro, and Agder Energi SA vying for market share. These companies are actively involved in developing new projects, expanding existing facilities, and investing in research and development to enhance their technological capabilities and competitive edge. Geographic variations exist within Europe, with countries like Norway, France, and Italy expected to lead the market growth due to their established hydropower infrastructure and favorable regulatory environments. The industry faces challenges such as the need for grid modernization to accommodate increased renewable energy integration and the potential impact of fluctuating water levels due to climate change. Addressing these challenges will require collaborative efforts from industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers to ensure the long-term sustainability and growth of the European hydropower sector. Recent developments include: September 2022: The French Energy Regulation Commission (CRE) permitted it to sign a contract with EDF for the sale of electricity produced by a new run-of-river hydropower station with a capacity of 2.9 MW that is to be built on the Inini River at Saut-Sonnelle, in the town of Maripa-Soula. The offtake contract covers 30 years from the commissioning of the facility, which is scheduled for 2026., May 2022: Cruachan Power Station will get a USD 607 million investment from Drax Group PLC. The business intended to increase the Cruachan power station's hydroelectric capacity by 600 MW with underground pumped storage. By 2030, the business wants to increase the capacity of the Cruachan complex, and construction will start in 2024. In order to accommodate the power plant and associated infrastructure, the company's plans include hollowing out a cavern in Ben Cruachan and excavating almost two million tons of rock.. Notable trends are: Pumped Storage to Witness Significant Growth.

The European cosmetics market, valued at €119.06 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by several key factors. Rising disposable incomes across major European economies, coupled with a growing awareness of personal grooming and beauty trends, fuel demand for a diverse range of products. The market's segmentation reveals strong performance across various product categories. Personal care, encompassing hair, skin, and oral care, constitutes a significant portion, followed by cosmetics and makeup. Premium and luxury segments exhibit particularly strong growth, reflecting a consumer shift towards high-quality and innovative products. Online retail channels are rapidly gaining traction, surpassing traditional channels like specialty stores and supermarkets in certain product categories, particularly among younger demographics. Increased marketing and brand collaborations further contribute to market expansion. However, economic fluctuations and potential shifts in consumer spending habits present challenges. Sustainability concerns are also influencing consumer choices, driving demand for eco-friendly and ethically sourced products. Competition among major players like L'Oréal, Unilever, and Estée Lauder remains intense, necessitating continuous innovation and adaptation to market trends. Regional variations within Europe are notable. While data for individual countries (Spain, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, and Rest of Europe) is not provided, we can infer that Western European markets (UK, Germany, France, etc.) likely represent a larger share due to higher disposable incomes and established beauty markets. Eastern European markets (Russia, etc.), while growing, may exhibit slower growth rates due to economic factors. The competitive landscape is characterized by both established multinational corporations and emerging niche brands, creating a dynamic and evolving market structure. The market's trajectory indicates continued expansion, driven by technological advancements in product formulation, personalized beauty solutions, and the expanding digital retail landscape. These combined factors create a favorable outlook for sustained growth through 2033. Recent developments include: May 2024: French start-up Mono Skincare relaunched its water-soluble and natural products. The launch included a face care range with products like a cleanser and a makeup remover, a scrub, a toner, a night serum, and a moisturizing lotion, all based on a protocol designed to boost hydration and anti-aging., April 2024: Kiko Milano launched a haircare range, including shampoo, conditioner, mask, serum, and hair spray, in collaboration with stylist Rossano Ferretti, the World’s Hair Maestro., January 2024: The brand CeraVe expanded its product portfolio by launching CeraVe Healing Ointment, which is a lanolin-free ointment formulated with petrolatum, hyaluronic acid, and ceramides. This non-greasy formula hydrates and soothes very dry skin. It also temporarily protects and helps relieve chafed, chapped, or cracked skin.. Key drivers for this market are: Aggressive Marketing and Advertising by Brands, Rising Inclination Toward Natural and Organic Formulations. Potential restraints include: Aggressive Marketing and Advertising by Brands, Rising Inclination Toward Natural and Organic Formulations. Notable trends are: High Demand for Skin Care Products.