The two countries with the greatest shares of the world's Jewish population are the United States and Israel. The United States had been a hub of Jewish immigration since the nineteenth century, as Jewish people sought to escape persecution in Europe by emigrating across the Atlantic. The Jewish population in the U.S. is largely congregated in major urban areas, such as New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, with the New York metropolitan area being the city with the second largest Jewish population worldwide, after Tel Aviv, Israel. Israel is the world's only officially Jewish state, having been founded in 1948 following the first Arab-Israeli War. While Jews had been emigrating to the holy lands since the nineteenth century, when they were controlled by the Ottoman Empire, immigration increased rapidly following the establishment of the state of Israel. Jewish communities in Eastern Europe who had survived the Holocaust saw Israel as a haven from persecution, while the state encouraged immigration from Jewish communities in other regions, notably the Middle East & North Africa. Smaller Jewish communities remain in Europe in countries such as France, the UK, and Germany, and in other countries which were hotspots for Jewish migration in the twentieth century, such as Canada and Argentina.

This statistic shows the top 25 countries in the world with the largest number of Jewish population in 2010. In 2010, there were living about 5.7 million Jews in the United States.

In the Middle Ages, it is believed the largest Jewish populations in the world were found in Asia, particularly across the Middle East. Of the estimated total Jewish population of 1.2 million people, over 80 percent are thought to have lived in Asia, while 13 percent lived in Europe, and the remaining six precent lived in (North) Africa. The largest populations were found on the Arabian peninsula, as well as Iran and Iraq, while the Near East (here referring to the Levant region) had a much smaller population, despite being the spiritual homeland of the Jewish people.

These figures are based on the records of Benjamin of Tudela, a Jewish traveller from the Middle Ages who provided one of the most comprehensive collections of population statistics from the period. Benjamin's writings not only recorded the number of Jews living across this part of the world, but also gave an insight into societal structures and the ordinary daily lives within Jewish communities in the medieval period. The source providing these figures, however, has adjusted some of the statistics to account for known populations that were missing from Benjamin of Tudela's records, especially in Europe and Asia.

The average for 2013 based on 21 countries was 4.3 percent. The highest value was in Israel: 76.2 percent and the lowest value was in Hungary: 0.2 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2013. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

Throughout history, the displacement and migration of Jewish populations has been a repeating theme. In ancient times, the worlds Jewish population was concentrated in the Middle East, especially around Judaism's spiritual homeland in present-day Israel. However, the population distribution of the world's Jewry began to shift in the Middle Ages, with an increasing share living in Europe. Initially, Western Europe (particularly France, Italy, and Spain) had the largest Jewish populations, before they then migrated eastward in later centuries. Between the 18th and mid-20th centuries, over half of the worl'd Jews lived in Europe, with over 80 percent of these living in Eastern Europe.

Poland had become a refuge for Jews fleeing persecution in the Middle Ages, although shifting borders and foreign influence meant that long-term security was never fully attained, and a series of pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 1800s, and rising anti-Semitism in Central Europe in the early-1900s contributred to waves of migration to the United States and Israel during this time. After the Holocaust saw the genocide of up to six million Jews (over one third of the world's Jewish population), the share of Jews living in Europe dropped drastically, and emmigration outside of Europe increased. Today, the United States has the world's largest Jewish population in the world at around 7.3 million people, just ahead of Israel with 7.1 million.

The Holocaust was the systematic extermination of Europe's Jewish population in the Second World War, during which time, up to six million Jews were murdered as part of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". In the context of the Second World War, the term "Holocaust" is traditionally used to reference the genocide of Europe's Jews, although this coincided with the Nazi regime's genocide and ethnic cleansing of an additional eleven million people deemed "undesirable" due to their ethnicity, beliefs, disability or sexuality (among others). During the Holocaust, Poland's Jewish population suffered the largest number of fatalities, with approximately three million deaths. Additionally, at least one million Jews were murdered in the Soviet Union, while Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Yugoslavia also lost the majority of their respective pre-war Jewish populations. The Holocaust in Poland In the interwar period, Europe's Jewish population was concentrated in the east, with roughly one third living in Poland; this can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when thousands of Jews flocked to Eastern Europe to escape persecution. At the outbreak of the Second World War, it is estimated that there were 3.4 million Jews living in Poland, which was approximately ten percent of the total population. Following the German invasion of Poland, Nazi authorities then segregated Jews in ghettos across most large towns and cities, and expanded their network of concentration camps throughout the country. In the ghettos, civilians were deprived of food, and hundreds of thousands died due to disease and starvation; while prison labor was implemented under extreme conditions in concentration camps to fuel the German war effort. In Poland, six extermination camps were also operational between December 1941 and January 1945, which saw the mass extermination of approximately 2.7 million people over the next three years (including many non-Poles, imported from other regions of Europe). While concentration camps housed prisoners of all backgrounds, extermination camps were purpose-built for the elimination of the Jewish race, and over 90% of their victims were Jewish. The majority of the victims in these extermination camps were executed by poison gas, although disease, starvation and overworking were also common causes of death. In addition to the camps and ghettos, SS death squads (Einsatzgruppen) and local collaborators also committed widespread atrocities across Eastern Europe. While the majority of these atrocities took place in the Balkan, Baltic and Soviet regions, they were still prevalent in Poland (particularly during the liquidation of the ghettos), and the Einsatzgruppen alone are estimated to have killed up to 1.3 million Jews throughout the Holocaust. By early 1945, Soviet forces had largely expelled the German armies from Poland and liberated the concentration and extermination camps; by this time, Poland had lost roughly ninety percent of its pre-war Jewish population, and suffered approximately three million further civilian and military deaths. By 1991, Poland's Jewish population was estimated to be just 15 thousand people, while there were fewer than two thousand Jews recorded as living in Poland in 2018.

In 1995, Israel had a Jewish population of approximately 4.5 million people, of whom approximately 1.75 million were born abroad. Over one million of these immigrants were born in Europe, with over 650,000 of these born in the former Soviet Union. Despite Poland having the largest Jewish population in the world in the pre-WWII years, the number of Polish Jewish migrants and descendents in Israel was relatively small in 1995 when compared to the USSR due to the impact of the Holocaust.

Outside of Europe, Morocco had the largest number of Jewish immigrants and descendents in Israel by 1995. Morocco had the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world when Israel was founded in 1948, with over 250,000 people. Many Moroccan Jews sought to emigrate to Israel at this time, but often faced resistance from authorities and local populations who believed the Jews would join in the fight against the Arab forces seeking to establish a Muslim state in Palestine. The government of Morocco then officially prohibited emigration to Israel after gaining independence from France in 1956, however this policy was reversed in 1961 whereby the Moroccan government began facilitating Jewish emigration to Israel in return for payments from Jewish organizations in the U.S. and Israel. By the 1970s, Morocco's Jewish population had fallen to less than 15 percent of its size in 1948.

Despite intensive study, most of the specific genetic factors that contribute to variation in human height remain undiscovered. We conducted a family-based linkage study of height in a unique cohort of very large nuclear families from a founder (Jewish) population. This design allowed for increased power to detect linkage, compared to previous family-based studies. Loci we identified in discovery families could explain an estimated lower bound of 6% of the variance in height in validation families. We showed that these loci are not tagging known common variants associated with height. Rather, we suggest that the observed signals arise from variants with large effects that are rare globally but elevated in frequency in the Jewish population.

Jerusalem was the city with the largest population of Ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents in Israel in 2022, reaching ******* people. The community accounted for almost ** percent of the city's total population. The town with the second-highest number of Ultra-Orthodox Jews was Bnei Brak, with ******* residents. Beit Shemesh and Modi'in Illit also made up a sizable portion of the Ultra-Orthodox community in Israel.

This dataset is extracted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country. Context: There s a story behind every dataset and heres your opportunity to share yours.Content: What s inside is more than just rows and columns. Make it easy for others to get started by describing how you acquired the data and what time period it represents, too. Acknowledgements:We wouldn t be here without the help of others. If you owe any attributions or thanks, include them here along with any citations of past research.Inspiration: Your data will be in front of the world s largest data science community. What questions do you want to see answered?

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Final Published Version Abstract The origin and history of the Ashkenazi Jewish population have long been of great interest, and advances in high-throughput genetic analysis have recently provided a new approach for investigating these topics. We and others have argued on the basis of genome-wide data that the Ashkenazi Jewish population derives its ancestry from a combination of sources tracing to both Europe and the Middle East. It has been claimed, however, through a reanalysis of some of our data, that a large part of the ancestry of the Ashkenazi population originates with the Khazars, a Turkic-speaking group that lived to the north of the Caucasus region ~1,000 years ago. Because the Khazar population has left no obvious modern descendants that could enable a clear test for a contribution to Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, the Khazar hypothesis has been difficult to examine using genetics. Furthermore, because only limited genetic data have been available from the Caucasus region, and because these data have been concentrated in populations that are genetically close to populations from the Middle East, the attribution of any signal of Ashkenazi-Caucasus genetic similarity to Khazar ancestry rather than shared ancestral Middle Eastern ancestry has been problematic. Here, through the integration of genotypes on newly collected samples with data from several of our past studies, we have assembled the largest data set available to date for asset assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins. This data set contains genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 1,774 samples from 106 Jewish and non- Jewish populations that span the possible regions of potential Ashkenazi ancestry: Europe, the Middle East, and the region historically associated with the Khazar Khaganate. The data set includes 261 samples from 15 populations from the Caucasus region and the region directly to its north, samples that have not previously been included alongside Ashkenazi Jewish samples in genomic studies. Employing a variety of standard techniques for the analysis of populationgenetic structure, we find that Ashkenazi Jews share the greatest genetic ancestry with other Jewish populations, and among non-Jewish populations, with groups from Europe and the Middle East. No particular similarity of Ashkenazi Jews with populations from the Caucasus is evident, particularly with the populations that most closely represent the Khazar region. Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region.

id - id вершины в графе

frequency - частота локус варианта

locus id снипа для поиска по базе ncbi

variant - ref/alt снипа

chrom - на какой хромосоме находится локус-вариант

position - на какой позиции в хромосоме находится локус-вариант

snp_id - id snp в ncbi

gene_name - в каком гене snp

alfa_sample_size - Выборка ALFA. The ALFA project provide aggregate allele frequency from dbGaP. More information is available on the project page including descriptions, data access, and terms of use.

alfa_freq - частота референсного аллеля по ALFA.

FC - Functional Consequence (Интрон/Экзон)

gene_description - краткое описание гена от ncbi, если есть.

Машинное обучение и анализ мутаций SNP Машинное обучение и анализ мутаций SNP - часть 2

Kosher Meat Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global kosher meat market size reached USD 31.2 billion in 2024, and the market is projected to grow at a notable CAGR of 4.7% over the forecast period. By 2033, the global kosher meat market is expected to attain a value of USD 47.1 billion. This robust growth trajectory is primarily driven by the rising demand for high-quality, ethically produced meat products, combined with the increasing awareness and adoption of kosher dietary standards among both Jewish and non-Jewish populations worldwide.

The growth of the kosher meat market is underpinned by several critical factors. Firstly, there is a significant surge in consumer preference for food safety, traceability, and ethical production practices. Kosher meat, which adheres to strict religious and hygienic guidelines, is perceived as a safer and more trustworthy option compared to conventional meat products. This perception is not limited to the Jewish community; rather, it has expanded to include health-conscious consumers globally who associate kosher certification with higher standards of quality and food safety. Additionally, the rising incidence of foodborne illnesses and contamination scandals in the broader meat industry have further accelerated the shift towards kosher-certified products, as consumers seek reassurance regarding the origins and handling of their food.

Another major driver for the kosher meat market is the globalization of food culture and the proliferation of specialty diets. As international travel, migration, and cultural exchange increase, so does the exposure to and acceptance of kosher dietary laws. This has led to a broader customer base for kosher meat, including Muslims who find kosher slaughter methods compatible with halal requirements, as well as vegetarians occasionally seeking ethically produced meat. Furthermore, the growing number of kosher restaurants, delis, and food service providers has created additional demand, particularly in urban centers and areas with large Jewish populations. This trend is further supported by the expansion of kosher certification agencies, which have made it easier for producers and retailers to access and serve these niche markets.

Technological advancements and innovation in supply chain management have also played a pivotal role in the expansion of the kosher meat market. Enhanced logistics, cold chain infrastructure, and digital traceability solutions have made it possible to maintain the integrity of kosher certification from slaughterhouse to consumer. This has enabled kosher meat producers to reach wider markets, including remote regions and countries with limited local production. The rise of e-commerce and online retail platforms has further facilitated access to kosher meat products, allowing consumers to conveniently purchase certified products regardless of their location. This combination of technological progress and evolving consumer preferences is expected to sustain the market’s momentum well into the next decade.

From a regional perspective, North America remains the dominant market for kosher meat, accounting for the largest share due to its sizable Jewish population, established regulatory frameworks, and high consumer awareness. However, Europe and the Asia Pacific region are rapidly emerging as significant growth areas, driven by increasing multiculturalism, rising disposable incomes, and the proliferation of specialty food retailers. The Middle East & Africa region, while comparatively smaller in terms of market size, is witnessing steady growth due to religious and cultural factors. Latin America is also showing promising potential, particularly in countries with expanding Jewish communities and growing demand for specialty meat products. Overall, the kosher meat market is poised for sustained growth, fueled by a combination of demographic, cultural, and technological trends.

Product Type Analysis

The kosher meat market is segmented by product type into beef, poultry, lamb

Kosher Frozen Food Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global kosher frozen food market size reached USD 16.8 billion in 2024, reflecting steady consumer demand and expanding product availability. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period, reaching approximately USD 29.3 billion by 2033. This robust growth is primarily driven by rising health consciousness, increasing adoption of kosher dietary practices among both Jewish and non-Jewish populations, and the growing trend toward convenience-oriented food products worldwide.

One of the central growth factors fueling the kosher frozen food market is the expanding consumer base that seeks out kosher-certified products for perceived quality, safety, and adherence to ethical standards. While the market has traditionally catered to Jewish communities, an increasing number of non-Jewish consumers are gravitating toward kosher foods due to their rigorous inspection processes and traceability. This trend is particularly pronounced in North America and Europe, where food safety concerns and a desire for transparency in sourcing have prompted both retailers and manufacturers to diversify their kosher product portfolios, especially in the frozen segment.

Another significant driver is the surge in demand for convenience foods, particularly among urban populations with fast-paced lifestyles. Kosher frozen foods offer a practical solution, providing ready-to-eat or easy-to-prepare meals that meet strict dietary requirements. The proliferation of modern retail formats, such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, and online platforms, has made kosher frozen products more accessible than ever before. Furthermore, advancements in freezing technologies and improved supply chain logistics have enhanced product quality and shelf life, further boosting consumer confidence and market penetration.

The ongoing innovation within the kosher frozen food industry has also played a pivotal role in market expansion. Manufacturers are continuously introducing new product lines, including plant-based and gluten-free options, to cater to evolving dietary preferences and health trends. The integration of international cuisines within kosher certifications has broadened the appeal of frozen kosher foods, attracting a diverse demographic. Additionally, collaborations between foodservice providers and kosher certifying agencies have led to a wider range of kosher frozen offerings in restaurants, catering services, and institutional settings, thereby stimulating demand across multiple end-user segments.

Regionally, North America dominates the kosher frozen food market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, serves as a major hub for kosher food production and consumption, supported by a well-established certification infrastructure and a large Jewish population. Europe is witnessing notable growth due to increasing multiculturalism and rising consumer awareness. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as a promising market, driven by urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and the globalization of food consumption patterns. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America also contribute to market development, albeit at a relatively moderate pace, with growing interest in kosher-certified products among health-conscious and religious consumers.

Product Type Analysis

The kosher frozen food market is segmented by product type into frozen meals, frozen desserts, frozen vegetables & fruits, frozen meat & poultry, frozen seafood, and others. Among these, frozen meals represent the leading category, capturing a substantial market share in 2024. The popularity of kosher frozen meals is attributed to their convenience, variety, and ability to cater to diverse dietary needs. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on developing innovative meal solutions, including ethnic and international cuisines, to attract a broader consumer base. The demand for plant-based and low-calorie frozen meals is also rising, reflecting the growing health consciousness among consumers.

Frozen desserts form another prominent segment, experiencing significant growth due to the rising preference for indulgent yet permissible treats. Kosher frozen desserts, including ice creams, sorbets, and pastries, are gaining traction not only among Jewish con

Abstract

Three major studies have been carried out on behalf of the Kaplan Centre since 1990: by Allie Dubb in 1991 (N=1,755 households); by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research in 1998 (N=1,000 households); and by Shirley Bruk in 2005 (N=1,000 households). The Jewish Community Survey of South Africa (JCSSA) 2019 is the first national survey of the Jewish population to take place since 2005. The survey was undertaken by researchers from the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR), a London-based research institute, and theKaplan Centre for Jewish Studies and Research at the University of Cape Town. The JCSSA was an online survey. Fieldwork took place between May and July 2019, and it generated a final sample size of 4,193 individuals (aged 18 and over) living in 2,402 unique households as well as those in communal institutions such as care homes, amounting to 5,287 individuals.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The universe for the study was all Jewish adults (those aged 18 and over) living in households and communal institutions in South Africa.

Kind of data

Survey data

Sampling procedure

A convenience sample was developed using lists provided to the research team by Jewish community leaders in South Africa. From this basis a 'snowball' sample was incorporated: anyone who completed the survey could digitally invite other Jewish people they knew to take part via a private landing page. The final sample size was 5,287 individuals. The survey report provides more detail on the sampling for the survey.

Mode of data collection

Internet

Research instrument

The survey used a single questionnaire administered online. The questionnaire collected data on disability (Question 84.1) and old age (Question 88.2) but technical problems resulted in this data not being included in the final data file.

Response rate

The final JCSSA dataset contained 4,193 individual responses from across South Africa.

Kosher Certification Services Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global kosher certification services market size reached USD 1.24 billion in 2024, with a robust CAGR of 7.1% expected through the forecast period. By 2033, the market is projected to attain a value of USD 2.32 billion, driven by increasing demand for kosher-certified products across multiple sectors and rising awareness of food safety and quality standards. The growth of the market is significantly fueled by globalization of the food industry, heightened consumer awareness regarding dietary restrictions, and expanding international trade of food and non-food products requiring kosher certification.

A primary driver for the kosher certification services market is the rapid globalization of food supply chains. As food products cross international borders more frequently, manufacturers and exporters are under increasing pressure to ensure their goods meet diverse regulatory and cultural standards. Kosher certification has become a key differentiator, not only for Jewish consumers but also for those seeking assurances of food quality, safety, and hygiene. The certification process, which involves rigorous inspection and compliance with religious dietary laws, is perceived as a mark of superior quality by a broad spectrum of consumers. This has prompted many multinational food and beverage companies to invest in kosher certification, thereby expanding the market's scope and depth.

Another critical growth factor is the rising consumer demand for transparency and authenticity in product labeling. Modern consumers are more health-conscious and are seeking products that align with their ethical, religious, and dietary preferences. Kosher-certified products are increasingly popular among not just Jewish communities but also Muslim, vegetarian, and vegan consumers due to the perceived strictness of kosher standards. This trend is particularly pronounced in North America and Europe, where food safety scandals have heightened consumer skepticism, making kosher certification a valuable trust signal. Additionally, regulatory bodies in various countries are implementing stricter food labeling requirements, further bolstering the need for credible certification services.

Technological advancements and digitalization are also contributing to the expansion of the kosher certification services market. Certification agencies are leveraging digital platforms to streamline the application, inspection, and monitoring processes, making it easier for manufacturers and service providers to obtain and maintain certification. The integration of blockchain and traceability technologies is enhancing transparency and trust in the certification process, which is crucial for both consumers and regulatory authorities. Furthermore, the proliferation of e-commerce and cross-border trade is amplifying the demand for kosher certification, as online consumers increasingly seek assurance about the authenticity and safety of products purchased from international sellers.

The demand for Kosher Meat is a significant factor contributing to the growth of the kosher certification services market. As consumers become more conscious of the sources and quality of their meat products, kosher meat is increasingly seen as a benchmark for quality and ethical standards. The rigorous processes involved in kosher slaughtering and processing ensure that the meat adheres to strict dietary laws, which appeal to a broad range of consumers beyond the Jewish community. This includes health-conscious individuals and those seeking assurance of humane treatment of animals. As a result, the market for kosher meat is expanding, with more retailers and food service providers incorporating kosher-certified meat into their offerings to meet diverse consumer demands and enhance their product portfolios.

Regionally, North America dominates the kosher certification services market due to its large Jewish population, advanced food processing industry, and stringent regulatory environment. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth region, propelled by increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and growing awareness of international food standards. Europe also presents significant opportunities, particularly in countries with substantial Jewish and Muslim populations, as well as a strong emphasis on fo

The Freikorps Grün Loudon started as a German mercenary formation raised in spring 1790 to provide the Habsburg army with a light infantry force against the short-lived Brabant Republic. The Freikorps continued to serve during the First Coalition War against Revolutionary France (1792-97). As the conflict dragged on, the Rhineland, which served as its primary recruitment area was occupied by the enemy. As a result, the Freikorps shifted its main recruitment efforts to the Habsburg province of Galicia where a large Jewish population lived. The first Jews volunteers were enlisted in spring 1796. Within a year, Jewish soldiers comprised more than one per cent of the unit's strength. This proportion was kept until the Freikorps was disbanded in summer 1798. With a total number of 27 individual entries, this dataset covers every single Jewish soldier who served in the unit. In addition to basic bibliographical information, the dataset includes reconstructions of complete service itineraries. Some of these are so detailed that the whereabouts and doings of individual soldiers could be traced month after months. After Freikorps Grün Loudon was disbanded, 22 surviving Jewish veterans were transferred to the 3rd and 4th Light Infantry Battalions. Their subsequent service and eventual fates are covered as well. In the dataset includes partial information about three spouses and two children, whose their existence can be discerned from soldiers' personal records. In terms of their service experiences, the Jewish members of the Freikorps Grün Loudon did not differ much from other mercenary soldiers of that period. As implied by their name, Freikorps units did not form part of the standing army. Manned by foreign renegades and local volunteers, their soldiers were considered more expandable, and Freikorps used to suffer high combat losses. Tactically, Freikorps were often divided into small raiding detachments, which meant their soldiers often remained outside of the direct supervision of their officers. This resulted in high desertion rates. At the same time, the Freikorps also had a committed core of highly-dedicated professional soldiers. Among the veterans of the Freikorps Grün Loudon was Samuel Prager – one of the first documented Jewish soldiers in modern history to rise to the rank of Company Sergeant Major. For more information on the Freikorps Grün Loudon, see: Alfons von Wrede, Geschichte der k. und k. Wehrmacht, 5 Vols., (Vienna: Seidel, 1898–1905), Vol. 2, pp. 445-6. For more information how to identify Jewish soldiers in Habsburg military records, see: Ilya Berkovich, 'Nachweis von Konfession und Religion in habsburgischen Militärmatriken', Die Habsburgermonarchie: Fragen, Quellen und Ergebnisee zur Geschichte der Neuzeit (Blog), (10 January 2020).

Jews were the dominant religious group in the Israel-Palestine region at the beginning of the first millennia CE, and are the dominant religious group there today, however, there was a period of almost 2,000 years where most of the world's Jews were displaced from their spiritual homeland. Antiquity to the 20th century Jewish hegemony in the region began changing after a series of revolts against Roman rule led to mass expulsions and emigration. Roman control saw severe persecution of Jewish and Christian populations, but this changed when the Byzantine Empire adopted Christianity as its official religion in the 4th century. Christianity then dominated until the 7th century, when the Rashidun Caliphate (the first to succeed Muhammad) took control of the Levant. Control of region split between Christians and Muslims intermittently between the 11th and 13th centuries during the Crusades, although the population remained overwhelmingly Muslim. Zionism until today Through the Paris Peace Conference, the British took control of Palestine in 1920. The Jewish population began growing through the Zionist Movement after the 1880s, which sought to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. Rising anti-Semitism in Europe accelerated this in the interwar period, and in the aftermath of the Holocaust, many European Jews chose to leave the continent. The United Nations tried facilitating the foundation of separate Jewish and Arab states, yet neither side was willing to concede territory, leading to a civil war and a joint invasion from seven Arab states. Yet the Jews maintained control of their territory and took large parts of the proposed Arab territory, forming the Jewish-majority state of Israel in 1948, and acheiving a ceasefire the following year. Over 750,000 Palestinians were displaced as a result of this conflict, while most Jews from the Arab eventually fled to Israel. Since this time, Israel has become one of the richest and advanced countries in the world, however, Palestine has been under Israeli military occupation since the 1960s and there are large disparities in living standards between the two regions.

Kosher-Style Program Implementation Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Kosher-Style Program Implementation market size reached USD 3.48 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust demand for kosher-compliant services and products worldwide. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period, reaching an estimated USD 6.44 billion by 2033. This steady growth is primarily driven by increasing consumer awareness regarding food safety, religious dietary requirements, and the rising adoption of kosher-style practices across institutional, retail, and hospitality sectors.

One of the primary growth factors for the Kosher-Style Program Implementation market is the surging demand for transparent food labeling and regulatory compliance. As global consumers become more health-conscious and discerning about the origins and preparation methods of their food, there is a marked preference for certifications and programs that guarantee adherence to specific dietary standards, such as kosher. Additionally, the proliferation of food allergies and sensitivities has led many institutions and food service providers to adopt kosher-style programs as a standard for safety and inclusivity, further expanding the market’s reach. The trend is particularly pronounced in North America and Europe, where both Jewish and non-Jewish populations are increasingly seeking kosher-certified or kosher-style offerings for perceived quality and safety.

Technological advancements and digital transformation within the food service industry are also accelerating market growth. The integration of smart labeling, digital traceability, and automated compliance management solutions has streamlined the implementation of kosher-style programs across various segments. These innovations enable real-time monitoring, efficient certification processes, and improved communication between service providers and regulatory authorities. As a result, both established enterprises and new entrants are finding it easier to offer and maintain kosher-style compliance, thereby expanding the addressable market and supporting sustained growth throughout the forecast period.

Another significant driver is the rising globalization of the food industry and the expansion of international trade. As food manufacturers and retailers seek to cater to diverse consumer bases, the adoption of kosher-style programs has become a strategic differentiator, enabling brands to access new markets and build trust with multicultural consumers. The increasing prevalence of institutional food service programs in schools, hospitals, and corporate cafeterias is also fueling demand, as these organizations prioritize dietary inclusivity and regulatory adherence. Furthermore, the hospitality industry’s focus on attracting a broader clientele through specialized menu offerings is contributing to the proliferation of kosher-style program implementation worldwide.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Kosher-Style Program Implementation market, accounting for over 41% of the global revenue in 2024. This leadership is attributed to the region’s large Jewish population, high consumer awareness, and stringent food safety regulations. However, rapid urbanization, increasing disposable incomes, and growing awareness of kosher dietary practices are propelling significant growth in the Asia Pacific and Latin American markets. Europe is also witnessing steady adoption, particularly in metropolitan areas with diverse populations. Meanwhile, the Middle East & Africa region is experiencing gradual growth, driven by the intersection of kosher and halal dietary standards and the expansion of the hospitality sector.

Program Type Analysis

The Kosher-Style Program Implementation market is segmented by program type into Food Service Programs, Institutional Programs, Retail Programs, Educational Programs, and Others. Food Service Programs represen

Kosher Supplements Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Kosher Supplements market size reached USD 2.58 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust market presence driven by increasing health consciousness and dietary preferences. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.4% between 2025 and 2033, projecting the market value to reach USD 4.89 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth is primarily propelled by rising consumer demand for certified clean-label products, expanding awareness about dietary restrictions, and the proliferation of e-commerce platforms that facilitate access to a wide range of kosher-certified supplements globally.

One of the most significant growth factors for the Kosher Supplements market is the increasing prevalence of food allergies and dietary sensitivities. Consumers are becoming more aware of the potential health risks associated with non-certified supplements, leading to a marked shift towards products that adhere to stringent quality and safety standards, such as kosher certification. The kosher label not only assures consumers about the absence of certain allergens and contaminants but also appeals to a broader demographic that values transparency and ethical sourcing. This heightened demand for safety and purity is further amplified by global health trends, including the rise of veganism, vegetarianism, and the pursuit of holistic wellness, which collectively fuel the market’s upward trajectory.

Another driving force behind the market’s expansion is the growing penetration of kosher dietary practices beyond traditional Jewish communities. Increasing multiculturalism in urban centers and rising disposable incomes have broadened the consumer base for kosher supplements. As consumers from diverse backgrounds seek products that align with their ethical, religious, or health-related requirements, manufacturers are responding by expanding their kosher-certified portfolios. The integration of advanced manufacturing technologies and rigorous quality control processes has made it feasible for companies to cater to this growing demand without compromising on efficacy or product variety. This inclusivity is further reinforced by effective marketing strategies and educational campaigns that highlight the benefits of kosher certification, thereby fostering consumer trust and loyalty.

Furthermore, the rapid expansion of digital retail channels has significantly enhanced the accessibility of kosher supplements. E-commerce platforms, online specialty stores, and direct-to-consumer models have democratized product availability, allowing consumers in remote and underserved regions to access high-quality kosher supplements. This digital transformation has also empowered brands to engage directly with their target audience, personalize their offerings, and streamline supply chain operations. As a result, the market is witnessing increased product innovation, faster go-to-market times, and greater responsiveness to emerging consumer trends. The proliferation of digital health and wellness communities further amplifies this trend, as consumers increasingly rely on peer reviews and expert recommendations to inform their purchasing decisions.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Kosher Supplements market, accounting for the largest market share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, benefits from a well-established regulatory framework, a large Jewish population, and high consumer awareness regarding dietary supplements. Europe is witnessing steady growth, driven by increasing health consciousness and the expansion of kosher-certified product lines in major markets such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a lucrative market, supported by rising disposable incomes, urbanization, and the adoption of Western dietary habits. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, though smaller in market size, are showing promising growth potential due to expanding distribution networks and increasing consumer acceptance of kosher-certified products.

Product Type Analysis

The Product Type segment is pivotal in shaping the competitive landscape of the Kosher Supplements market, with vitamins, minerals, protein supplements, herbal supplements, and others forming the core product categories. Vitamins dominate this segment, owing to their widespread use in supporting ove