The two countries with the greatest shares of the world's Jewish population are the United States and Israel. The United States had been a hub of Jewish immigration since the nineteenth century, as Jewish people sought to escape persecution in Europe by emigrating across the Atlantic. The Jewish population in the U.S. is largely congregated in major urban areas, such as New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, with the New York metropolitan area being the city with the second largest Jewish population worldwide, after Tel Aviv, Israel. Israel is the world's only officially Jewish state, having been founded in 1948 following the first Arab-Israeli War. While Jews had been emigrating to the holy lands since the nineteenth century, when they were controlled by the Ottoman Empire, immigration increased rapidly following the establishment of the state of Israel. Jewish communities in Eastern Europe who had survived the Holocaust saw Israel as a haven from persecution, while the state encouraged immigration from Jewish communities in other regions, notably the Middle East & North Africa. Smaller Jewish communities remain in Europe in countries such as France, the UK, and Germany, and in other countries which were hotspots for Jewish migration in the twentieth century, such as Canada and Argentina.

This statistic shows the top 25 countries in the world with the largest number of Jewish population in 2010. In 2010, there were living about 5.7 million Jews in the United States.

The average for 2013 based on 21 countries was 4.3 percent. The highest value was in Israel: 76.2 percent and the lowest value was in Hungary: 0.2 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2013. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

Throughout history, the displacement and migration of Jewish populations has been a repeating theme. In ancient times, the worlds Jewish population was concentrated in the Middle East, especially around Judaism's spiritual homeland in present-day Israel. However, the population distribution of the world's Jewry began to shift in the Middle Ages, with an increasing share living in Europe. Initially, Western Europe (particularly France, Italy, and Spain) had the largest Jewish populations, before they then migrated eastward in later centuries. Between the 18th and mid-20th centuries, over half of the worl'd Jews lived in Europe, with over 80 percent of these living in Eastern Europe.

Poland had become a refuge for Jews fleeing persecution in the Middle Ages, although shifting borders and foreign influence meant that long-term security was never fully attained, and a series of pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 1800s, and rising anti-Semitism in Central Europe in the early-1900s contributred to waves of migration to the United States and Israel during this time. After the Holocaust saw the genocide of up to six million Jews (over one third of the world's Jewish population), the share of Jews living in Europe dropped drastically, and emmigration outside of Europe increased. Today, the United States has the world's largest Jewish population in the world at around 7.3 million people, just ahead of Israel with 7.1 million.

In the Middle Ages, it is believed the largest Jewish populations in the world were found in Asia, particularly across the Middle East. Of the estimated total Jewish population of 1.2 million people, over 80 percent are thought to have lived in Asia, while 13 percent lived in Europe, and the remaining six precent lived in (North) Africa. The largest populations were found on the Arabian peninsula, as well as Iran and Iraq, while the Near East (here referring to the Levant region) had a much smaller population, despite being the spiritual homeland of the Jewish people.

These figures are based on the records of Benjamin of Tudela, a Jewish traveller from the Middle Ages who provided one of the most comprehensive collections of population statistics from the period. Benjamin's writings not only recorded the number of Jews living across this part of the world, but also gave an insight into societal structures and the ordinary daily lives within Jewish communities in the medieval period. The source providing these figures, however, has adjusted some of the statistics to account for known populations that were missing from Benjamin of Tudela's records, especially in Europe and Asia.

The Holocaust was the systematic extermination of Europe's Jewish population in the Second World War, during which time, up to six million Jews were murdered as part of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". In the context of the Second World War, the term "Holocaust" is traditionally used to reference the genocide of Europe's Jews, although this coincided with the Nazi regime's genocide and ethnic cleansing of an additional eleven million people deemed "undesirable" due to their ethnicity, beliefs, disability or sexuality (among others). During the Holocaust, Poland's Jewish population suffered the largest number of fatalities, with approximately three million deaths. Additionally, at least one million Jews were murdered in the Soviet Union, while Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Yugoslavia also lost the majority of their respective pre-war Jewish populations. The Holocaust in Poland In the interwar period, Europe's Jewish population was concentrated in the east, with roughly one third living in Poland; this can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when thousands of Jews flocked to Eastern Europe to escape persecution. At the outbreak of the Second World War, it is estimated that there were 3.4 million Jews living in Poland, which was approximately ten percent of the total population. Following the German invasion of Poland, Nazi authorities then segregated Jews in ghettos across most large towns and cities, and expanded their network of concentration camps throughout the country. In the ghettos, civilians were deprived of food, and hundreds of thousands died due to disease and starvation; while prison labor was implemented under extreme conditions in concentration camps to fuel the German war effort. In Poland, six extermination camps were also operational between December 1941 and January 1945, which saw the mass extermination of approximately 2.7 million people over the next three years (including many non-Poles, imported from other regions of Europe). While concentration camps housed prisoners of all backgrounds, extermination camps were purpose-built for the elimination of the Jewish race, and over 90% of their victims were Jewish. The majority of the victims in these extermination camps were executed by poison gas, although disease, starvation and overworking were also common causes of death. In addition to the camps and ghettos, SS death squads (Einsatzgruppen) and local collaborators also committed widespread atrocities across Eastern Europe. While the majority of these atrocities took place in the Balkan, Baltic and Soviet regions, they were still prevalent in Poland (particularly during the liquidation of the ghettos), and the Einsatzgruppen alone are estimated to have killed up to 1.3 million Jews throughout the Holocaust. By early 1945, Soviet forces had largely expelled the German armies from Poland and liberated the concentration and extermination camps; by this time, Poland had lost roughly ninety percent of its pre-war Jewish population, and suffered approximately three million further civilian and military deaths. By 1991, Poland's Jewish population was estimated to be just 15 thousand people, while there were fewer than two thousand Jews recorded as living in Poland in 2018.

In 1995, Israel had a Jewish population of approximately 4.5 million people, of whom approximately 1.75 million were born abroad. Over one million of these immigrants were born in Europe, with over 650,000 of these born in the former Soviet Union. Despite Poland having the largest Jewish population in the world in the pre-WWII years, the number of Polish Jewish migrants and descendents in Israel was relatively small in 1995 when compared to the USSR due to the impact of the Holocaust.

Outside of Europe, Morocco had the largest number of Jewish immigrants and descendents in Israel by 1995. Morocco had the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world when Israel was founded in 1948, with over 250,000 people. Many Moroccan Jews sought to emigrate to Israel at this time, but often faced resistance from authorities and local populations who believed the Jews would join in the fight against the Arab forces seeking to establish a Muslim state in Palestine. The government of Morocco then officially prohibited emigration to Israel after gaining independence from France in 1956, however this policy was reversed in 1961 whereby the Moroccan government began facilitating Jewish emigration to Israel in return for payments from Jewish organizations in the U.S. and Israel. By the 1970s, Morocco's Jewish population had fallen to less than 15 percent of its size in 1948.

Jews were the dominant religious group in the Israel-Palestine region at the beginning of the first millennia CE, and are the dominant religious group there today, however, there was a period of almost 2,000 years where most of the world's Jews were displaced from their spiritual homeland. Antiquity to the 20th century Jewish hegemony in the region began changing after a series of revolts against Roman rule led to mass expulsions and emigration. Roman control saw severe persecution of Jewish and Christian populations, but this changed when the Byzantine Empire adopted Christianity as its official religion in the 4th century. Christianity then dominated until the 7th century, when the Rashidun Caliphate (the first to succeed Muhammad) took control of the Levant. Control of region split between Christians and Muslims intermittently between the 11th and 13th centuries during the Crusades, although the population remained overwhelmingly Muslim. Zionism until today Through the Paris Peace Conference, the British took control of Palestine in 1920. The Jewish population began growing through the Zionist Movement after the 1880s, which sought to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. Rising anti-Semitism in Europe accelerated this in the interwar period, and in the aftermath of the Holocaust, many European Jews chose to leave the continent. The United Nations tried facilitating the foundation of separate Jewish and Arab states, yet neither side was willing to concede territory, leading to a civil war and a joint invasion from seven Arab states. Yet the Jews maintained control of their territory and took large parts of the proposed Arab territory, forming the Jewish-majority state of Israel in 1948, and acheiving a ceasefire the following year. Over 750,000 Palestinians were displaced as a result of this conflict, while most Jews from the Arab eventually fled to Israel. Since this time, Israel has become one of the richest and advanced countries in the world, however, Palestine has been under Israeli military occupation since the 1960s and there are large disparities in living standards between the two regions.

Kosher Food Market Outlook

The global kosher food market size was valued at USD 24.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 37.2 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 4.8% during the forecast period. The growth of the kosher food market is primarily driven by the increasing awareness and demand for kosher-certified products, particularly among health-conscious consumers and those adhering to dietary laws for religious reasons.

One of the significant growth factors contributing to the expansion of the kosher food market is the rising consumer preference for high-quality, safe, and healthy food products. Kosher certification is often perceived as a mark of quality assurance, ensuring that food products meet stringent standards for cleanliness and purity. This has led to a broader acceptance of kosher food beyond the Jewish community, appealing to a diverse range of consumers, including vegetarians, vegans, and individuals with food allergies.

Furthermore, globalization and the increase in cross-cultural interactions have propelled the demand for kosher food products. The growing diaspora of Jewish populations and the increased interest in ethnic and specialty foods have amplified the visibility and availability of kosher products worldwide. This trend is supported by retailers and food manufacturers who are expanding their kosher product lines to cater to this growing market segment.

Another crucial factor driving market growth is the proliferation of online retail channels. The convenience of online shopping, combined with the increasing penetration of the internet and smartphone usage, has significantly boosted the accessibility and sales of kosher food products. Consumers can now easily access a wide variety of kosher-certified products from the comfort of their homes, leading to a surge in demand through e-commerce platforms.

On a regional level, North America remains the largest market for kosher food, driven by a substantial Jewish population and a high level of consumer awareness and demand for kosher products. Europe is also witnessing steady growth due to the increasing popularity of kosher food among non-Jewish consumers. The Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, fueled by rising disposable incomes, urbanization, and an expanding retail sector.

Product Type Analysis

The kosher food market is segmented into various product types, including Meat, Dairy, Pareve, and Others. Each segment plays a crucial role in shaping the overall market dynamics and consumer preferences. The meat segment, which includes kosher beef, poultry, and lamb, is a significant contributor to the market. Stringent kosher slaughtering practices and the prohibition of certain animal parts ensure that kosher meat adheres to high standards of quality and hygiene, appealing to a broad base of health-conscious consumers.

The dairy segment encompasses a wide range of products such as milk, cheese, yogurt, and butter. Kosher dairy products are produced under strict supervision to ensure that they do not come into contact with non-kosher substances. The growing demand for clean-label and organic dairy products has further bolstered the market for kosher dairy, as consumers increasingly associate kosher certification with quality and purity.

Pareve products, which are neither meat nor dairy, include a diverse array of food items such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and fish. The versatility and inclusivity of pareve products make them highly popular among consumers who seek dietary flexibility. This segment is witnessing robust growth as it caters to a wide audience, including vegetarians, vegans, and those with lactose intolerance or other dietary restrictions.

Other kosher food products encompass a variety of categories, including snacks, beverages, and processed foods. The increasing availability of kosher-certified processed and convenience foods caters to the modern consumer's need for quick and easy meal options that do not compromise on dietary laws or quality. Innovations in food processing and packaging have also enhanced the shelf life and appeal of these products, further driving their demand in the market.

Report Scope

The global kosher food market size was valued at USD X million in 2019 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period, reaching USD X million by 2033. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for kosher food products from the growing Jewish population around the world. Additionally, the growing awareness of the health benefits associated with kosher food products is further driving market growth. The increasing demand for organic and natural food products is also expected to contribute to the market's growth. The North American region holds the largest share of the global kosher food market, followed by Europe. The Asia Pacific region is expected to experience the fastest growth in the coming years, owing to the growing disposable income and the increasing awareness of kosher food products in the region. Some of the key players in the global kosher food market include Empire Kosher Poultry (Hain Celestial), B. Manischewitz, General Mills, Kellogg, Cargill, Nestle, H.J. Heinz, Conagra Brands, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), Dean Foods, Avebe, JACK'S GOURMET, Sally Williams Fine Foods, KJ Poultry Processing, Quality Frozen Foods, Orthodox Union (OU), OK Kosher Certification, Star-K Kosher Certification, KOF-K Kosher Supervision (KOF-K), and KLBD Kosher Certification.

Kosher Food Certification Market Outlook

The Kosher Food Certification Market is poised to exhibit remarkable growth, with its global market size expected to expand from USD 24.8 billion in 2023 to an estimated USD 42.2 billion by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4%. The surge in demand for kosher-certified products is largely driven by increasing consumer awareness about food safety, dietary health benefits, and growing adherence to religious dietary laws, alongside the broader trend of seeking high-quality food products. This growth trajectory is further bolstered by the rising global population and its inclination towards healthier, more transparent food sourcing practices, which are hallmarks of kosher-certified food items.

One of the primary growth factors contributing to the expansion of the kosher food certification market is the increasing health consciousness among consumers. Kosher food is often perceived as a cleaner and more trustworthy option due to its stringent certification process, which ensures the food is free from contaminants and adheres to strict preparation standards. This perception has gained traction not only among Jewish communities but also among health-conscious individuals who are seeking assurance about the food they consume. This broader acceptance has opened new demographics and market segments for kosher-certified products, thereby driving market growth.

In addition to health motivations, cultural and religious factors play a significant role in the growth of this market. The Jewish population, which traditionally consumes kosher products, is not the only driver; the market is also buoyed by Muslim communities adhering to halal dietary laws which align in certain aspects with kosher guidelines. This overlap increases the appeal of kosher products, facilitating market growth in regions with significant Muslim populations. Furthermore, the globalization of food cultures and the fusion of different culinary traditions have led to a broader acceptance and demand for kosher-certified products worldwide.

The rapid advancement of globalization and the continuous expansion of international trade have also significantly contributed to the growth of the kosher food certification market. With food products now crossing borders more frequently, there is a heightened focus on maintaining food safety standards across nations. Kosher certification provides an internationally recognized mark of quality, making it easier for products to penetrate new markets. This trend is supported by the increasing demand for gourmet and specialty foods, where kosher certification often serves as a mark of quality and authenticity, enhancing consumer trust and confidence in the product.

Regionally, the kosher food certification market exhibits a diverse outlook. North America holds a significant share of the market due to its large Jewish population and the well-established food certification industry. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate, driven by its burgeoning middle-class population and increasing awareness of kosher dietary benefits. Meanwhile, Europe, with its rich history of cultural diversity and culinary exploration, continues to be a robust market for kosher foods, benefiting from regulatory support and growing consumer interest in food quality and safety standards.

Type Analysis

The Kosher Food Certification Market by type is segmented into Kosher Pareve, Kosher Meat, and Kosher Dairy. Each category serves a distinct purpose and caters to different consumer needs. Kosher Pareve, which includes foods that contain neither meat nor dairy, is particularly appealing to vegetarians and those allergic to dairy products. It has gained popularity due to the rising trend of plant-based diets and the increasing prevalence of lactose intolerance. The strict certification for pareve products ensures that they meet high standards of quality and purity, attracting a broad consumer base that values transparency and health.

Kosher Meat, another critical segment, holds substantial significance, especially within traditional Jewish communities. The consumption of kosher meat is not only a dietary choice but also a religious obligation for many. The meticulous process involved in certifying kosher meat - which includes humane slaughtering and thorough inspections - is a major selling point. This segment is expected to continue to expand as consumer demand for ethically-sourced meat products grows, reflecting broader trends towards sustainable and humane food production practices that are gaining moment

Kosher Beef Market Outlook

The global kosher beef market size was estimated to be approximately USD 8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 12.7 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1% during the forecast period. The growth of the kosher beef market can be attributed to rising consumer awareness about the benefits of kosher food, which is perceived as being cleaner, healthier, and adhering to stricter quality standards compared to conventional food products. This perception has led to an increase in demand not only among Jewish consumers but also among non-Jewish consumers who are interested in the perceived health benefits and quality assurance that kosher certifications provide.

One of the primary growth factors in the kosher beef market is the increasing demand for high-quality, ethically sourced meat products. Kosher beef meets strict dietary laws and is slaughtered using humane practices, which appeal to a growing number of consumers who are concerned about animal welfare. Furthermore, kosher meat is subject to rigorous inspection and quality checks, providing an added layer of safety and assurance to consumers. This has attracted health-conscious and ethically-minded consumers, expanding the market beyond its traditional Jewish demographic. As consumers globally become more discerning about their food sources, the demand for kosher beef is expected to continue to rise.

Another significant growth factor is the expanding global Jewish population, which inherently drives the demand for kosher products. As the Jewish community grows, particularly in regions like North America and certain parts of Europe, there is a corresponding increase in the demand for kosher foods, including beef. Additionally, the market is further bolstered by cultural and religious practices that necessitate the consumption of kosher foods during Jewish holidays and special occasions. This cultural significance helps sustain the market demand throughout the year, contributing to steady growth prospects for kosher beef producers and retailers.

The rising popularity of specialty diets and the trend towards diverse culinary experiences are also contributing to the growth of the kosher beef market. Consumers are increasingly exploring different food cultures and cuisines, with kosher foods being a part of this trend. Kosher beef, known for its unique preparation and taste, is becoming an attractive choice for food enthusiasts and culinary professionals alike. This is particularly evident in urban areas with diverse demographics, where kosher beef has found its way into gourmet restaurants and specialty foodservice establishments. As a result, the culinary appeal of kosher beef is playing a significant role in expanding its market reach.

The concept of Halal Meat, much like kosher, is rooted in religious dietary laws and has seen a surge in demand globally. Halal meat adheres to Islamic dietary guidelines, ensuring that the meat is not only permissible but also prepared in a manner that is humane and ethical. This includes specific slaughtering practices and a focus on cleanliness and purity. The growing Muslim population worldwide, along with increased awareness among non-Muslim consumers about the ethical and health benefits of halal meat, has contributed to its rising popularity. As consumers become more conscious of their food sources and ethical considerations, the demand for halal meat is expected to continue its upward trajectory, paralleling the growth seen in the kosher market.

From a regional perspective, North America holds a significant share of the kosher beef market, driven by a large Jewish population and a high level of consumer awareness about kosher foods. The United States, in particular, boasts a well-established kosher food industry, which continuously innovates to meet the diverse dietary needs of its population. In contrast, regions like Asia Pacific are witnessing a surge in demand owing to increasing globalization and the spread of Jewish culture and cuisine. Markets in Europe and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to experience growth, albeit at a slower pace, as awareness and availability of kosher products increase. Latin America, while traditionally less exposed to kosher foods, presents untapped potential for growth as consumer preferences evolve.

Product Type Analysis

In the kosher beef market, product type plays a critical role, with fresh, frozen, and processed kosher beef being the prim

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Kosher Foods Market Size 2025-2029

The kosher foods market size is forecast to increase by USD 16.5 billion, at a CAGR of 7.2% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to several key factors. The rise in Jewish and Muslim populations worldwide is driving demand for kosher-certified food products. Additionally, the increasing popularity of private labels and ethical labels is attracting consumers seeking transparency and authenticity. Meat substitutes, such as tofu and meat alternatives, are gaining traction as consumers look for more sustainable and ethical food options. Seafood, another major category in the market, is benefiting from the growing trend of consumers preferring healthier food choices. Furthermore, the demand for gluten-free food and energy drinks with kosher certification is on the rise. Intense competition from halal foods, however, poses a challenge to the market growth. Overall, the market is expected to witness steady growth in the coming years, with a focus on innovation, sustainability, and consumer preferences.

What will be the Size of the Kosher Foods Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market encompasses a diverse range of food products adhering to Jewish dietary regulations. This market caters to consumers seeking healthier options, with a growing emphasis on allergen-free food and ethical sourcing. The demand for vegan kosher foods is also on the rise, aligning with broader trends in plant-based diets. Kosher foods are produced under strict supervision, ensuring the separation of milk and animal products. Hypermarkets, grocery stores, online platforms, and specialty stores serve as key distribution channels for this market. Major product categories include seafood, meat, dairy products, beverages, dietary supplements, and a wide array of packaged goods such as pasta, bread, cereals, juices, frozen meals, and packaged snacks. Buckwheat and other alternative grains have gained popularity due to their inclusion in kosher diets. Overall, the market exhibits strong growth, driven by increasing consumer awareness and adherence to dietary preferences and ethical considerations.

How is this Kosher Foods Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The kosher foods industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Kosher pareve
  Kosher meat
  Kosher dairy


Distribution Channel

  Supermarkets and hypermarkets
  Grocery stores
  Online stores


End-user

  Household consumers
  Food service industry
  Food processing industry


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Italy


  Middle East and Africa



  South America

    Brazil


  APAC

By Product Insights

The kosher pareve segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The kosher pareve market encompasses a range of food products that adhere to Jewish dietary regulations, excluding meat and dairy. These neutral foods, which can be consumed with meat and dairy, include fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, grains, tofu, plant proteins, confectionery products, beverages, and dietary supplements. Strict adherence to kosher standards mandates careful inspection of fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts for bugs, insects, or larvae. Eggs, too, must be free of blood spots to be considered kosher. Pareve products cater to various consumer groups, such as health-conscious individuals, vegetarians, and those with celiac disorders or lactose intolerance. This segment also includes snacks, savory dishes, bakery items, and culinary products. The pareve market serves both the Jewish and non-Jewish communities, with offerings available at grocery stores, hypermarkets, and online platforms. Examples of pareve foods are buckwheat, seafood, lamb, pulses, juices, frozen meals, packaged snacks, and baked goods.

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The kosher pareve segment was valued at USD 13.80 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

North America is estimated to contribute 39% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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The North American market holds the largest share in the global consumption of kosher foods, with the US and Canada being the key contributors. While the Jewish community is the primary consumer base, the Muslim population in the US also favors ko

Europe's Jewish population in 1939 was around 9.5 million people, and it is estimated that six million of these were ultimately killed by 1945. The persecution of German Jews escalated during the interwar period, particularly after Hitler's ascent to power in 1933, and again after Kristallnacht in 1938. However, the scale of this increased drastically following the German invasions of Poland in 1939 and the USSR in 1941, when Germany annexed regions with some of the largest Jewish populations in Europe. Extermination Camps As part of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", the Nazi occupiers established six extermination camps in present-day Poland; these were Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek***, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Prisoners, mostly Jews, were transported from all over Europe to these camps. Upon arrival, the majority of victims were sent directly to purpose-built chambers or vans, where they were murdered with carbon monoxide or Zyklon B gas. A relatively small number of prisoners were also forced to dispose of the victims' bodies, which often included their own family members, friends, or persons known to them. Most of the deceased were incinerated, and many of the camp records were destroyed; this means that precise figures for the number of deaths in extermination camps will never be known. It has been estimated that at least 2.7 million Jews were murdered in these six camps; over two thirds of these were killed at Auschwitz or Treblinka. Einsatzgruppen After extermination camps, the most common method of murder was through mass shootings. The majority of these shootings were not carried out by regular soldiers, but specialized task forces known as "Einsatzgruppen". Each group was just a few hundred men each, but they were responsible for some of the largest individual acts of genocide in the war. The largest of these took place at Babi Yar, near Kyiv in 1941, where almost 35,000 victims were beaten, humiliated, and then shot over a two day period. The Einsatzgruppen were most active in the annexed Soviet territories (although additional regiments were active in Poland and the Balkans), and their ranks were often bolstered by local volunteers. It has been estimated that Einsatzgruppen were responsible for the genocide of more than two million people in fewer than six years.

Kosher Beef Market size was valued at USD 77.43 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 100.84 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period 2024-2030.Global Kosher Beef Market DriversWithin the food business, the Kosher Beef Market grows and develops due to a number of important market drivers. Among these drivers are:Cultural and Religious customs: Adherence to kosher dietary standards and customs within Jewish communities is the main force behind the Kosher Beef Market. Because kosher certification guarantees that cattle products meet particular religious standards, devout Jewish consumers consistently demand kosher beef.Global Rise in Kosher Food Consumption: The demand for kosher-certified goods, such as beef, is being driven by the broader trend of growing kosher food consumption, which is not just concentrated among Jews. Regardless of their religious affiliation, a large number of consumers believe that kosher products adhere to strict quality, hygiene, and ethical production standards.Growing Awareness and Health Consciousness: Customers are looking for items that reflect their values as a result of growing awareness of food safety, quality, and ethical sources. Due to its strict certification and processing requirements, some customers view kosher beef as a healthier and more ethically produced option, which has led to its market expansion.Export Potential: Because the kosher beef market is international, there are export potential options to areas with a varied population, such as Jewish communities and consumers who actively seek out kosher-certified goods. A wider market is served by exporting kosher beef, which encourages growth and presents producers with financial prospects.Enhanced Cooperation and Certification Requirements: The kosher certification procedure has been expedited by cooperation between food manufacturers and kosher certification agencies. The availability and diversity of products increase as more manufacturers enter the Kosher Beef Market as certification becomes more widely available.Various Uses in Foodservice and Retail: Kosher beef is used in a variety of settings outside of Jewish homes, including the larger foodservice and retail industries. This beef's market reach is increased by the restaurants, lodging facilities, and shops that cater to a wide range of consumer preferences by offering kosher beef.Perceptions of Quality by Customers: According to certain customers, kosher certification indicates a better standard of cleanliness, quality, and moral treatment of animals. Customers who value these characteristics in their food selections are more likely to seek out kosher beef as a result of this favorable opinion.Trends in Health and Wellbeing: Customers are looking for items that adhere to particular dietary needs as a result of the emphasis on health and wellbeing as well as dietary limitations for a variety of reasons. With its unambiguous certification and labeling, kosher beef appeals to customers seeking out items that support their dietary and health goals.

During the Holocaust, approximately six million Jews were killed. In France, the Jewish population had decreased by ******* individuals between 1939 and 1945. It then increased between the end of World War II and the 1970s, reaching ******* individuals in 1970. However, according to the source, the number of Jews in France has declined by more than 15 percent between that period and 2020, and is now estimated to be *******.

Israel's population is aging steadily, with the median age projected to rise from 29 years in 2020 to 32 years by 2050. This demographic shift reflects global trends of increasing life expectancy and declining birth rates, though Israel maintained a relatively young population compared to many developed nations. The country's unique religious and cultural makeup contributed to regional variations in age distribution, presenting both opportunities and challenges for policymakers. Which region has the oldest population? As of 2023, over a quarter of Israelis were under the age of 14 years. The largest age group in the country being four-year olds and below. Interestingly, significant regional differences existed within the country when it came to age distribution and aging. While the median age in the Jerusalem district was below 24, Tel Aviv was the oldest region with an average age of over 34 years, highlighting significant demographic variations across different areas. How does religion influence demographics? Religious affiliation played a role in Israel's age structure and demographics. Muslims are the youngest religious group with a median age of 24 years, while Christians of Arab ethnicity are the oldest, at 35 years. Jews, the largest religious-ethnic group, had a median age of almost 32 years, but within the Jewish demographic, age and fertility varied greatly between people based on religiosity. These differences play a significant role in the country's population and future growth patterns.

Throughout the interwar period, Nazi leaders and propaganda repeatedly put forward the bogus claim that Jews owned up to 20 percent of all wealth in Germany, despite making up fewer than one percent of the population. At this time, Jews were used as a scapegoat for Germany's economic difficulties after the First World War and during the Great Depression, and the Nazis claimed that the Jews were lining their pockets at the expense of "Aryan" Germans. Unfortunately, there are no official figures for Jewish wealth in the 1930s, and emigration tax data only gives an insight into the finances of wealthier Jews. There are, however, a range of estimates from contemporary and more recent sources, which have been used to estimate the real share of German capital that was owned by Jews. Contemporary estimates At various points in the 1930s, the media, statistical office, and central bank all claimed that the combined wealth of German Jews was somewhere between two and 20 billion Reichsmarks (RM). While these three institutions were all state run under the Nazi regime, and despite their uncertainty, some of these estimates are still treated with consideration due to the credentials of the journalists, economists, and statisticians involved. Additionally, these figures were used with the purpose of identifying just how much money the state could take from the Jewish population, therefore it was of interest for the Nazi authorities to ascertain accurate figures, and not inflate estimates for propaganda purposes. Interestingly, the estimates from the Statistical office actually increased from 1933 to 1936, despite the fact that the state had already been seizing Jewish wealth and restricting Jewish business on a large scale since 1933; this has been attributed to the economic impact of the Great Depression. Modern estimates The estimates from Junz and Ritschl were published in 2002 and 2019 respectively, and used some of the contemporary estimates in their investigation, while taking many additional factors into account. These are now some of the most widely-cited estimates on this subject, with estimates of around 8-16 billion RM in 1933, five billion RM in 1936, and 4.4 billion RM in 1938. In Ritschl's 2019 paper, he then goes on to estimate the share of total German wealth owned by Jews; his results show that the Jewish share of private capital was slightly higher than the average, but was still very much in line with their population size.

Since 1963, the Righteous Among the Nations is an honor bestowed by the Israeli state on non-Jews who risked their lives, and often the lives of their families, to save Jews during the Holocaust. As of 2022, a total of 28,217 individuals from 51 different countries have been honored in this way. Poland, the country with the largest Jewish population in Europe before the war, also has the highest number of recipients. Recipients are granted honorary Israeli citizenship (or commemorative citizenship for the deceased), and as many as 130 recipients relocated to Israel; recipients are also awarded a personalized medal, a certificate of honor, and their name is added to the Wall of Honor in the Garden of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center in Jerusalem. Yad Vashem helps coordinate this award, and has archived the stories of the thousands of recipients. However, it does acknowledge that there are thousands more potential recipients whose stories will likely never be known.