The two countries with the greatest shares of the world's Jewish population are the United States and Israel. The United States had been a hub of Jewish immigration since the nineteenth century, as Jewish people sought to escape persecution in Europe by emigrating across the Atlantic. The Jewish population in the U.S. is largely congregated in major urban areas, such as New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, with the New York metropolitan area being the city with the second largest Jewish population worldwide, after Tel Aviv, Israel. Israel is the world's only officially Jewish state, having been founded in 1948 following the first Arab-Israeli War. While Jews had been emigrating to the holy lands since the nineteenth century, when they were controlled by the Ottoman Empire, immigration increased rapidly following the establishment of the state of Israel. Jewish communities in Eastern Europe who had survived the Holocaust saw Israel as a haven from persecution, while the state encouraged immigration from Jewish communities in other regions, notably the Middle East & North Africa. Smaller Jewish communities remain in Europe in countries such as France, the UK, and Germany, and in other countries which were hotspots for Jewish migration in the twentieth century, such as Canada and Argentina.

This statistic shows the top 25 countries in the world with the largest number of Jewish population in 2010. In 2010, there were living about 5.7 million Jews in the United States.

The average for 2013 based on 21 countries was 4.3 percent. The highest value was in Israel: 76.2 percent and the lowest value was in Hungary: 0.2 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2013. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

In the Middle Ages, it is believed the largest Jewish populations in the world were found in Asia, particularly across the Middle East. Of the estimated total Jewish population of 1.2 million people, over 80 percent are thought to have lived in Asia, while 13 percent lived in Europe, and the remaining six precent lived in (North) Africa. The largest populations were found on the Arabian peninsula, as well as Iran and Iraq, while the Near East (here referring to the Levant region) had a much smaller population, despite being the spiritual homeland of the Jewish people.

These figures are based on the records of Benjamin of Tudela, a Jewish traveller from the Middle Ages who provided one of the most comprehensive collections of population statistics from the period. Benjamin's writings not only recorded the number of Jews living across this part of the world, but also gave an insight into societal structures and the ordinary daily lives within Jewish communities in the medieval period. The source providing these figures, however, has adjusted some of the statistics to account for known populations that were missing from Benjamin of Tudela's records, especially in Europe and Asia.

Throughout history, the displacement and migration of Jewish populations has been a repeating theme. In ancient times, the worlds Jewish population was concentrated in the Middle East, especially around Judaism's spiritual homeland in present-day Israel. However, the population distribution of the world's Jewry began to shift in the Middle Ages, with an increasing share living in Europe. Initially, Western Europe (particularly France, Italy, and Spain) had the largest Jewish populations, before they then migrated eastward in later centuries. Between the 18th and mid-20th centuries, over half of the worl'd Jews lived in Europe, with over 80 percent of these living in Eastern Europe.

Poland had become a refuge for Jews fleeing persecution in the Middle Ages, although shifting borders and foreign influence meant that long-term security was never fully attained, and a series of pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 1800s, and rising anti-Semitism in Central Europe in the early-1900s contributred to waves of migration to the United States and Israel during this time. After the Holocaust saw the genocide of up to six million Jews (over one third of the world's Jewish population), the share of Jews living in Europe dropped drastically, and emmigration outside of Europe increased. Today, the United States has the world's largest Jewish population in the world at around 7.3 million people, just ahead of Israel with 7.1 million.

Jerusalem was the city with the largest population of Ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents in Israel in 2022, reaching 290,090 people. The community accounted for almost 30 percent of the city's total population. The town with the second-highest number of Ultra-Orthodox Jews was Bnei Brak, with 202,960 residents. Beit Shemesh and Modi'in Illit also made up a sizable portion of the Ultra-Orthodox community in Israel.

The Holocaust was the systematic extermination of Europe's Jewish population in the Second World War, during which time, up to six million Jews were murdered as part of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". In the context of the Second World War, the term "Holocaust" is traditionally used to reference the genocide of Europe's Jews, although this coincided with the Nazi regime's genocide and ethnic cleansing of an additional eleven million people deemed "undesirable" due to their ethnicity, beliefs, disability or sexuality (among others). During the Holocaust, Poland's Jewish population suffered the largest number of fatalities, with approximately three million deaths. Additionally, at least one million Jews were murdered in the Soviet Union, while Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Yugoslavia also lost the majority of their respective pre-war Jewish populations. The Holocaust in Poland In the interwar period, Europe's Jewish population was concentrated in the east, with roughly one third living in Poland; this can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when thousands of Jews flocked to Eastern Europe to escape persecution. At the outbreak of the Second World War, it is estimated that there were 3.4 million Jews living in Poland, which was approximately ten percent of the total population. Following the German invasion of Poland, Nazi authorities then segregated Jews in ghettos across most large towns and cities, and expanded their network of concentration camps throughout the country. In the ghettos, civilians were deprived of food, and hundreds of thousands died due to disease and starvation; while prison labor was implemented under extreme conditions in concentration camps to fuel the German war effort. In Poland, six extermination camps were also operational between December 1941 and January 1945, which saw the mass extermination of approximately 2.7 million people over the next three years (including many non-Poles, imported from other regions of Europe). While concentration camps housed prisoners of all backgrounds, extermination camps were purpose-built for the elimination of the Jewish race, and over 90% of their victims were Jewish. The majority of the victims in these extermination camps were executed by poison gas, although disease, starvation and overworking were also common causes of death. In addition to the camps and ghettos, SS death squads (Einsatzgruppen) and local collaborators also committed widespread atrocities across Eastern Europe. While the majority of these atrocities took place in the Balkan, Baltic and Soviet regions, they were still prevalent in Poland (particularly during the liquidation of the ghettos), and the Einsatzgruppen alone are estimated to have killed up to 1.3 million Jews throughout the Holocaust. By early 1945, Soviet forces had largely expelled the German armies from Poland and liberated the concentration and extermination camps; by this time, Poland had lost roughly ninety percent of its pre-war Jewish population, and suffered approximately three million further civilian and military deaths. By 1991, Poland's Jewish population was estimated to be just 15 thousand people, while there were fewer than two thousand Jews recorded as living in Poland in 2018.

In 1995, Israel had a Jewish population of approximately 4.5 million people, of whom approximately 1.75 million were born abroad. Over one million of these immigrants were born in Europe, with over 650,000 of these born in the former Soviet Union. Despite Poland having the largest Jewish population in the world in the pre-WWII years, the number of Polish Jewish migrants and descendents in Israel was relatively small in 1995 when compared to the USSR due to the impact of the Holocaust.

Outside of Europe, Morocco had the largest number of Jewish immigrants and descendents in Israel by 1995. Morocco had the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world when Israel was founded in 1948, with over 250,000 people. Many Moroccan Jews sought to emigrate to Israel at this time, but often faced resistance from authorities and local populations who believed the Jews would join in the fight against the Arab forces seeking to establish a Muslim state in Palestine. The government of Morocco then officially prohibited emigration to Israel after gaining independence from France in 1956, however this policy was reversed in 1961 whereby the Moroccan government began facilitating Jewish emigration to Israel in return for payments from Jewish organizations in the U.S. and Israel. By the 1970s, Morocco's Jewish population had fallen to less than 15 percent of its size in 1948.

Despite intensive study, most of the specific genetic factors that contribute to variation in human height remain undiscovered. We conducted a family-based linkage study of height in a unique cohort of very large nuclear families from a founder (Jewish) population. This design allowed for increased power to detect linkage, compared to previous family-based studies. Loci we identified in discovery families could explain an estimated lower bound of 6% of the variance in height in validation families. We showed that these loci are not tagging known common variants associated with height. Rather, we suggest that the observed signals arise from variants with large effects that are rare globally but elevated in frequency in the Jewish population.

The Freikorps Grün Loudon started as a German mercenary formation raised in spring 1790 to provide the Habsburg army with a light infantry force against the short-lived Brabant Republic. The Freikorps continued to serve during the First Coalition War against Revolutionary France (1792-97). As the conflict dragged on, the Rhineland, which served as its primary recruitment area was occupied by the enemy. As a result, the Freikorps shifted its main recruitment efforts to the Habsburg province of Galicia where a large Jewish population lived. The first Jews volunteers were enlisted in spring 1796. Within a year, Jewish soldiers comprised more than one per cent of the unit's strength. This proportion was kept until the Freikorps was disbanded in summer 1798.

With a total number of 27 individual entries, this dataset covers every single Jewish soldier who served in the unit. In addition to basic bibliographical information, the dataset includes reconstructions of complete service itineraries. Some of these are so detailed that the whereabouts and doings of individual soldiers could be traced month after months. After Freikorps Grün Loudon was disbanded, 22 surviving Jewish veterans were transferred to the 3rd and 4th Light Infantry Battalions. Their subsequent service and eventual fates are covered as well. In the dataset includes partial information about three spouses and two children, whose their existence can be discerned from soldiers' personal records.

In terms of their service experiences, the Jewish members of the Freikorps Grün Loudon did not differ much from other mercenary soldiers of that period. As implied by their name, Freikorps units did not form part of the standing army. Manned by foreign renegades and local volunteers, their soldiers were considered more expandable, and Freikorps used to suffer high combat losses. Tactically, Freikorps were often divided into small raiding detachments, which meant their soldiers often remained outside of the direct supervision of their officers. This resulted in high desertion rates. At the same time, the Freikorps also had a committed core of highly-dedicated professional soldiers. Among the veterans of the Freikorps Grün Loudon was Samuel Prager – one of the first documented Jewish soldiers in modern history to rise to the rank of Company Sergeant Major.

For more information on the Freikorps Grün Loudon, see:

Alfons von Wrede, Geschichte der k. und k. Wehrmacht, 5 Vols., (Vienna: Seidel, 1898–1905), Vol. 2, pp. 445-6.

For more information how to identify Jewish soldiers in Habsburg military records, see:

Ilya Berkovich, 'Nachweis von Konfession und Religion in habsburgischen Militärmatriken', Die Habsburgermonarchie: Fragen, Quellen und Ergebnisee zur Geschichte der Neuzeit (Blog), (10 January 2020).

The kosher food market is projected to reach a value of $28.69 billion by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.0% during the forecast period (2025-2033). The market's growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for kosher-certified food products among the Jewish community and health-conscious consumers. The growing awareness of dietary restrictions and the trend towards clean eating have also positively influenced market growth. Additionally, the expansion of the kosher certification industry and the increasing availability of kosher products in various distribution channels have further boosted market expansion. The kosher food market is segmented into product type, distribution channel, certification type, and consumer segment. Major companies operating in the market include SuperKosher, Lakewood, Kraft Heinz, Schwartz, Crown, Osem, Rokeach, Hebrew National, Paskesz, Blue and White, Nestle, Agri Star Meat and Poultry, Unilever, Manischewitz, and Empire Kosher Poultry. North America holds a significant share of the market, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The growing Jewish population and the rising demand for kosher food in the region are driving growth in North America. The market in Europe is supported by the presence of a large Muslim population and increasing health consciousness. In Asia Pacific, the market is expected to witness significant growth due to the rising demand for kosher-certified food products among the Jewish and Muslim communities. Recent developments include: Recent developments in the Kosher Food Market have showcased significant growth, driven by increasing consumer demand for kosher products, particularly in regions with large Jewish populations and among health-conscious consumers. Companies such as SuperKosher and Kraft Heinz are expanding their portfolios to include more organic and health-oriented kosher options, reflecting market trends toward sustainable eating. Osem and Manischewitz have reported innovations in their product lines, introducing new snacks and meals that cater to a broader audience. In terms of mergers and acquisitions, notable activity has been observed, with Rokeach's acquisition of a smaller kosher brand earlier this year indicating a strategic move to expand its market share. Concurrently, Unilever is making strides in enhancing its kosher range, thus broadening its appeal in the competitive landscape. The growth in the market valuation of players like Hebrew National and Empire Kosher Poultry further indicates a robust investment atmosphere, allowing them to enhance their production capabilities and marketing strategies. This positive momentum in the kosher food sector is reinforced by a growing trend of mainstream consumers seeking kosher-certified products for their perceived quality and adherence to dietary restrictions.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing demand for health-conscious products, Expansion in e-commerce for kosher foods; Rising popularity among millennials and Gen Z; Increasing product innovation and variety; Enhanced distribution channels in markets. Potential restraints include: Rising demand for healthy options, Growth of online retailing; Increased awareness and certification; Expanding consumer base; Influential dietary trends.

In 2022, the average number of people per household in the city of Bnei Brak in Israel was ****. This city topped the list of people per household among large cities in Israel (******* or more people). In comparison, the national average number of people per household was ****, which put Bnei Brak, a city with a predominantly Orthodox Jewish population. The city of Tel Aviv-Yafo ends the list with an average of **** persons per household.

Kosher Food Market Outlook

The global kosher food market size was valued at USD 24.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 37.2 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 4.8% during the forecast period. The growth of the kosher food market is primarily driven by the increasing awareness and demand for kosher-certified products, particularly among health-conscious consumers and those adhering to dietary laws for religious reasons.

One of the significant growth factors contributing to the expansion of the kosher food market is the rising consumer preference for high-quality, safe, and healthy food products. Kosher certification is often perceived as a mark of quality assurance, ensuring that food products meet stringent standards for cleanliness and purity. This has led to a broader acceptance of kosher food beyond the Jewish community, appealing to a diverse range of consumers, including vegetarians, vegans, and individuals with food allergies.

Furthermore, globalization and the increase in cross-cultural interactions have propelled the demand for kosher food products. The growing diaspora of Jewish populations and the increased interest in ethnic and specialty foods have amplified the visibility and availability of kosher products worldwide. This trend is supported by retailers and food manufacturers who are expanding their kosher product lines to cater to this growing market segment.

Another crucial factor driving market growth is the proliferation of online retail channels. The convenience of online shopping, combined with the increasing penetration of the internet and smartphone usage, has significantly boosted the accessibility and sales of kosher food products. Consumers can now easily access a wide variety of kosher-certified products from the comfort of their homes, leading to a surge in demand through e-commerce platforms.

On a regional level, North America remains the largest market for kosher food, driven by a substantial Jewish population and a high level of consumer awareness and demand for kosher products. Europe is also witnessing steady growth due to the increasing popularity of kosher food among non-Jewish consumers. The Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, fueled by rising disposable incomes, urbanization, and an expanding retail sector.

Product Type Analysis

The kosher food market is segmented into various product types, including Meat, Dairy, Pareve, and Others. Each segment plays a crucial role in shaping the overall market dynamics and consumer preferences. The meat segment, which includes kosher beef, poultry, and lamb, is a significant contributor to the market. Stringent kosher slaughtering practices and the prohibition of certain animal parts ensure that kosher meat adheres to high standards of quality and hygiene, appealing to a broad base of health-conscious consumers.

The dairy segment encompasses a wide range of products such as milk, cheese, yogurt, and butter. Kosher dairy products are produced under strict supervision to ensure that they do not come into contact with non-kosher substances. The growing demand for clean-label and organic dairy products has further bolstered the market for kosher dairy, as consumers increasingly associate kosher certification with quality and purity.

Pareve products, which are neither meat nor dairy, include a diverse array of food items such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and fish. The versatility and inclusivity of pareve products make them highly popular among consumers who seek dietary flexibility. This segment is witnessing robust growth as it caters to a wide audience, including vegetarians, vegans, and those with lactose intolerance or other dietary restrictions.

Other kosher food products encompass a variety of categories, including snacks, beverages, and processed foods. The increasing availability of kosher-certified processed and convenience foods caters to the modern consumer's need for quick and easy meal options that do not compromise on dietary laws or quality. Innovations in food processing and packaging have also enhanced the shelf life and appeal of these products, further driving their demand in the market.

Report Scope

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: Not available in microdata sample - Vacant units: Not available in microdata sample - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: Includes but not identified - Special populations: No special populations

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Households: A group of persons living together in the same dwelling who prepare most of their meals together. Generally, this term is identical with members of a family who live in the same dwelling. A person living alone is considered to be a household. - Group quarters: An administrative unit that provides dormitory facilities and usually food services to at least five individuals.

Universe

Permanent residents of Israel, including those who were abroad on the census date but had been absent from Israel no longer than one year continuously. Jewish persons living in Jewish localities in administered territories.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Central Bureau of Statistics - Israel

SAMPLE DESIGN: Systematic sample of every 5th household after a random start. 1-in-2 sample drawn from that by MPC.

SAMPLE UNIT: Household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 315,608

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The census was conducted in two stages and for each one there a separate enumeration form. In the first stage (A), the entire population was enumerated. The stage A questionnaire was designed to cover all households and every member in the houusehold.

Europe's Jewish population in 1939 was around 9.5 million people, and it is estimated that six million of these were ultimately killed by 1945. The persecution of German Jews escalated during the interwar period, particularly after Hitler's ascent to power in 1933, and again after Kristallnacht in 1938. However, the scale of this increased drastically following the German invasions of Poland in 1939 and the USSR in 1941, when Germany annexed regions with some of the largest Jewish populations in Europe. Extermination Camps As part of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", the Nazi occupiers established six extermination camps in present-day Poland; these were Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek***, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Prisoners, mostly Jews, were transported from all over Europe to these camps. Upon arrival, the majority of victims were sent directly to purpose-built chambers or vans, where they were murdered with carbon monoxide or Zyklon B gas. A relatively small number of prisoners were also forced to dispose of the victims' bodies, which often included their own family members, friends, or persons known to them. Most of the deceased were incinerated, and many of the camp records were destroyed; this means that precise figures for the number of deaths in extermination camps will never be known. It has been estimated that at least 2.7 million Jews were murdered in these six camps; over two thirds of these were killed at Auschwitz or Treblinka. Einsatzgruppen After extermination camps, the most common method of murder was through mass shootings. The majority of these shootings were not carried out by regular soldiers, but specialized task forces known as "Einsatzgruppen". Each group was just a few hundred men each, but they were responsible for some of the largest individual acts of genocide in the war. The largest of these took place at Babi Yar, near Kyiv in 1941, where almost 35,000 victims were beaten, humiliated, and then shot over a two day period. The Einsatzgruppen were most active in the annexed Soviet territories (although additional regiments were active in Poland and the Balkans), and their ranks were often bolstered by local volunteers. It has been estimated that Einsatzgruppen were responsible for the genocide of more than two million people in fewer than six years.

At the end of 2023, the population of Israel reached almost 9.7 million permanent residents. Jewish residents formed the largest religious group, with just over 7.15 million people. The Muslim population in the country, formed the largest religious minority at over 1.7 million individuals. Conversely, the smallest religious group was that of the Druze with about 151,000 people.

Background/Aims: Ashkenazi Jews have a 1:40 prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations. Orthodox Jews are an understudied population with unique cultural and religious factors that may influence BRCA1/2 genetic testing uptake. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted a cross-sectional survey and focus groups among Orthodox Jewish women in New York/New Jersey to explore factors affecting decision-making about BRCA1/2 genetic testing. Results: Among 321 evaluable survey participants, the median age was 47 years (range, 25–82); 56% were Modern Orthodox and 44% Yeshivish/Chassidish/other; 84% were married; 7% had a personal history of breast or ovarian cancer. Nearly 20% of the women had undergone BRCA1/2genetic testing. Predictors of genetic testing uptake included being Modern Orthodox (odds ratio [OR] = 2.31), married (OR = 3.49), and having a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer (OR = 9.74). Focus group participants (n = 31) confirmed the importance of rabbinic consultation in medical decision-making and revealed that stigma was a prominent factor in decisions about BRCA1/2 testing due to its potential impact on marriageability. Conclusion: In order to increase the uptake of BRCA1/2 genetic testing among the Orthodox Jewish population, it is crucial to understand religious and cultural factors, such as stigma and effect on marriageability, and engage religious leaders in raising awareness within the community.

Kosher Food Certification Market Outlook

The Kosher Food Certification Market is poised to exhibit remarkable growth, with its global market size expected to expand from USD 24.8 billion in 2023 to an estimated USD 42.2 billion by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4%. The surge in demand for kosher-certified products is largely driven by increasing consumer awareness about food safety, dietary health benefits, and growing adherence to religious dietary laws, alongside the broader trend of seeking high-quality food products. This growth trajectory is further bolstered by the rising global population and its inclination towards healthier, more transparent food sourcing practices, which are hallmarks of kosher-certified food items.

One of the primary growth factors contributing to the expansion of the kosher food certification market is the increasing health consciousness among consumers. Kosher food is often perceived as a cleaner and more trustworthy option due to its stringent certification process, which ensures the food is free from contaminants and adheres to strict preparation standards. This perception has gained traction not only among Jewish communities but also among health-conscious individuals who are seeking assurance about the food they consume. This broader acceptance has opened new demographics and market segments for kosher-certified products, thereby driving market growth.

In addition to health motivations, cultural and religious factors play a significant role in the growth of this market. The Jewish population, which traditionally consumes kosher products, is not the only driver; the market is also buoyed by Muslim communities adhering to halal dietary laws which align in certain aspects with kosher guidelines. This overlap increases the appeal of kosher products, facilitating market growth in regions with significant Muslim populations. Furthermore, the globalization of food cultures and the fusion of different culinary traditions have led to a broader acceptance and demand for kosher-certified products worldwide.

The rapid advancement of globalization and the continuous expansion of international trade have also significantly contributed to the growth of the kosher food certification market. With food products now crossing borders more frequently, there is a heightened focus on maintaining food safety standards across nations. Kosher certification provides an internationally recognized mark of quality, making it easier for products to penetrate new markets. This trend is supported by the increasing demand for gourmet and specialty foods, where kosher certification often serves as a mark of quality and authenticity, enhancing consumer trust and confidence in the product.

Regionally, the kosher food certification market exhibits a diverse outlook. North America holds a significant share of the market due to its large Jewish population and the well-established food certification industry. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate, driven by its burgeoning middle-class population and increasing awareness of kosher dietary benefits. Meanwhile, Europe, with its rich history of cultural diversity and culinary exploration, continues to be a robust market for kosher foods, benefiting from regulatory support and growing consumer interest in food quality and safety standards.

Type Analysis

The Kosher Food Certification Market by type is segmented into Kosher Pareve, Kosher Meat, and Kosher Dairy. Each category serves a distinct purpose and caters to different consumer needs. Kosher Pareve, which includes foods that contain neither meat nor dairy, is particularly appealing to vegetarians and those allergic to dairy products. It has gained popularity due to the rising trend of plant-based diets and the increasing prevalence of lactose intolerance. The strict certification for pareve products ensures that they meet high standards of quality and purity, attracting a broad consumer base that values transparency and health.

Kosher Meat, another critical segment, holds substantial significance, especially within traditional Jewish communities. The consumption of kosher meat is not only a dietary choice but also a religious obligation for many. The meticulous process involved in certifying kosher meat - which includes humane slaughtering and thorough inspections - is a major selling point. This segment is expected to continue to expand as consumer demand for ethically-sourced meat products grows, reflecting broader trends towards sustainable and humane food production practices that are gaining moment

How do historical legacies shape contemporary political outcomes? The article proposes a novel attitudinal mechanism through which distant interethnic competition can influence political preferences in the present. It theorizes that historically conditioned predispositions at the local level can moderate the effects of national-level framing of a policy issue. Using Poland as a test case, I show that subnational variation in support for EU accession was influenced by populist claims about the increase in Jewish influence in the post-accession period. Anti-Semitic cues resonated with voters in areas with historically large Jewish populations and a contentious interethnic past, where latent anti-Semitism persisted throughout the Communist period. To provide evidence for this argument, the article draws on rich historical and contemporary data at the county, town, and individual level of analysis and utilizes novel research methods.