In 2023 Moscow was the largest city in Europe with an estimated urban agglomeration of 12.68 million people. The French capital, Paris was the second largest city in 2023 at 11.2 million, followed by the capitals of the United Kingdom and Spain, with London at 9.6 million and Madrid at 6.75 million people. Istanbul, which would otherwise be the largest city in Europe in 2023, is excluded as it is only partially in Europe, with a sizeable part of its population living in Asia. Europe’s population almost 750 million Since 1950, the population of Europe has increased by approximately 200 million people, increasing from 550 million to 750 million in this seventy-year period. Prior to the turn of the millennium, Europe was the second-most populated continent, before it was overtaken by Africa, which saw its population increase from 228 million in 1950, to 817 million by 2000. Asia has consistently had the largest population of the world’s continents and was estimated to have a population of 4.6 billion. Europe’s largest countries Including its territory in Asia, Russia is by far the largest country in the world, with a territory of around 17 million square kilometers, almost double that of the next largest country, Canada. Within Europe, Russia also has the continents largest population at 145 million, followed by Germany at 83 million and the United Kingdom at almost 68 million. By contrast, Europe is also home to various micro-states such as San Marino, which has a population of just 30 thousand.

By 1800, London had grown to be the largest city in Western Europe with just under one million inhabitants. Paris was now the second largest city, with over half a million people, and Naples was the third largest city with 450 thousand people. The only other cities with over two hundred thousand inhabitants at this time were Vienna, Amsterdam and Dublin. Another noticeable development is the inclusion of many more northern cities from a wider variety of countries. The dominance of cities from France and Mediterranean countries was no longer the case, and the dispersal of European populations in 1800 was much closer to how it is today, more than two centuries later.

It is estimated that the largest cities in Western Europe in 1330 were Paris and Granada. At this time, Paris was the seat of power in northern France, while Granada had become the largest multicultural city in southern Spain, controlled by the Muslim, Nasrid Kingdom during Spain's Reconquista period. The next three largest cities were Venice, Genoa and Milan, all in northern Italy, renowned as important trading cities during the middle ages. In October 1347, the first wave of the Black Death had arrived in Sicily and then began spreading throughout Europe, decimating the population.

It is estimated that the cities of Cordova (modern-day Córdoba) and Palermo were the largest cities in Europe in 1050, and had between fifteen and twenty times the population of most other entries in this graph, Despite this the cities of Cordova (the capital city of the Umayyad caliphate, who controlled much of the Iberian peninsula from the seventh to eleventh centuries), and Palermo (another Arab-controlled capital in Southern Europe) were still the only cities in Western Europe with a population over one hundred thousand people, closely followed by Seville. It is also noteworthy to point out that the five largest cities on this list were importing trading cities, in modern day Spain or Italy, although the largest cities become more northern and western European in later lists (1200, 1330, 1500, 1650 and 1800). In 1050, todays largest Western European cities, London and Paris, had just twenty-five and twenty thousand inhabitants respectively.

The period of European history (and much of world history) between 500 and 1500 is today known as the 'Dark Ages'. Although the term 'Dark Ages' was originally applied to the lack of literature and arts, it has since been applied to the lack or scarcity of recorded information from this time. Because of these limitations, much information about this time is still being debated today.

Population in the largest city (% of urban population) in European Union was reported at 15.95 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Population in the largest city - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on March of 2025.

In 1500, the largest city was Paris, with an estimated 225 thousand inhabitants, almost double the population of the second-largest city, Naples. As in 1330, Venice and Milan remain the third and fourth largest cities in Western Europe, however Genoa's population almost halved from 1330 until 1500, as it was struck heavily by the bubonic plague in the mid-1300s. In lists prior to this, the largest cities were generally in Spain and Italy, however, as time progressed, the largest populations could be found more often in Italy and France. The year 1500 is around the beginning of what we now consider modern history, a time that saw the birth of many European empires and inter-continental globalization.

Paris was Western Europe's largest city in 1650, with an estimated 400 thousand inhabitants, which is almost double it's population 150 years previously. In second place is London, with 350 thousand inhabitants, however it has grown by a substantially higher rate than Paris during this time, now seven times larger than it was in the year 1500. Naples remains in the top three largest cities, growing from 125 to 300 thousand inhabitants during this time. In the previous list, the Italian cities of Milan and Venice were the only other cities with more than one hundred thousand inhabitants, however in this list they have been joined by the trading centers of Lisbon and Amsterdam, the capital cities of the emerging Portuguese and Dutch maritime empires.

Rome is the largest Italian metropolitan area. As of 2024, the urban area of the capital city has a population of around 4.23 million people. Milan and Naples follow with 3.25 million and 2.97 million people, respectively. In terms of inhabitants per square kilometer, Naples, located in the south, has the highest population density. Rome, Milan, and Naples are also Italy's largest cities.

A large number of European cities are covered by this dataset; for each city you can find one or more Cartosat-1 ortho image products and one or more Euro-Maps 3D DSM tiles clipped to the extent of the ortho coverage. The Euro-Maps 3D DSM is a homogeneous, 5 m spaced Digital Surface Model semi-automatically derived from 2.5 m Cartosat-1 in-flight stereo data with a vertical accuracy of 10 m. The very detailed and accurate representation of the surface is achieved by using a sophisticated and well adapted algorithm implemented on the basis of the Semi-Global Matching approach. The final product includes several pixel-based quality and traceability layers: The dsm layer (_dsm.tif) contains the elevation heights as a geocoded raster file The source layer (_src.tif) contains information about the data source for each height value/pixel The number layer (_num.tif) contains for each height value/pixel the number of IRS-P5 Cartosat-1 stereo pairs used for the generation of the DEM The quality layer (_qc.tif) is set to 1 for each height/pixel value derived from IRS-P5 Cartosat-1 data and which meets or exceeds the product specifications The accuracy vertical layer (*_acv.tif) contains the absolute vertical accuracy for each quality controlled height value/pixel. The ortho image is a Panchromatic image at 2.5 m resolution. The following table defines the offered product types. EO-SIP product type Description PAN_PAM_3O IRS-P5 Cartosat-1 ortho image DSM_DEM_3D IRS-P5 Cartosat-1 DSM

This dataset contains the data displayed in the figures or the article "High-resolution projections of ambient heat for major European cities using different heat metrics".

The different files contain:

Data_Fig1_DeltaTXx_EURO-CORDEX_1981-2010_to_3K-European-warming_RCP85.nc: Change of yearly maximum temperature in Europe between 1981-2010 and 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010.

Data_Fig2_timeseries-GSAT-ESAT_EURO-CORDEX_CMIP5_CMIP6_1971-2100_RCP85_SSP585.xlsx: Time series of global mean surface air temperature (GSAT) for CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, and for European mean surface air temperature (ESAT) for EURO-CORDEX, CMIP5, and CMIP6 models for the period 1971-2100.

Data_Fig3_TX-distribution_distance-from-city-centre_E-OBS_1981-2010.xlsx: Distribution of average daily maximum temperature in summer (June, July, August) in 1981-2010 for E-OBS for all investigated cities. Temperature data are indicated as a function of the distance to the city centre.

Data_Fig3_TX-distribution_distance-from-city-centre_ERA5-Land_1981-2010.xlsx: Distribution of average daily maximum temperature in summer (June, July, August) in 1981-2010 for ERA5-Land for all investigated cities. Temperature data are indicated as a function of the distance to the city centre.

Data_Fig3_TX-distribution_distance-from-city-centre_EURO-CORDEX_1981-2010.xlsx: Distribution of average daily maximum temperature in summer (June, July, August) in 1981-2010 for the EURO-CORDEX models for all investigated cities. Temperature data are indicated as a function of the distance to the city centre.

Data_Fig3_TX-distribution_distance-from-city-centre_weather-stations_1981-2010.xlsx: Distribution of average daily maximum temperature in summer (June, July, August) in 1981-2010 for GSOD and ECA&D stations for all investigated cities. Temperature data are indicated as a function of the distance to the city centre.

Data_Fig4_TX-ambient-heat_EURO-CORDEX_3K-European-warming.xlsx: Daytime heat metrics for the investigated cities: HWMId-TX at 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010, TX exceedances above 30 °C at 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010, and TXx change between 1981-2010 and 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010 for EURO-CORDEX models.

Data_Fig5_Contribution-of-explanatory-variables-to-total-explained-variance.xlsx: Contribution of different explanatory variables (climate and location factors) to the total explained variance of spatial patterns of heat metrics.

Data_Fig6_TN-ambient-heat_EURO-CORDEX_3K-European-warming.xlsx: Nighttime heat metrics for the investigated cities: HWMId-TN at 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010, TN exceedances above 20 °C at 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010, and TNx change between 1981-2010 and 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010 for EURO-CORDEX models.

Data_Fig7_TX-ambient-heat_CMIP5_3K-European-warming.xlsx: Daytime heat metrics for the investigated cities: HWMId-TX at 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010, TX exceedances above 30 °C at 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010, and TXx change between 1981-2010 and 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010 for CMIP5 models.

Data_Fig7_TX-ambient-heat_CMIP6_3K-European-warming.xlsx: Daytime heat metrics for the investigated cities: HWMId-TX at 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010, TX exceedances above 30 °C at 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010, and TXx change between 1981-2010 and 3 °C European warming relative to 1981-2010 for CMIP6 models.

Data_Fig8_GCM-RCM-matrix_ambient-heat_3K-European-warming.xlsx: GCM-RCM matrices for the three heat metrics.

The largest Western European city in 1200 was Palermo, with 150 thousand inhabitants. This is a great decrease in the number 150 years previously, where the population was 350 thousand. The city of Cordova also decreased by almost 400 thousand in this time, possibly because of the declining Arabian control and influence in the area. Seville is the third largest city on this list, although it's overall population decreased by ten thousand since 1050. The largest cities are generally in Spain or Italy, although the second largest city on this list is Paris, with 110 thousand inhabitants. In the lists that follow, Paris remains at the top as either the largest (1500 and 1650) or second largest (1330 and 1800) city in Western Europe.

Multiple factors can play a role in the decision to invest in real estate. To calculate how prosperous European cities are on the estate market, the Urban Land Institute considered transport connectivity, forecasted real estate returns, a city’s economic performance, availability of assets/opportunities for new development, market size and liquidity, regulatory environment, digital connectivity, attractiveness to talent, city leadership, housing affordability, and affordability of space for new/small/growing businesses. Leading European cities for development and investment London, Madrid, and Paris were the three leading European cities by overall prospects for 2025. As the most important factors for selecting a European city for investment or development, industry experts outline forecast the city's economic performance. When it comes to the issues influencing real estate professionals in their investment choices, the major concerns shared were construction costs, capex requirements, and environmental sustainability requirements. Leading investment real estate sectors In terms of investment prospects, the sectors with the highest scores were new energy infrastructure, life sciences, and data centers. This should come as no surprise taking into consideration that the value of investments in industrial and logistic real estate in Europe has increased by more than threefold since 2012.

Between 1500 and 1800, London grew to be the largest city in Western Europe, with its population growing almost 22 times larger in this period. London would eventually overtake Constantinople as Europe's largest in the 1700s, before becoming the largest city in the world (ahead of Beijing) in the early-1800s.

The most populous cities in this period were the capitals of European empires, with Paris, Amsterdam, and Vienna growing to become the largest cities, alongside the likes of Lisbon and Madrid in Iberia, and Naples or Venice in Italy. Many of northwestern Europe's largest cities in 1500 would eventually be overtaken by others not shown here, such as the port cities of Hamburg, Marseilles or Rotterdam, or more industrial cities such as Berlin, Birmingham, and Munich.

When using this data set, it should be bibliographically referred to as 'Urban Audit, 2004'.

The Urban Audit (UA) provides European urban statistics for a representative sample of large and medium-sized cities across 30 European countries. It enables an assessment of the state of individual EU cities and provides access to comparative information from other EU cities.

This spatial dataset will support the study and dissemination of the UA data. It allows the visualisation of participating cities at three conceptual levels: - UA City - the core city, using an administrative definition - UA City Kernel - a concept introduced to improve comparability between large cities - Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) - approximating the functional urban region

In addition, this spatial dataset allows visualisation of a 285 participating cities at two hierarchical sublevels to analyse the disparities within cities: - Sub City Districts level 1 (SCD L1) - Sub City Districts level 2 (SCD L2)

The extent of this dataset is the EU-27 plus Croatia (HR), Norway (NO) and Switzerland (CH).

The URAU_2004 dataset contains a polygonal feature class for UA Cities, UA City Kernels and Large Urban Zones, derived from the geometry of the GISCO COMM_2004 dataset (based on EuroBoundary Map 2004). Polygonal feature classes for Sub City Districts are derived from the geometry of the GISCO COMM_2004 dataset (based on EuroBoundary Map 2004) or spatial data supplied by URAU delegates which has been made coincident with UA City geometry.

A generalised version of each feature class allows for visualisation at the scale of 1:3 Million. UA Cities are also represented by a point topology that are derived from and synchronised with the GISCO STTL_V3 dataset of European Settlements. The UA city points are, when possible, synchronised to an Urban Fabric class in Corine Land Cover 2000.

A best fit lookup between Lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOA) as at December 2011, and Major Towns and Cities (TCITY) as at December 2015 in England and Wales. The TCITY statistical geography provides a precise definition of the major towns and cities in England and Wales The geography has been developed specifically for the production and analysis of statistics, and is based on the Built-Up Areas geography that was created for the release of 2011 Census data (File Size 1.4MB).<

For more information and an overview of best-fitting follow this link -

The city of Paris in France had an estimated gross domestic product of 757.6 billion Euros in 2021, the most of any European city. Paris was followed by the spanish capital, Madrid, which had a GDP of 237.5 billion Euros, and the Irish capital, Dublin at 230 billion Euros. Milan, in the prosperous north of Italy, had a GDP of 228.4 billion Euros, 65 billion euros larger than the Italian capital Rome, and was the largest non-capital city in terms of GDP in Europe. The engine of Europe Among European countries, Germany had by far the largest economy, with a gross domestic product of over 4.18 trillion Euros. The United Kingdom or France have been Europe's second largest economy since the 1980s, depending on the year, with forecasts suggesting France will overtake the UK going into the 2020s. Germany however, has been the biggest European economy for some time, with five cities (Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart and Frankfurt) among the 15 largest European cities by GDP. Europe's largest cities In 2023, Moscow was the largest european city, with a population of nearly 12.7 million. Paris was the largest city in western Europe, with a population of over 11 million, while London was Europe's third-largest city at 9.6 million inhabitants.

Urban sprawl has resulted in the permanent presence of large mammal species in urban areas, leading to human–wildlife conflicts. Wild boar Sus scrofa are establishing a permanent presence in many cities in Europe, with the largest German urban population occurring in Berlin. Despite their relatively long-term presence, there is little knowledge of colonization processes, dispersal patterns or connectivity of Berlin's populations, hampering the development of effective management plans. We used 13 microsatellite loci to genotype 387 adult and subadult wild boar from four urban forests, adjacent built-up areas and the surrounding rural forests. We applied genetic clustering algorithms to analyse the population genetic structure of the urban boar. We used approximate Bayesian computation to infer the boar's colonization history of the city. Finally, we used assignment tests to determine the origin of wild boar hunted in the urban built-up areas. The animals in three urban forests formed distinct genetic clusters, with the remaining samples all being assigned to one rural population. One urban cluster was founded by individuals from another urban cluster rather than by rural immigrants. The wild boar that had been harvested within urban built-up areas was predominantly assigned to the rural cluster surrounding the urban area, rather than to one of the urban clusters. Synthesis and applications. Our results are likely to have an immediate impact on management strategies for urban wild board populations in Berlin, because they show that there are not only distinct urban clusters, but also ongoing source–sink dynamics between urban and rural areas. It is therefore essential that the neighbouring Federal States of Berlin and Brandenburg develop common hunting plans to control the wild boar population and reduce conflicts in urban areas.

European Directive 2002/49/EC of 25 June 2002 on the assessment and management of environmental noise entails for EU Member States an assessment of environmental noise in the vicinity of major transport infrastructure (land and air) and in large agglomerations. This assessment is carried out in particular through the development of ‘so-called’ noise maps, the first series of which were drawn up in 2007 (1st deadline of the Directive) and 2012 (2nd deadline). Article L572-5 of the Environmental Code states that these maps are “reviewed, and if necessary revised, at least every five years”. Thus, the implementation of this review leads, in 2017 and as appropriate, to revise or renew the maps previously developed.

Strategic Noise Maps (CBS) are designed to allow for the overall assessment of exposure to noise and to forecast its evolution.

CBS are required in particular for road infrastructure with annual traffic of more than 3 million vehicles per year. For major road and rail transport infrastructure, the CBS are established, decided and approved under the authority of the prefect of the department.

Noise maps are developed according to the indicators established by the European Directive, namely Lden (Day Evening Night Level) and Ln (Night Level). • Day/day: [6h-18h] • Evening/evening: [18h-22h] • Night/night: [22h-6h] The Lden and Ln indicators correspond to a defined energy average over the periods (Day/Black/Night) for Lden and (Night) for Ln. The corresponding results are expressed in A or dB(A) weighted decibels.

Type C maps represent areas where noise limit values are exceeded for residential, educational and health buildings. For road and high-speed railway lines, the limit values are 68 dB(A) in Lden and 62 dB(A) in Ln.

For a list of pathways, please refer to the non-technical summary (page 9).

As of 2023, Tokyo-Yokohama in Japan was the largest world urban agglomeration, with 37,8 million people living there. Jakarta ranked second with 34 million, with Delhi in third with 32 million inhabitants.

In 2023, London boasted the most extensive metro network in Europe of over 470 kilometers in length. By comparison, the second largest metro network, in the Spanish capital of Madrid, was around 291 kilometers long – just over half the size of London’s metro system.

The Tube The London Underground, also sometimes referred to as the Tube, makes up the majority of London’s metro network. It was the world’s first underground train line, opening in 1863 on what is today known as the Metropolitan Line. Today, the London Underground carries nearly 1.1 billion passengers per year, about a third of all passengers traveling on Transport for London’s public transport services.

Worldwide largest metro networks in China The longest metro network in the world can be found in China. Shanghai’s metro network extends to a length of 694 kilometers and is closely followed by Beijing, which has a metro network measuring 653 kilometers. London’s metro network only comes fourth in the global ranking, following Seoul in third place.