A 6-in resolution 8-class land cover dataset derived from the 2017 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data capture. This dataset was developed as part of an updated urban tree canopy assessment and therefore represents a ''top-down" mapping perspective in which tree canopy overhanging features is assigned to the tree canopy class. The eight land cover classes mapped were: (1) Tree Canopy, (2) Grass\Shrubs, (3) Bare Soil, (4) Water, (5) Buildings, (6) Roads, (7) Other Impervious, and (8) Railroads. The primary sources used to derive this land cover layer were 2017 LiDAR (1-ft post spacing) and 2016 4-band orthoimagery (0.5-ft resolution). Object based image analysis was used to automate land-cover features using LiDAR point clouds and derivatives, orthoimagery, and vector GIS datasets -- City Boundary (2017, NYC DoITT) Buildings (2017, NYC DoITT) Hydrography (2014, NYC DoITT) LiDAR Hydro Breaklines (2017, NYC DoITT) Transportation Structures (2014, NYC DoITT) Roadbed (2014, NYC DoITT) Road Centerlines (2014, NYC DoITT) Railroads (2014, NYC DoITT) Green Roofs (date unknown, NYC Parks) Parking Lots (2014, NYC DoITT) Parks (2016, NYC Parks) Sidewalks (2014, NYC DoITT) Synthetic Turf (2018, NYC Parks) Wetlands (2014, NYC Parks) Shoreline (2014, NYC DoITT) Plazas (2014, NYC DoITT) Utility Poles (2014, ConEdison via NYCEM) Athletic Facilities (2017, NYC Parks) For the purposes of classification, only vegetation > 8 ft were classed as Tree Canopy. Vegetation below 8 ft was classed as Grass/Shrub. To learn more about this dataset, visit the interactive "Understanding the 2017 New York City LiDAR Capture" Story Map -- https://maps.nyc.gov/lidar/2017/ Please see the following link for additional documentation on this dataset -- https://github.com/CityOfNewYork/nyc-geo-metadata/blob/master/Metadata/Metadata_LandCover.md

description: The Metropolitan Area Integrated Land Use/Cover file serves as a navigation and reference tool for the LMIC Environmental Atlas and AtlasGDS desktop GIS products. It combines the 1997 Generalized Land Use data set produced by the Metropolitan Council with additional land cover classifications. The 1997 Generalized Land Use data set areas defined as 'vacant/agricutural' or 'parks and recreation areas' were integrated with natural resource features such as wetlands and forest cover from other data sets. Some ownership information was also added. The data set is in EPPL7 raster format, with a 30-meter grid cell size. The original 1997 Generalized Land Use data set encompasses the seven county Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul) Metropolitan Area in Minnesota. The data set was developed by the Metropolitan Council, a regional governmental organization that deals, in part, with regional issues and long range planning for the Twin Cities area. The data were interpreted from 1997 air photos and include the generalized land use classes of: single family residential, multi-family residential, commercial, industrial, public and semi-public, airports, parks and recreation, vacant and agricultural, major four lane highways, open water bodies, farmsteads, extractive, public industrial, industrial parks not developed, and public and semi-public not developed.; abstract: The Metropolitan Area Integrated Land Use/Cover file serves as a navigation and reference tool for the LMIC Environmental Atlas and AtlasGDS desktop GIS products. It combines the 1997 Generalized Land Use data set produced by the Metropolitan Council with additional land cover classifications. The 1997 Generalized Land Use data set areas defined as 'vacant/agricutural' or 'parks and recreation areas' were integrated with natural resource features such as wetlands and forest cover from other data sets. Some ownership information was also added. The data set is in EPPL7 raster format, with a 30-meter grid cell size. The original 1997 Generalized Land Use data set encompasses the seven county Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul) Metropolitan Area in Minnesota. The data set was developed by the Metropolitan Council, a regional governmental organization that deals, in part, with regional issues and long range planning for the Twin Cities area. The data were interpreted from 1997 air photos and include the generalized land use classes of: single family residential, multi-family residential, commercial, industrial, public and semi-public, airports, parks and recreation, vacant and agricultural, major four lane highways, open water bodies, farmsteads, extractive, public industrial, industrial parks not developed, and public and semi-public not developed.

This technical report documents the acquisition of source data, and calculation of land cover summary statistics datasets for ten National Park Service National Capital Region park units and three custom areas of analysis: Catoctin Mountain Park (CATO), Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (CHOH), George Washington Memorial Parkway (GWMP), Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (HAFE), Manassas National Battlefield Park (MANA), Monocacy National Battlefield (MONO), National Capital Parks - East (NACE), Prince William Forest Park (PRWI), Rock Creek Park (ROCR), Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts (WOTR), and the three custom areas of analysis - National Capital Parks - East: Oxon Cove Park, Oxon Hill Farm, Piscataway Park (NCRN_NACE_OXHI_PISC), National Capital Parks - East: Greenbelt Park and Baltimore-Washington Parkway (NCRN_NACE_GREE_BAWA), and National Capital Parks - East: DC and Suitland Parkway (NCRN_NACE_DC_SUIT). The source data and land cover calculations are available for use within the National Park Service (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring Program. Land cover summary statistics datasets can be calculated for all geographic regions within the extent of the NPS; this report includes statistics calculated for the conterminous United States. The land cover summary statistics datasets are calculated from multiple sources, including Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium products in the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center products in the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) raster dataset. These summary statistics calculate land cover at up to three classification scales: Level 1, modified Anderson Level 2, and Natural versus Converted land cover. The output land cover summary statistics datasets produced here for the ten National Capital Region park units and three custom areas of analysis utilize the most recent versions of the source datasets (NLCD and LCMAP). These land cover summary statistics datasets are used in the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program, including the NPS Environmental Settings Monitoring Protocol and may be used by networks and parks for additional efforts.

The purpose of the 2010 land use/land cover data set is to provide a generalized view of how developed land has changed throughout the state, primarily capturing the conversion of resource land to development and characterizing the type of development (e.g. very low density, low density, medium density or high density residential development, commercial, industrial, institutional). Urban Land Uses: 11 Low-density residential - Detached single-family/duplex dwelling units, yards and associated areas. Areas of more than 90 percent single-family/duplex dwelling units, with lot sizes of less than five acres but at least one-half acre (.2 dwelling units/acre to 2 dwelling units/acre). 12 Medium-density residential - Detached single-family/duplex, attached single-unit row housing, yards, and associated areas. Areas of more than 90 percent single-family/duplex units and attached single-unit row housing, with lot sizes of less than one-half acre but at least one-eighth acre (2 dwelling units/acre to 8 dwelling units/acre). 13 High-density residential - Attached single-unit row housing, garden apartments, high-rise apartments/condominiums, mobile home and trailer parks; areas of more than 90 percent high-density residential units, with more than 8 dwelling units per acre. 14 Commercial - Retail and wholesale services. Areas used primarily for the sale of products and services, including associated yards and parking areas. 15 Industrial - Manufacturing and industrial parks, including associated warehouses, storage yards, research laboratories, and parking areas. 16 Institutional - Elementary and secondary schools, middle schools, junior and senior high schools, public and private colleges and universities, military installations (built-up areas only, including buildings and storage, training, and similar areas), churches, medical and health facilities, correctional facilities, and government offices and facilities that are clearly separable from the surrounding land cover. 17 Extractive - Surface mining operations, including sand and gravel pits, quarries, coal surface mines, and deep coal mines. Status of activity (active vs. abandoned) is not distinguished. 18 Open urban land - Urban areas whose use does not require structures, or urban areas where non-conforming uses characterized by open land have become isolated. Included are golf courses, parks, recreation areas (except areas associated with schools or other institutions), cemeteries, and entrapped agricultural and undeveloped land within urban areas. 191 Large lot subdivision (agriculture) - Residential subdivisions with lot sizes of less than 20 acres but at least 5 acres, with a dominant land cover of open fields or pasture. 192 Large lot subdivision (forest) - Residential subdivisions with lot sizes of less than 20 acres but at least 5 acres, with a dominant land cover of deciduous, evergreen or mixed forest. Agriculture: 21 Cropland - Field crops and forage crops. 22 Pasture - Land used for pasture, both permanent and rotated; grass. 23 Orchards/vineyards/horticulture - Areas of intensively managed commercial bush and tree crops, including areas used for fruit production, vineyards, sod and seed farms, nurseries, and green houses. 24 Feeding operations - Cattle feed lots, holding lots for animals, hog feeding lots, poultry houses, and commercial fishing areas (including oyster beds). 241 Feeding operations - Cattle feed lots, holding lots for animals, hog feeding lots, poultry houses. 242 Agricultural building breeding and training facilities, storage facilities, built-up areas associated with a farmstead, small farm ponds, commercial fishing areas. 25 Row and garden crops - Intensively managed truck and vegetable farms and associated areas. Forest: 41 Deciduous forest - Forested areas in which the trees characteristically lose their leaves at the end of the growing season. Included are such species as oak, hickory, aspen, sycamore, birch, yellow poplar, elm, maple, and cypr

The purpose of the 2010 land use/land cover data set is to provide a generalized view of how developed land has changed throughout the state, primarily capturing the conversion of resource land to development and characterizing the type of development (e.g. very low density, low density, medium density or high density residential development, commercial, industrial, institutional). Urban Land Uses: 11 Low-density residential - Detached single-family/duplex dwelling units, yards and associated areas. Areas of more than 90 percent single-family/duplex dwelling units, with lot sizes of less than five acres but at least one-half acre (.2 dwelling units/acre to 2 dwelling units/acre). 12 Medium-density residential - Detached single-family/duplex, attached single-unit row housing, yards, and associated areas. Areas of more than 90 percent single-family/duplex units and attached single-unit row housing, with lot sizes of less than one-half acre but at least one-eighth acre (2 dwelling units/acre to 8 dwelling units/acre). 13 High-density residential - Attached single-unit row housing, garden apartments, high-rise apartments/condominiums, mobile home and trailer parks; areas of more than 90 percent high-density residential units, with more than 8 dwelling units per acre. 14 Commercial - Retail and wholesale services. Areas used primarily for the sale of products and services, including associated yards and parking areas. 15 Industrial - Manufacturing and industrial parks, including associated warehouses, storage yards, research laboratories, and parking areas. 16 Institutional - Elementary and secondary schools, middle schools, junior and senior high schools, public and private colleges and universities, military installations (built-up areas only, including buildings and storage, training, and similar areas), churches, medical and health facilities, correctional facilities, and government offices and facilities that are clearly separable from the surrounding land cover. 17 Extractive - Surface mining operations, including sand and gravel pits, quarries, coal surface mines, and deep coal mines. Status of activity (active vs. abandoned) is not distinguished. 18 Open urban land - Urban areas whose use does not require structures, or urban areas where non-conforming uses characterized by open land have become isolated. Included are golf courses, parks, recreation areas (except areas associated with schools or other institutions), cemeteries, and entrapped agricultural and undeveloped land within urban areas. 191 Large lot subdivision (agriculture) - Residential subdivisions with lot sizes of less than 20 acres but at least 5 acres, with a dominant land cover of open fields or pasture. 192 Large lot subdivision (forest) - Residential subdivisions with lot sizes of less than 20 acres but at least 5 acres, with a dominant land cover of deciduous, evergreen or mixed forest. Agriculture: 21 Cropland - Field crops and forage crops. 22 Pasture - Land used for pasture, both permanent and rotated; grass. 23 Orchards/vineyards/horticulture - Areas of intensively managed commercial bush and tree crops, including areas used for fruit production, vineyards, sod and seed farms, nurseries, and green houses. 24 Feeding operations - Cattle feed lots, holding lots for animals, hog feeding lots, poultry houses, and commercial fishing areas (including oyster beds). 241 Feeding operations - Cattle feed lots, holding lots for animals, hog feeding lots, poultry houses. 242 Agricultural building breeding and training facilities, storage facilities, built-up areas associated with a farmstead, small farm ponds, commercial fishing areas. 25 Row and garden crops - Intensively managed truck and vegetable farms and associated areas. Forest: 41 Deciduous forest - Forested areas in which the trees characteristically lose their leaves at the end of the growing season. Included are such species as oak, hickory, aspen, sycamore, birch, yellow poplar, elm, maple, and cypress. 42 Evergreen forest - Forested areas in which the trees are characterized by persistent foliage throughout the year. Included are such species as white pine, pond pine, hemlock, southern white cedar, and red pine. 43 Mixed forest - Forested areas in which neither deciduous nor evergreen species dominate, but in which there is a combination of both types. 44 Brush - Areas which do not produce timber or other wood products but may have cut-over timber stands, abandoned agriculture fields, or pasture. These areas are characterized by vegetation types such as sumac, vines, rose, brambles, and tree seedlings. Water: 50 Water - Rivers, waterways, reservoirs, ponds, bays, estuaries, and ocean. Wetlands: 60 Wetlands - Forested or non-forested wetlands, including tidal flats, tidal and non-tidal marshes, and upland swamps and wet areas. Barren Land: 70 Barren land 71 Beaches - Extensive shoreline areas of sand and gravel accumulation, with no vegetative cover or other land use. 72 Bare exposed rock - Areas of bedrock exposure, scarps, and other natural accumulations of rock without vegetative cover. 73 Bare ground - Areas of exposed ground caused naturally, by construction, or by other cultural processes. Transportation: 80 Transportation - Miscellaneous Transportation features not elsewhere classified.This is a MD iMAP hosted service layer. Find more information at https://imap.maryland.gov.Feature Service Layer Link:https://mdgeodata.md.gov/imap/rest/services/PlanningCadastre/MD_LandUseLandCover/MapServer/1**Please note, due to the size of this dataset, you may receive an error message when trying to download the dataset. You can download this dataset directly from MD iMAP Services at: https://mdgeodata.md.gov/imap/rest/services/PlanningCadastre/MD_LandUseLandCover/MapServer/exts/MDiMapDataDownload**

The rows and the columns present land-cover classes for 1984 and 2011 respectively. The total change in land-cover classes between the years is presented in the last two columns. The diagonal values (bolded) show the amount of cover that remained stable over the 27-year period, while the off diagonal values show the amount of cover that was converted to another class. Cloud and shadow are not included in the matrix.

This is a MD iMAP hosted service layer. Find more information at http://imap.maryland.gov. The purpose of the 2010 land use/land cover data set is to provide a generalized view of how developed land has changed throughout the state - primarily capturing the conversion of resource land to development and characterizing the type of development (e.g. very low density - low density - medium density or high density residential development - commercial - industrial - institutional). Urban Land Uses: 11 Low-density residential - Detached single-family/duplex dwelling units - yards and associated areas. Areas of more than 90 percent single-family/duplex dwelling units - with lot sizes of less than five acres but at least one-half acre (.2 dwelling units/acre to 2 dwelling units/acre). 12 Medium-density residential - Detached single-family/duplex - attached single-unit row housing - yards - and associated areas. Areas of more than 90 percent single-family/duplex units and attached single-unit row housing - with lot sizes of less than one-half acre but at least one-eighth acre (2 dwelling units/acre to 8 dwelling units/acre). 13 High-density residential - Attached single-unit row housing - garden apartments - high-rise apartments/condominiums - mobile home and trailer parks; areas of more than 90 percent high-density residential units - with more than 8 dwelling units per acre. 14 Commercial - Retail and wholesale services. Areas used primarily for the sale of products and services - including associated yards and parking areas. 15 Industrial - Manufacturing and industrial parks - including associated warehouses - storage yards - research laboratories - and parking areas. 16 Institutional - Elementary and secondary schools - middle schools - junior and senior high schools - public and private colleges and universities - military installations (built-up areas only - including buildings and storage - training - and similar areas) - churches - medical and health facilities - correctional facilities - and government offices and facilities that are clearly separable from the surrounding land cover. 17 Extractive - Surface mining operations - including sand and gravel pits - quarries - coal surface mines - and deep coal mines. Status of activity (active vs. abandoned) is not distinguished. 18 Open urban land - Urban areas whose use does not require structures - or urban areas where non-conforming uses characterized by open land have become isolated. Included are golf courses - parks - recreation areas (except areas associated with schools or other institutions) - cemeteries - and entrapped agricultural and undeveloped land within urban areas. 191 Large lot subdivision (agriculture) - Residential subdivisions with lot sizes of less than 20 acres but at least 5 acres - with a dominant land cover of open fields or pasture. 192 Large lot subdivision (forest) - Residential subdivisions with lot sizes of less than 20 acres but at least 5 acres - with a dominant land cover of deciduous - evergreen or mixed forest. Agriculture: 21 Cropland - Field crops and forage crops. 22 Pasture - Land used for pasture - both permanent and rotated; grass. 23 Orchards/vineyards/horticulture - Areas of intensively managed commercial bush and tree crops - including areas used for fruit production - vineyards - sod and seed farms - nurseries - and green houses. 24 Feeding operations - Cattle feed lots - holding lots for animals - hog feeding lots - poultry houses - and commercial fishing areas (including oyster beds). 241 Feeding operations - Cattle feed lots - holding lots for animals - hog feeding lots - poultry houses. 242 Agricultural building breeding and training facilities - storage facilities - built-up areas associated with a farmstead - small farm ponds - commercial fishing areas. 25 Row and garden crops - Intensively managed truck and vegetable farms and associated areas. Forest: 41 Deciduous fore

The map was developed using available parcel polygons attributed with tax assessment data as of project initiation in early 2020, Computer-Assisted Mass Appraisal (CAMA) data dated February 2020, and the Chesapeake Bay Program’s 2017/18 Land Use Land Cover data (2022 edition), subsequently referred to as “CBP LULC.” The map also incorporates land use datasets provided by county and municipal jurisdictions to the extent possible while maintaining standard statewide classification definitions and rules. The product was developed to be consistent with the 2018 National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery and CBP LULC dataset. MDP’s draft updated land use classification scheme is available as a separate document. This product is a beta release for public use and further testing. Methods for developing subsequent releases beyond this 2018 baseline will be refined based on feedback from the user community. Urban Land Uses 11 Low-density residential - Detached single-family/duplex dwelling units, yards, and associated areas. Includes generalized areas with lot sizes of less than five acres but at least one-half acre (0.2 to 2 dwelling units/acre). 12 Medium-density residential - Detached single-family/duplex, attached single-unit row housing, yards, and associated areas Includes generalized areas with lot sizes of less than one-half acre but at least one-eighth acre (2 to 8 dwelling units/acre). 13 High-density residential - Attached single-unit row housing, garden apartments, high-rise apartments/condominiums, mobile home and trailer parks, yards, and associated areas. Includes generalized areas with more than eight dwelling units per acre. This may include subsidized housing. 14 Commercial - Retail and wholesale services. Areas used primarily for the sale of products and services, including associated yards and parking areas. This category may include airports, welcome houses, telecommunication towers, and boat marinas. 15 Industrial - Manufacturing and industrial parks, including associated warehouses, storage yards, research laboratories, and parking areas. Warehouses that are returned by a commercial query should be categorized as industrial. This also includes power plants. 16 Institutional - Elementary and secondary schools, middle schools, junior and senior high schools, public and private colleges and universities, military installations (built-up areas only, including buildings and storage, training, and similar areas), churches, medical and health facilities, correctional facilities, government offices and facilities that are clearly separable from any surrounding natural or agricultural land cover, and other non-profit uses. 17 Extractive - Surface mining operations, including sand and gravel pits, quarries, coal surface mines, and deep coal mines. Status of activity (active vs. abandoned) is not distinguished. 18 Open urban land - Includes parks, open spaces, recreational areas not classified as institutional, golf courses, and cemeteries. Includes only built-up and turf-dominated areas that are clearly separable from any surrounding natural or agricultural land cover. 190 – Very Low Density Residential – Clustered residential parcels that have lot sizes less than 20 acres but at least five acres (0.2 to 0.05 dwelling units/acre) 50 – Water 80 Transportation - Transportation features include impervious roads, roadway rights-of-way, and parcels primarily containing light rail or metro stations and park-and-ride lots. 99 – Other Land - Remaining land not covered under another category. Examples include but are not limited to unbuilt lots, rural land, single-family residential parcels greater than or equal to 20 acres in size, and undeveloped portions of large parcels containing urban uses. May include undeveloped land that is either developable or constrained from further development.Note: Urban Land Use classifications encompass the entire parcel on parcels less than five acres that contain a structure as of 2018 based on the Maryland Department of Planning and Maryland State Department of Assessment and Taxation’s Computer-Assisted Mass Appraisal (CAMA) Building dataset. Elsewhere, the Chesapeake Bay Program’s 2017/18 Land Use Land Cover dataset (2022 edition) is used to delineate the extent of development on a parcel. For more information, see Methodology Documentation.Feature Service Link: https://mdgeodata.md.gov/imap/rest/services/PlanningCadastre/MD_LandUse/MapServer/1This copy has been projected to "WGS 1984 Web Mercator (auxiliary sphere)" and, therefore, is for illustrative purposes only. To use the data for geospatial analysis or area calculations, please download the copy projected to "NAD_1983 StatePlane Maryland FIPS 1900" from MDP's website at https://planning.maryland.gov/pages/ourproducts/downloadfiles.aspx.

Perimeters of forest fires that have occurred since 2007 (with different land use: "wooded" and "non-wooded") on all Italian National Parks, derived from the original data collected with GPS by the State Forestry Corps and having four categories of land use, reworked by the General Directorate for the Protection of Nature and the Sea of ​​the Ministry of Ecological Transition, after association with the alphanumeric data of the information sheet compiled for each forest fire (AIB-FN), ultimately excluding the surfaces covered by fire outside National Parks in the event of border fires.

Download .zipThis coverage land represents an interpretation of land use and land cover types done from aerial photography by Bruce R. Motsch, Remote Sensing Unit, Division of Soil and Water Conservation. For an explanation of categories see Ohio Land Use/ Cover Classifications System, Misc. Report 17 available upon request, or at http://apps.ohiodnr.gov/geodata/documents/Ohio_LULC_Misc_Report17.pdf . This publication is keyed to the four digit code found in the OCAPCODE item name code description. The boundaries of Metro Parks and other sizeable parks as provided from 1982 data by the Cuyahoga County Regional Planning Commission were also included in this coverage as OCAPCODE 97. The areas coded with OCAPCODE 96, Government or Municipal Building are not contained within the DNR classification system. This code was added to specific polygons based on comments from the Cuyahoga County Regional Planning Commission. These polygons do not cover all the Government or Municipal Buildings in the county.

This coverage was digitized from Land Use/ Land Cover drafted onto USGS quadrangle maps utilizing a run length encoding technique sampling along horizontal lines which represent the midline of cells with a height of 250 feet . The measurement increment along these horizontal lines was one decafoot (10 feet) the quadrangle files were then merged into a county file which was subsequently converted to ARC / Info format.

The user should bear in mind that this coverage is only an approximation of the Land Use / Land Cover as drafted. Blue line copies of the original Land Use / Land Cover interpretation can be provided for a nominal charge.

Additional details on the digitizing process are available on request.

Original coverage data was converted from the .e00 file to a more standard ESRI shapefile(s) in November 2014.Contact Information:GIS Support, ODNR GIS ServicesOhio Department of Natural ResourcesReal Estate & Land ManagementReal Estate and Lands Management2045 Morse Rd, Bldg I-2Columbus, OH, 43229Telephone: 614-265-6462Email: gis.support@dnr.ohio.gov

Download .zipThis coverage represents an interpretation of land use and cover types done from aerial photography, mapping by Tom Eller. For explanation of categories see Ohio Land Use /Land Cover Classification System Misc. Report 17, avaliable upon request or at http://apps.ohiodnr.gov/geodata/documents/Ohio_LULC_Misc_Report17.pdf . In addition to these categories this coverage contains Lake County Park Land as submitted by the county planning commission.

Some or all of the coverages used in this analysis were digitized utilizing a run length encoding technique, sampling along horizontal lines which represented the midline of cells with a height of 250 ft. depending on the scale of the particular map digitized. The measurement increment along these horizontal lines was one decafoot (10 ft). These files have been converted to ARC/INFO format.

The user should bear in mind that this coverage is only an approximation of the origional data.

Original coverage data was converted from the .e00 file to a more standard ESRI shapefile(s) in November 2014.Contact Information:GIS Support, ODNR GIS ServicesOhio Department of Natural ResourcesReal Estate & Land ManagementReal Estate and Lands Management2045 Morse Rd, Bldg I-2Columbus, OH, 43229Telephone: 614-265-6462Email: gis.support@dnr.ohio.gov

The Southeastern Ecological Framework Project is a GIS-based analysis to identify ecologically significant areas and connectivity in the southeast region of the US. The states included in the project are Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky

The project began in October 1998 and was completed in December 2001 by the University of Florida GeoPlan Center and sponsored by the US Environmental Protection Agency Region 4. Region 4 Planning & Analysis Branch continues to use this data to facilitate EPA programs and to work with state and federal agencies and local groups to make sound conservation decisions. Efforts to apply this methodology to other EPA Regions is being considered.

The Southeastern Ecological Framework Final Report is available for download as a .PDF. This document requires Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 software for viewing, which can be downloaded for free from the Adobe website.

Project Goals and Objectives:

1. identify primary ecological areas that are protected by some type of conservation or ecosystem management program,

2. identify a green infrastructure network that connects these primary ecological areas,

3. identify the important ecological characteristics of the ecological areas and connecting green infrastructure,

4. develop an understanding of the spatial scale issues involved in analyzing the ecological connectivity at local, state and regional scales, and

5. develop protocol for dissemination of the information.

This analysis was conducted using landscape ecology principles and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. The product(s) of this study can be used by local, state and federal agencies in developing a regional atlas of environmental issues and conflicts and threats to the natural ecosystems caused by human environmental impacts. State, local and private entities can utilize the information to address various environmental resource allocation issues.

[Summary provided by the University of Florida]

Maps of cropland conversion classes, year of conversion, and pre- and post-conversion land cover associated with Lark et al. (2020). This repository also includes maps of 'local' and 'national' yield differentials for corn, soybeans, and wheat that are associated with the same publication. Code used to generate these data can be found here.

Lark, T.J., S.A. Spawn, M.F. Bougie, H.K. Gibbs. Cropland expansion in the United States produces marginal yields with disproportionate costs to wildlife. Nature Communications (In review)

Cropland conversion maps are included in a zipped ESRI Geodatabase titled "US_land_conversion_2008-16.gdb". Each feature layer encompasses all of the conterminous United States at a 30m spatial resolution. Feature layers include:

mtr = "Multi-temporal results"; Classifies land as being one of five broad land use change classes during the 2008-16 study period:

"stable non-cropland" -- areas of consistent non-cropland throughout the duration of the study period.

"stable cropland" -- areas of consistent cropland throughout the duration of the study period.

"cropland expansion" -- areas converted to crop production between 2008 and 2016.

"cropland abandonment" -- areas converted away from crop production between 2008 and 2016.

"intermittent cropland/confusion" -- areas that were cropped for at least two years but show no clear trend towards or away from cropland. These could include areas under a crop-pasture rotation, fallow rotations, or simply areas with repeated classifier confusion.

ytc = "year to cropland"; Indicates the year in which pixels with an mtr classification of "3" (i.e. "cropland expansion") were converted from non-cropland to cropland. e.g., a value of 2009 represents land that was converted between the 2008 growing season and the 2009 growing season.

yfc = "year from cropland"; Indicates the year in which pixels with an mtr classification of "4" (i.e. "cropland abandonment") were converted from cropland to non-cropland. e.g., a value of 2009 represents land that was still cropped in 2008 and no longer cropped during the 2009 growing season.

bfc = "before first crop"; Indicates the last land cover class before a non-crop pixel was converted to cropland. Pixel values correspond to the classification schema of the USDA Cropland Data Layer (CDL) as described in the lookup table here.

fc = "first crop"; Indicates the class of the first crop planted after a non-crop pixel was converted to cropland. Pixel values correspond to the classification schema of the USDA Cropland Data Layer (CDL) as described in the lookup table here.

bfnc = "before first non-crop"; Indicates the last cropland class of a pixel before it was abandoned to non-crop land cover. Pixel values correspond to the classification schema of the USDA Cropland Data Layer (CDL) as described in the lookup table here.

fnc = "first non-crop"; Indicates the first non-crop class of a pixel after it was abandoned to non-crop land cover. Pixel values correspond to the classification schema of the USDA Cropland Data Layer (CDL) as described in the lookup table here.

Yield differential maps are included in the "yieldDifferentials.zip" folder as GeoTIFF rasters with a ~10km spatial resolution. Raster values represent relative (%) differences between the representative yields of new croplands (mtr = 3) and those of stable croplands (mtr = 1) planted to that crop within either (i) the larger 10km x 10km gridcell in which those fields are situated ("local" differentials) or (ii) the entire nation ("national" differentials).

corn_relDiff_local.tif = local yield differential (%) of corn grain.

corn_relDiff_national.tif = national yield differential (%) of corn grain.

soy_relDiff_local.tif = local yield differential (%) of soybeans.

soy_relDiff_national.tif = national yield differential (%) of soybeans.

wheat_relDiff_local.tif = local yield differential (%) of wheat.

wheat_relDiff_national.tif = national yield differential (%) of wheat.

This is the digitized version of a map of the Hohokam canal system in what is now the Phoenix metropolitan area. It is based on the thesis research by J. B. Howard (Howard, J. (1990). Paleohydraulics : techniques for modeling the operation and growth of prehistoric canal systems. Thesis (M.A.)--Arizona State University, 1990). The original paper map is based on previous archaeological data, overlayed onto USGS 7.5 minute quadrangle maps to recreate the canal pattern.

Maps were generated using a supervised classification (with a random forest classifier). We used Landsat satellite imagery (L5 and L7 for 2008 and L7 and L8 for 2018), elevation, EVI, and EVI difference as input variables.

Land cover codes used in the rasters: 1: Agriculture 2: Forest 3: Bare soil 4: Urban 5: Water 6: Desert 7: Wetland

For additional information, see Kinnebrew et al. 2022 (PLOS ONE) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268970

Summary

This repository contains spatial datasets with metadata on land cover, tree canopy change, and estimated tree points and crown polygons for New York City (NYC; New York, USA) as of 2021, made available by The Nature Conservancy, New York Cities Program and developed under contract by the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Lab. The datasets are provided herein with high-level background and information; additional analysis, particularly on tree canopy change and distribution across NYC considering various geogrpahic units are planned for release in a forthcoming report by The Nature Conservancy. For questions about these data, contact Michael Treglia, Lead Scientist with The Nature Conservancy, New York Cities Program, at michael.treglia@tnc.org.

Datasets included here are as follows (file names in italics):

• Land cover as of 2021 (landcover_nyc_2021_6in.tif):
  • Raster dataset with six-inch (15.24 centimeter) pixel resolution, delineating land covers as: 1) tree canopy (with crowns greater than eight feet [2.44 meters] tall; 2) grass/shrub (including vegetation less than or equal to eight feet [2.44 feet] tall; 3) bare ground; 4) open water; 5) building; 6) road; 7) other impervious; and 8) railroad. This is intended to serve as an update to high-resolution land cover data for 2010 and 2017 made available by the City of New York.
• Tree canopy change during 2017-2021 (treecanopychange_nyc_2017_2021_6in.tif):
  • Raster dataset with six-inch (15.24 centimeter) pixel resolution, with pixels that were estimated tree canopy in 2017 (based on 2017 land cover data) or 2021 delineated as: 1) canopy that did not change (“no change”); 2) canopy that was gained (“gain”); 3) canopy that was lost (“loss”). This is intended to be an updated tree canopy change dataset, analogous to a canopy change dataset for 2010-2017 made available by the City of New York.
• Estimated tree points, crown polygons, and objects as of 2021 (Trees_Centroids_Crown_Objects_2021.gdb.zip):
  • The approximated locations (centroids) and approximated tree crowns as circles (shapes), and tree objects themselves based on canopy data (objects) for individual trees with crowns taller than eight feet (2.44 meters); in cases where there are trees with overlapping crowns, only the top trees are captured. These data are based on automated processing of the tree canopy class from the land cover data; additional methodological details are included in the metadata for this dataset. Given the height cutoff, that this dataset only captures the trees seen from above, and the large number of understory trees in some areas (e.g., forested natural areas), and limits in the automated processing this is not intended to be a robust census of trees in NYC, but may serve as useful for some purposes. Unlike the land cover and tree canopy change datasets, no directly comparable datasets for NYC from past years that we are aware of.

These datasets were based on object-based image analysis of a combination of 2021 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR; data available from the State of New York) for tree canopy and tree location/crown data in particular) along with high-resolution aerial imagery (from 2021 via the USDA National Agriculture Inventory Program and from 2022 via the New York State GIS Clearinghouse), followed by manual corrections. The general methods used to develop the land cover and tree canopy datasets are described in MacFaden et al. (2012). A per-pixel accuracy assessment of the land cover data with 1,999 points estimated an overall accuracy of 95.52% across all land cover classes, and 99.06% for tree canopy specifically (a critical focal area for this project). Iterative review of the data and subject matter expertise were contributed by from The Nature Conservancy and the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation.

While analyses of tree canopy and tree canopy change across NYC are pending, those interested can review a report that includes analyses of the most recent data (2010-2017) and a broad consideration of the NYC urban forest, The State of the Urban Forest in New York City (Treglia et al 2021).

References

MacFaden, S. W., J. P. M. O’Neil-Dunne, A. R. Royar, J. W. T. Lu, and A. G. Rundle. 2012. High-resolution tree canopy mapping for New York City using LIDAR and object-based image analysis. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 6(1):063567.

Treglia, M.L., Acosta-Morel, M., Crabtree, D., Galbo, K., Lin-Moges, T., Van Slooten, A., & Maxwell, E.N. (2021). The State of the Urban Forest in New York City. The Nature Conservancy. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5532876

Terms of Use

© The Nature Conservancy. This material is provided as-is, without warranty under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike International 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license.

• The Nature Conservancy (TNC) oversaw development of these data and reserves all rights in the data provided.
• TNC makes no guarantee of accuracy or completeness.
• Data are for informational purposes and are not suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Data do not represent an on-the-ground survey and represent only the approximate relative location of feature boundaries.
• TNC is not obligated to update/maintain the data to reflect changing conditions.
• Commercial use is not allowed.
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• TNC should be credited as the data source in derivative works, following the recommended citation provided herein.
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Recommended Citation

If using any of these datasets, please cite the work according to the following recommended citation:

The Nature Conservancy. 2024. New York City Land Cover (2021), Tree Canopy Change (2017-2021), and Estimated Tree Location and Crown Data (2021). Developed under contract by the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Laboratory. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14053441.

Technical Notes about the Spatial Data

All spatial data are provided in the New York State Plan Long Island Zone (US survey foot) coordinate reference system, EPSG 2263. The land cover and tree canopy change datasets are made available as raster data in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF format (.tif), with associated metadata files as .xml files. The vector data of estimated tree locations and crown objects and shapes are made available in a zipped Esri File Geodatabase, with metadata stored within the File Geodatabase.

This supplementary table contains raw and relative (normalized) data for metrics measuring exposure (yellow columns), sensitivity (green columns), constraints on adaptive capacity (blue columns), and vulnerability for units in the US National Park Service Midwest administrative region. Stippled columns contain relative (normalized) data used to calculate the corresponding component. Vulnerability (two climate scenarios) was calculated as the mean of the three components. Metrics marked with an asterisk (*) were not calculated for parks with footprints greater than 90% developed.

The files linked to this reference are the geospatial data created as part of the completion of the baseline vegetation inventory project for the NPS park unit. Current format is ArcGIS file geodatabase. A vegetation classification and vegetation and land cover map of Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) was created from remotely sensed and ground-verified data. The project was undertaken to provide data for the National Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program (VMI) with which to inform local NPS management and the public. Products of the project include a digital vegetation and land cover map, a taxonomic classification, quantitative floristic vegetation plot data, and report. The map employed the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) to map 142,062 acres (57,491 hectares) of RNSP. Forty-five (45) vegetated map classes at the level of USNVC alliance and four non-vegetated land cover classes were mapped. Eighty-nine (89)% (126,796 acres) of RNSP mapped as forest or woodland, 0.9% (1,322 acres) was mapped as shrubland, 3.7% (5,294 acres) was mapped as herbaceous vegetation, 1.4% (2,053 acres) was mapped as barren, 4.2% (6,035 acres) was mapped as water, and 0.4% (562 acres) was not classified and was mapped as unknown land cover. A thematic accuracy assessment was conducted on the 30 most abundant vegetation classes, employing 512 observations throughout RNSP. The overall accuracy at the alliance level vegetation classes was found to be 65.5%. When the classes are aggregated to thematically coarser levels, the accuracy is 86.2% at the USNVC group level and 95.4% at the level of USNVC macrogroup.

Landscape change in and around protected areas is of concern worldwide given the potential impacts of such change on biodiversity. Given such impacts, we sought to understand the extent of changes in different land-cover types at two protected areas, Tarangire and Katavi National Parks in Tanzania, over the past 27 years. Using Maximum Likelihood classification procedures we derived eight land-cover classes from Landsat TM and ETM+ images, including: woody savannah, savannah, grassland, open and closed shrubland, swamp and water, and bare land. We determined the extent and direction of changes for all land-cover classes using a post-classification comparison technique. The results show declines in woody savannah and increases in barren land and swamps inside and outside Tarangire National Park and increases in woody savannah and savannah, and declines of shrubland and grassland inside and outside Katavi National Park. The decrease of woody savannah was partially due to its conversion into grassland and barren land, possibly caused by human encroachment by cultivation and livestock. Based upon these changes, we recommend management actions to prevent detrimental effects on wildlife populations.

Urban ecological infrastructure (UEI) encompasses all infrastructure in a city that supports ecological structure and function, and by extension, provides ecosystem services to urban residents and is a broad, all-encompassing concept for "nature in cities". This idea includes commonly recognized forms of infrastructure, such as parks, residential yards, community gardens, lakes and rivers, and street trees. But UEI also includes less recognized forms, such as vacant lots, agricultural fields, canals, and water retention basins. Despite being widely recognized as important to urban landscapes, the wide variety, and various forms of urban ecological infrastructure are rarely documented in a single source. To address this, we consolidated various aquatic, terrestrial, and wetland UEI throughout the Phoenix Metropolitan area so researchers can incorporate this UEI into project designs and models. Since people’s perceptions of UEI differ not only by the three broad classifications but also by the individual characteristics of UEI, each feature is classified not only as aquatic, terrestrial, or wetlands but also given on of fifteen unique classifications. Incorporation of UEI into both planning and research design can promote practices that increase both biodiversity and human well-being while also possibly limiting negative landscape perceptions.