In 2025, approximately 23 million people lived in the São Paulo metropolitan area, making it the biggest in Latin America and the Caribbean and the sixth most populated in the world. The homonymous state of São Paulo was also the most populous federal entity in the country. The second place for the region was Mexico City with 22.75 million inhabitants. Brazil's cities Brazil is home to two large metropolises, only counting the population within the city limits, São Paulo had approximately 11.45 million inhabitants, and Rio de Janeiro around 6.21 million inhabitants. It also contains a number of smaller, but well known cities such as Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte and many others, which report between 2 and 3 million inhabitants each. As a result, the country's population is primarily urban, with nearly 88 percent of inhabitants living in cities. Mexico City Mexico City's metropolitan area ranks sevenths in the ranking of most populated cities in the world. Founded over the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in 1521 after the Spanish conquest as the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the city still stands as one of the most important in Latin America. Nevertheless, the preeminent economic, political, and cultural position of Mexico City has not prevented the metropolis from suffering the problems affecting the rest of the country, namely, inequality and violence. Only in 2023, the city registered a crime incidence of 52,723 reported cases for every 100,000 inhabitants and around 24 percent of the population lived under the poverty line.

This dataset supplements the scientific article by Pierri-Daunt and Siedentop (2025), which introduces a classification system for 18 cities in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), encompassing a total of 253 municipalities. It provides the dataset used for the classification, along with the cluster numbers assigned to each group.

The dataset combines various socioeconomic, demographic, and spatial characteristics of built-up areas at two scales of analysis: the city–regional scale (Data.city.origin.3HC.csv) and the municipal scale (Data.munic.orig.3HC.csv). Its purpose is to classify, compare, and identify cities and municipalities with similar typological features.

A complete description of the methodology and data sources can be found in README.txt and dataset_description_sources_information_PIerriDaunt_ISFULAC.pdf.

We identified three primary categories. City scale: Cluster 1 (saturated and well-serviced cities); Cluster 2 (vulnerabilized and dense cities); Cluster 3 (low-service and fragmented cities); Municipal scale: Cluster 1 (central, infilling, dense and well-serviced municipalities); Cluster 2 (building up at the edge and vulnerabilized); Cluster 3 (expanding, marginalized and low-density).

As of mid-2025, Port of Spain ranked as the second Latin American and Caribbean city with the highest cost of living. The capital of ******************* obtained an index score of ****, followed by the ********* capital, with **** points.

As of 2023, the top five most densely populated cities in Latin America and the Caribbean were in Colombia. The capital, Bogotá, ranked first with over ****** inhabitants per square kilometer.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 88 cities in the Los Angeles County, CA by Hispanic Some Other Race (SOR) population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic Other Race Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Los Angeles County, CA by their Hispanic Some Other Race (SOR) population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic Other Race Population: The Hispanic Other Race population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Hispanic Other Race. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Los Angeles County Hispanic Other Race Population: This tells us how much of the entire Los Angeles County, CA Hispanic Other Race population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Mexico City was the most competitive city to host business events in Latin America in 2022/2023. The Mexican capital scored *** points on the Competitive Index, leading runner-up destination Rio de Janeiro by about ** index points. Two Colombian cities were featured in Latin America's ranking for business conventions in 2022/2023.

IntroductionWe aimed to examine utilitarian bicycle use among adults from 18 large Latin American cities and its association with socio-economic position (education and income) between 2008 and 2018.MethodsData came from yearly cross-sectional surveys collected by the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF). A total of 77,765 survey respondents with complete data were used to estimate multilevel logistic regression models with city as random intercept and year as random slope.ResultsIndividuals with high education and high-income levels had lower odds of using a bicycle compared with participants with lower education and income levels. These associations, however, changed over time with the odds of bicycle use increasing for all groups, especially among individuals with the highest education and income levels.DiscussionOur results confirm the broadening appeal of bicycling across socio-economic positions in several Latin American cities and reinforce the importance of considering policies aimed at supporting and enhancing bicycle travel for all users.

Context: Currently it is not well understood to what extent there are obesity inequalities by socioeconomic status (SES) in urban Latin America. Objective: This study reviewed the literature assessing associations between overweight, obesity and SES in adults. Data sources: Pubmed and Scielo databases. Data extraction: Data extraction was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. We extracted data on the direction of the association between SES (e.g. education and income), overweight (BMI ≥25 and <30 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) in Latin American urban regions. Relative differences between low and high SES groups were assessed and defined a priori as significant at p<0.05. Data analysis: Thirty-one studies met our inclusion criteria and most were conducted in Brazil (22) and Mexico. Only one study presented just non-significant associations. Fifty percent of associations between education or income and overweight were negative/inverse. Regarding obesity, 80% were negative and 20% positive. Most negative associations were found in women. Associations between BMI and SES usually followed the same pattern, except in men where they varied depending on the indicator used. Conclusion: Low SES individuals in urban Latin America, especially women, have higher BMI levels highlighting the need for interventions.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 5 cities in the Coffee County, AL by Hispanic Some Other Race (SOR) population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic Other Race Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Coffee County, AL by their Hispanic Some Other Race (SOR) population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic Other Race Population: The Hispanic Other Race population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Hispanic Other Race. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Coffee County Hispanic Other Race Population: This tells us how much of the entire Coffee County, AL Hispanic Other Race population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Associated policy content analysis dataset and visualisations for article "Understanding the framing of urban policy at the intersection of smart city and urban innovation across Latin American cities: a policy content analysis"

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 10 cities in the Ventura County, CA by Hispanic White population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic White Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Ventura County, CA by their Hispanic White population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic White Population: The Hispanic White population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Hispanic White. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Ventura County Hispanic White Population: This tells us how much of the entire Ventura County, CA Hispanic White population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

The concentration of people living in small areas has increased in the last decade, with more than half of the world's population living in cities. This is particularly true for Latin America, a region with no particular high contribution to the world total population, but hosts several large cities. The increase in urbanization causes several threats to wildlife that face the loss of their habitat and novel environmental pressures. As the number of wildlife entering cities seems to have increased in the last year, we characterize the temporal and geographical events of a widely distributed carnivore, the puma, Puma concolor. We performed an exhaustive search for media news regarding the sighting, capture, and/or killing of pumas within human settlement areas, and tried to relate them with potential explanatory variables. We found a total of 162 events in Latin America in a period of the last 10 years, particularly concentrated in the year 2020. Most records came from Brazil, followed by Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. Of the total, 41% were only sightings, 58% were captures, and a minor percentage were considered as mascotism. Almost the same number of records came from highly populated areas (cities) than from low populated areas (rural) but with important differences between countries. The countries with more records in urban areas (Brazil and Mexico) showed a larger surface occupied by cities. The countries with most records in rural areas (Argentina and Chile) present the opposite pattern of occupied surface. This might indicate that different percentages of areas dedicated to cities or urban spaces might explain the differences among countries. The most important variable related to puma events in the populated areas was sky brightness, while human density and cattle density explained minor parts. The “anthropause” due to the COVID-19 pandemic might explain the larger number of records from 2020, while the absence of high-quality habitats due to fragmentation and high cattle density, might force the pumas to enter populated areas searching for food. Minor values of night lights could be related to a facilitation of efficiency of foraging behavior. Although some bias might exist in the data, the results should be taken into account as general statements for all analyzed countries.

Abstract The city territory is the locus of housing market agents’ actions, which are inducers of the cities’ demographic differentiation process. This study aimed to analyze the idea that the market action establishes a new logic of urban occupation. Our goal is to understand the relationship between the action of the housing market in the city of Recife-PE and the process of gentrification resulting therefrom. We conducted a case study in the Boa Viagem neighborhood, the main focus of the formal housing market. The work is descriptive in nature and uses a statistical model of linear regression to establish a concise understanding of the relationship between some demographic variables of the neighborhood and the housing market action. The results indicated a gradual rising of the socioeconomic variables in these neighborhoods, and this increase was higher than in neighborhoods where the market action was minor or nonexistent. The hypothesis that the housing market action establishes a process of segmentation and demographic-spatial differentiation was confirmed, denoting the occurrence of real estate change and consequent process of gentrification.

In 2025, many of the best cities for startups in Latin America and the Caribbean were located in Brazil. Specifically, this Portuguese-speaking country had * of the top ** cities for startups in the region. São Paulo topped the list, with a total score of ***** points. Another two cities of the list were located in Mexico, Mexico City and Monterrey.

Here we produced the first 10 m resolution urban green space (UGS) map for the main urban clusters across 371 major Latin American cities as of 2017. Our approach applied a supervised classification of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and UGS samples derived from OpenStreetMap (OSM). The overall accuracy of this UGS map in 11 randomly selected cities was 0.87, evaluated by independently collected validation samples (‘ground truth’). We further improved mapping quality through a visual inspection and additional sample collection. The resulting UGS map enables studies to measure area, spatial configuration, and human exposures to UGS, facilitating studies about the relationship between UGS and human exposures to environmental hazards, public health outcomes, and environmental justice issues in Latin American cities.UGS in this map series includes grass, shrub, forest, and farmland, and non-UGS included buildings, pavement, roads, barren land, and dry vegetation.The UGS map series includes three sets of files:(1) binary UGS maps at 10 m spatial resolution in GEOTIFF format (UGS.zip), with each of the 371 cities being an individual map. Mapped value of 1 indicates UGS, 0 indicates non-UGS, and no data (with value of -32768) indicates areas outside the mapped boundary or water bodies;(2) a shapefile of mapped boundaries (Boundaries.zip). The boundary file contains city name, country name and its ISO-2 country code, and an ID field linking each city's boundary to the corresponding UGS map.(3) .prj files containing projection information for the binary UGS maps and boundary shapefile. The binary UGS maps are projected with World Geodetic System (WGS) 84 / Pseudo-Mercator projected coordinate system (EPSG: 3857), and the boundary shapefile is projected with WGS 1984 geographic coordinate system (EPSG: 4326)Reference: A 10 m resolution urban green space map for major Latin American cities from Sentinel-2 remote sensing images and OpenStreetMap, published by Scientific Data [link].Citation: Ju, Y., Dronova, I., & Delclòs-Alió, X. (2022). A 10 m resolution urban green space map for major Latin American cities from Sentinel-2 remote sensing images and OpenStreetMap. Scientific Data, 9, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01701-y

This study, conducted in 1961 in Santiago, Chile, investigated past and present occupations of the respondents to ascertain their socioeconomic status within the society and to discover patterns of social and economic mobility. Variables assessed the respondents' satisfaction with their jobs, their feelings of permanence in their jobs, the kind of work done, whether they were self-employed or employed by a public or private institution, the status of their occupations -- from proprietor to unskilled laborer, and their occupations at the time of the interview as well as at age 21, 28, 35, and 45. The past was further explored through questions concerning respondents' fathers and paternal grandfathers and their occupations. The study also explored respondents' awareness and understanding of the world around them at the local, national, and international levels. The focus of these questions ranged from participation in local clubs to opinions about the government of Chile to questions about Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution. Demographic variables include the respondents' age, gender, marital status, income, nationality, and place of birth.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 1299 cities in the Illinois by Hispanic Asian population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic Asian Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Illinois by their Hispanic Asian population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic Asian Population: The Hispanic Asian population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Hispanic Asian. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Illinois Hispanic Asian Population: This tells us how much of the entire Illinois Hispanic Asian population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 1546 cities in the New York by Hispanic White population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic White Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the New York by their Hispanic White population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic White Population: The Hispanic White population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Hispanic White. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total New York Hispanic White Population: This tells us how much of the entire New York Hispanic White population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 18 cities in the Nevada by Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHPI) population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic Pacific Islander Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Nevada by their Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHPI) population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic Pacific Islander Population: The Hispanic Pacific Islander population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Hispanic Pacific Islander. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Nevada Hispanic Pacific Islander Population: This tells us how much of the entire Nevada Hispanic Pacific Islander population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

In 2025, San Miguel de Allende in Mexico was named the top destination in Latin America by travelers, receiving a score of 93.33. The Mexican capital followed in second place with a score of nearly 91 points.