The leading causes of death among children aged 5 to 9 years in the United States in 2022 were unintentional injuries, cancer, and congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities. At that time, unintentional injuries accounted for around 28 percent of all deaths among this age group. Child abuse in the U.S. Sadly, assault or homicide, was the fourth leading cause of death among those aged 5 to 9 years in the United States in 2022, accounting for around 9.4 percent of all deaths. That year, there were around 113,259 cases of child abuse in the U.S. among children aged 6 to 9 years and 129,846 cases among children aged 2 to 5 years. In 2022, there were around 5.36 child deaths per day in the United States due to abuse and neglect. Suicide among children Assault or homicide was also among the top five leading causes of death among children aged 10 to 14 years, but perhaps even more troubling is that suicide is the second leading cause of death among this age group. As with younger children, unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death among those aged 10 to 14 years, however, suicide accounts for around 13 percent of all deaths among this age group. Comparatively, suicide is not among the ten-leading causes of death among children from the age 1 to 9 years.

Over the last few years, gun violence in the United States has become an increasingly deadly public health crisis. In 2021, firearms were the leading cause of death for children and adolescents aged one to 19 years old for a second year in a row in the United States, with ***** deaths from firearms, which accounted for more deaths than car crashes and other diseases in that year. This is an increase from the previous year, when there were ***** deaths from firearms. Gun violence in the U.S. Along with a rise in gun-related deaths, the United States has been experiencing an overall increase in gun violence, including mass shootings, school shootings, and gun homicides. Not surprisingly, the United States has also reported in increase in gun sales, with the unit sales for firearms reaching a new high in recent years. A uniquely American problem Despite the rise of gun violence and gun-related deaths, guns remain easily accessible in the United States and gun control has become a divisive issue throughout the nation. However, gun control proponents often call attention to the uniquely American phenomenon of school shootings. Since 2018, the annual number of incidents involving firearms at K-12 schools in the U.S. reached over *** in each year, while similar incidents in other countries with strict gun laws are exceptionally rare.

In 2022, a total of 1,229 children in the United States died as a result of neglect, making it the leading cause of death due to child abuse or maltreatment. A further 677 children died due to physical abuse in that year.

Abstract

The GSHS is a school-based survey which uses a self-administered questionnaire to obtain data on young people's health behaviour and protective factors related to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults worldwide.

Geographic coverage

National plus public and private

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

School-going adolescents aged 13-17 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A two-stage cluster sample design was used to produce data representative of all students in grades 7-12 in Lebanon. At the first stage, schools were selected with probability proportional to enrollment size. At the second stage, classes were randomly selected and all students in selected classes were eligible to participate.

Mode of data collection

self-administered

Research instrument

The following core modules were included in the survey: alcohol use dietary behaviours drug use hygiene mental health physical activity protective factors tobacco use violence and unintentional injury

Cleaning operations

All data processing (scanning, cleaning, editing, and weighting) was conducted at the US Centers for Disease Control.

Response rate

The school response rate was 88%, the student response rate was 93%, and the overall response rate was 82%.

Users can access data related to international women’s health as well as data on population and families, education, work, power and decision making, violence against women, poverty, and environment. Background World’s Women Reports are prepared by the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). Reports are produced in five year intervals and began in 1990. A major theme of the reports is comparing women’s situation globally to that of men in a variety of fields. Health data is available related to life expectancy, cause of death, chronic disease, HIV/AIDS, prenatal care, maternal morbidity, reproductive health, contraceptive use, induced abortion, mortality of children under 5, and immunization. User functionality Users can download full text or specific chapter versions of the reports in color and black and white. A limited number of graphs are available for download directly from the website. Topics include obesity and underweight children. Data Notes The report and data tables are available for download in PDF format. The next report is scheduled to be released in 2015. The most recent report was released in 2010.

The Global school-based student health survey (GSHS) is a collaborative surveillance project designed to help countries measure and assess the behavioural risk factors and protective factors in 10 key areas among young people aged 13 to 17 years. The GSHS is a relatively low-cost school-based survey which uses a self-administered questionnaire to obtain data on young people's health behaviour and protective factors related to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults worldwide.

The purpose of GSHS is to provide accurate data on health behaviors and protective factors among students to: • Help countries develop priorities, establish programmes, and advocate for resources for school health and youth health programmes and policies; • Establish trends in the prevalence of health behaviors and protective factors by country for use in evaluation of school health and youth health promotion; • Allow countries, international agencies, and others to make comparisons across countries and within countries regarding the prevalence of health behaviors and protective factors.

In other words, the GSHS is a school-based survey which uses a self-administered questionnaire to obtain data on young people's health behaviour and protective factors related to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults worldwide.

Version 01: Public-use file adapted from the Master file provided by World Health Organization (WHO).

STUDENT: Alcohol use, dietary behaviours, drug use, hygiene, mental health, physical activity, protective factors, sexual behaviours, tobacco use, violence and unintentional injury.

• Collection start: 2010
• Collection end: 2010

In 2022, about 5.36 children died each day of abuse and neglect in the United States. This is an increase from 1998, when about 3.13 children in the United States died each day due to abuse and neglect.

Abstract

The GSHS is a school-based survey which uses a self-administered questionnaire to obtain data on young people's health behaviour and protective factors related to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults worldwide.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

School-going adolescents aged 13-17 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A two-stage cluster sample design was used to produce data representative of all students in grades 8-12 in United Arab Emirates. At the first stage, schools were selected with probability proportional to enrollment size. At the second stage, classes were randomly selected and all students in selected classes were eligible to participate.

Mode of data collection

self-administered

Research instrument

The following core modules were included in the survey: dietary behaviours hygiene mental health physical activity protective factors tobacco use violence and unintentional injury

Cleaning operations

All data processing (scanning, cleaning, editing, and weighting) was conducted at the US Centers for Disease Control.

Response rate

The school response rate was 94%, the student response rate was 85%, and the overall response rate was 80%.

Goal 16Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levelsTarget 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhereIndicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and ageVC_IHR_PSRC: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex (victims per 100,000 population)VC_IHR_PSRCN: Number of victims of intentional homicide, by sex (number)Indicator 16.1.2: Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and causeVC_DTH_TOCV: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians) per 100,000 population (Per 100,000 population)VC_DTH_TOCVN: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (Number)VC_DTH_TOCVR: Conflict-related death rate (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (%)Indicator 16.1.3: Proportion of population subjected to (a) physical violence, (b) psychological violence and (c) sexual violence in the previous 12 monthsVC_VOV_PHYL: Proportion of population subjected to physical violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_ROBB: Proportion of population subjected to robbery in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_SEXL: Proportion of population subjected to sexual violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)Indicator 16.1.4: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they liveVC_SNS_WALN: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live (%)Target 16.2: End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of childrenIndicator 16.2.1: Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past monthVC_VAW_PHYPYV: Proportion of children aged 1-14 years who experienced physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in last month (% of children aged 1-14 years)Indicator 16.2.2: Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitationVC_HTF_DETVFL: Detected victims of human trafficking for forced labour, servitude and slavery, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOP: Detected victims of human trafficking for other purposes, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOG: Detected victims of human trafficking for removal of organ, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVSX: Detected victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitaton, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETV: Detected victims of human trafficking, by age and sex (number)Indicator 16.2.3: Proportion of young women and men aged 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18VC_VAW_SXVLN: Proportion of population aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18, by sex (% of population aged 18-29)Target 16.3: Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for allIndicator 16.3.1: Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanismsVC_PRR_PHYV: Police reporting rate for physical assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_SEXV: Police reporting rate for sexual assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_ROBB: Police reporting rate for robbery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.3.2: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison populationVC_PRS_UNSNT: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population (%)Indicator 16.3.3: Proportion of the population who have experienced a dispute in the past two years and who accessed a formal or informal dispute resolution mechanism, by type of mechanismTarget 16.4: By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crimeIndicator 16.4.1: Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars)Indicator 16.4.2: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsVC_ARM_SZTRACE: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsTarget 16.5: Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their formsIndicator 16.5.1: Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 monthsIU_COR_BRIB: Prevalence rate of bribery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.5.2: Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 monthsIC_FRM_BRIB: Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levelsIndicator 16.6.1: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)GF_XPD_GBPC: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget (%)Indicator 16.6.2: Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public servicesTarget 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levelsIndicator 16.7.1: Proportions of positions in national and local institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groupsSG_DMK_PARLCC_JC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Joint CommitteesSG_DMK_PARLMP_LC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLSP_LC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex , Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLCC_LC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLMP_UC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLSP_UC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLCC_UC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYR_LC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLYP_LC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_LC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (Number)SG_DMK_PARLYR_UC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYP_UC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_UC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (Number)Indicator 16.7.2: Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population groupTarget 16.8: Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governanceIndicator 16.8.1: Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizationsSG_INT_MBRDEV: Proportion of members of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)SG_INT_VRTDEV: Proportion of voting rights of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)Target 16.9: By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registrationIndicator 16.9.1: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by ageSG_REG_BRTH: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority (% of children under 5 years of age)Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreementsIndicator 16.10.1: Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 monthsVC_VAW_MTUHRA: Number of cases of killings of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionistsVC_VOC_ENFDIS: Number of cases of enforced disappearance of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionists (Number)Indicator 16.10.2: Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationSG_INF_ACCSS: Countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationTarget 16.a: Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crimeIndicator 16.a.1: Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris PrinciplesSG_NHR_IMPL: Proportion of

Goal 16Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levelsTarget 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhereIndicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and ageVC_IHR_PSRC: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex (victims per 100,000 population)VC_IHR_PSRCN: Number of victims of intentional homicide, by sex (number)Indicator 16.1.2: Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and causeVC_DTH_TOCV: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians) per 100,000 population (Per 100,000 population)VC_DTH_TOCVN: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (Number)VC_DTH_TOCVR: Conflict-related death rate (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (%)Indicator 16.1.3: Proportion of population subjected to (a) physical violence, (b) psychological violence and (c) sexual violence in the previous 12 monthsVC_VOV_PHYL: Proportion of population subjected to physical violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_ROBB: Proportion of population subjected to robbery in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_SEXL: Proportion of population subjected to sexual violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)Indicator 16.1.4: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they liveVC_SNS_WALN: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live (%)Target 16.2: End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of childrenIndicator 16.2.1: Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past monthVC_VAW_PHYPYV: Proportion of children aged 1-14 years who experienced physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in last month (% of children aged 1-14 years)Indicator 16.2.2: Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitationVC_HTF_DETVFL: Detected victims of human trafficking for forced labour, servitude and slavery, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOP: Detected victims of human trafficking for other purposes, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOG: Detected victims of human trafficking for removal of organ, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVSX: Detected victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitaton, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETV: Detected victims of human trafficking, by age and sex (number)Indicator 16.2.3: Proportion of young women and men aged 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18VC_VAW_SXVLN: Proportion of population aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18, by sex (% of population aged 18-29)Target 16.3: Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for allIndicator 16.3.1: Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanismsVC_PRR_PHYV: Police reporting rate for physical assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_SEXV: Police reporting rate for sexual assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_ROBB: Police reporting rate for robbery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.3.2: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison populationVC_PRS_UNSNT: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population (%)Indicator 16.3.3: Proportion of the population who have experienced a dispute in the past two years and who accessed a formal or informal dispute resolution mechanism, by type of mechanismTarget 16.4: By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crimeIndicator 16.4.1: Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars)Indicator 16.4.2: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsVC_ARM_SZTRACE: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsTarget 16.5: Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their formsIndicator 16.5.1: Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 monthsIU_COR_BRIB: Prevalence rate of bribery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.5.2: Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 monthsIC_FRM_BRIB: Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levelsIndicator 16.6.1: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)GF_XPD_GBPC: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget (%)Indicator 16.6.2: Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public servicesTarget 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levelsIndicator 16.7.1: Proportions of positions in national and local institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groupsSG_DMK_PARLCC_JC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Joint CommitteesSG_DMK_PARLMP_LC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLSP_LC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex , Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLCC_LC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLMP_UC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLSP_UC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLCC_UC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYR_LC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLYP_LC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_LC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (Number)SG_DMK_PARLYR_UC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYP_UC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_UC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (Number)Indicator 16.7.2: Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population groupTarget 16.8: Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governanceIndicator 16.8.1: Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizationsSG_INT_MBRDEV: Proportion of members of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)SG_INT_VRTDEV: Proportion of voting rights of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)Target 16.9: By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registrationIndicator 16.9.1: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by ageSG_REG_BRTH: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority (% of children under 5 years of age)Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreementsIndicator 16.10.1: Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 monthsVC_VAW_MTUHRA: Number of cases of killings of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionistsVC_VOC_ENFDIS: Number of cases of enforced disappearance of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionists (Number)Indicator 16.10.2: Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationSG_INF_ACCSS: Countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationTarget 16.a: Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crimeIndicator 16.a.1: Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris PrinciplesSG_NHR_IMPL: Proportion of

Abstract

The 2005 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) uses the same methodology as its predecessor, the 2000 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey, allowing policymakers to use the two surveys to assess trends over time.

The primary objective of the CDHS is to provide the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Planning (MOP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, domestic violence, and knowledge and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia, at both national- and local-government levels.

The long-term objectives of the survey are to technically strengthen the capacity of the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Ministry of Health, and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of MOP for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of further surveys.

The 2005 DHS survey was conducted by the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), the Ministry of Health, and the National Institute of Statistics of the Ministry of Planning. The CDHS executive committee and technical committee were established to oversee all technical aspects of implementation. They consisted of representatives from the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health, Department of Planning and Health Information, the Ministry of Planning, the National Institute of Statistics, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Department for International Development (DFID), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Funding for the survey came from USAID, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) (under the Health Sector Support Project HSSP, using a grant from the United Kingdom, DFID), UNFPA, UNICEF, and the Centers for Disease Control/Global AIDS Program (CDC/GAP). Technical assistance was provided by ORC Macro.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

SAMPLE DESIGN

Creation of the 2005 CDHS sample was based on the objective of collecting a nationally representative sample of completed interviews with women and men between the ages of 15 and 49. To achieve a balance between the ability to provide estimates for all 24 provinces in the country and limiting the sample size, 19 sampling domains were defined, 14 of which correspond to individual provinces and 5 of which correspond to grouped provinces. - Fourteen individual provinces: Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kandal, Kratie, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, Pursat, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Takeo, and Otdar Mean Chey; - Five groups of provinces: Battambang and Krong Pailin, Kampot and Krong Kep, Krong Preah Sihanouk and Kaoh Kong, Preah Vihear and Steung Treng, Mondol Kiri, and Rattanak Kiri.

The sample of households was allocated to the sampling domains in such a way that estimates of indicators can be produced with known precision for each of the 19 sampling domains, for all of Cambodia combined, and separately for urban and rural areas of the country.

The sampling frame used for 2005 CDHS is the complete list of all villages enumerated in the 1998 Cambodia General Population Census (GPC) plus 166 villages which were not enumerated during the 1998 GPC, provided by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). It includes the entire country and consists of 13,505 villages. The GPC also created maps that delimited the boundaries of every village. Of the total villages, 1,312 villages are designated as urban and 12,193 villages are designated as rural, with an average household size of 161 households per village.

The survey is based on a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. Thus the 19 domains were stratified into a total of 38 sampling strata. Samples were selected independently in every stratum, by a two stage selection. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to the geographical/administrative order and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of selection.

In the first stage, 557 villages were selected with probability proportional to village size. Village size is the number of households residing in the village. Some of the largest villages were further divided into enumeration areas (EA). Thus, the 557 CDHS clusters are either a village or an EA. A listing of all the households was carried out in each of the 557 selected villages during the months of February-April 2005. Listing teams also drew fresh maps delineating village boundaries and identifying all households. These maps and lists were used by field teams during data collection.

The household listings provided the frame from which the selection of household was drawn in the second stage. To ensure a sample size large enough to calculate reliable estimates for all the desired study domains, it was necessary to control the total number of households drawn. This was done by selecting 24 households in every urban EA, and 28 households in every rural EA. The resulting oversampling of small areas and urban areas is corrected by applying sampling weights to the data, which ensures the validity of the sample for all 38 strata (urban/rural, and 19 domains).

All women age 15-49 years who were either usual residents of the selected households or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In addition, in a subsample of every second household selected for the survey, all men age 15-49 were eligible to be interviewed (if they were either usual residents of the selected households or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey). The minimum sample size is larger for women than men because complex indicators (such as total fertility and infant and child mortality rates) require larger sample sizes to achieve sampling errors of reasonable size, and these data come from interviews with women.

In the 50 percent subsample, all men and women eligible for the individual interview were also eligible for HIV testing. In addition, in this subsample of households all women eligible for interview and all children under the age of five were eligible for anemia testing. These same women and children were also eligible for height and weight measurement to determine their nutritional status. Women in this same subsample were also eligible to be interviewed with the cause of death module, applicable to women with a child born since January 2002.

The 50 percent subsample not eligible for the man interview was further divided into half, resulting in one-quarter subsamples. In one-quarter subsample all women age 15-49 were eligible for the woman's status module in addition to the main interview. In this same one-quarter subsample, one woman per household was eligible for the domestic violence module. In the other one-quarter subsample, women were not eligible for the woman's status module, nor the domestic violence module.

NOTE: See detailed description of the sample design in APPENDIX A of tthe survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used: the Household Questionnaire, Woman Questionnaire, and Man Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS project. Technical meetings between experts and representatives of the Cambodian government and national and international organizations were held to discuss the content of the questionnaires. Inputs generated by these meetings were used to modify the model questionnaires to reflect the needs of users and relevant population, family planning, and health issues in Cambodia. Final questionnaires were translated from English to Khmer and a great deal of refinement to the translation was accomplished during the pretest of the questionnaires.

The Household Questionnaire served multiple purposes: - It was used to list all of the usual members and visitors in the selected households and was the vehicle for identifying women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. - It collected basic information on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. - It collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, ownership of various durable goods, ownership and use of mosquito nets, and testing of salt for iodine content. - It collected anthropometric (height and weight) measurements and hemoglobin levels. - It was used to register people eligible for collection of samples for later HIV testing. - It had a module on recent illness or death. - It had a module on utilization of health services.

The Women’s Questionnaire covered a wide variety of topics divided into 13 sections: - Respondent Background - Reproduction, including an abortion module - Family Planning - Pregnancy Postnatal Care and Children’s Nutrition - Immunization Health and Women’s Nutrition - Cause of Death of Children (also known as Verbal Autopsy) - Marriage and Sexual Activity - Fertility Preferences - Husband’s Background and Woman’s Work - HIV AIDS and Other

Abstract

The purpose of the 2012 TjDHS was to collect national and regional data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health, childhood mortality, domestic violence against women, and knowledge and behavior regarding tuberculosis, HIV infection, and other sexually-transmitted infections. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from women of reproductive age. Data are presented by region (oblast) when sample size permits.

The 2012 TjDHS results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving health and health services for women and children in Tajikistan. The 2012 TjDHS also contributes to the growing international database on demographic and health-related indicators.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under age 5
• Woman age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2012 TjDHS sample was designed to permit detailed analysis, including the estimation of rates of fertility, infant/child mortality, and abortion at the national level and for total urban and rural areas separately. Many indicators can also be estimated at the regional (oblast) level. In addition, in the Khatlon region, the sample is sufficient to provide separate estimates of the nutritional status of children for the 12 districts included in the Feed the Future Initiative (FTF) pilot areas.

A representative probability sample of 6,674 households was selected for the 2012 TjDHS sample. The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 356 clusters were selected from a list of enumeration areas that were part of a master sample designed from the 2010 Population Census. In the second stage, a complete listing of households was made for each selected cluster. Households were then systematically selected for participation in the survey.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2012 TjDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Interviews were completed with 9,656 women.

Appendix A (in the final report - Tajikistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012) provides additional information on the sample design of the 2012 TjDHS.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used in the TjDHS: a Household Questionnaire and a Woman’s Questionnaire. The Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s Questionnaire were based on model survey instruments developed in the MEASURE DHS program. The DHS model questionnaires were adapted for use in Tajikistan by experts from the Statistical Agency (SA) and the Ministry of Health (MOH). Suggestions were also sought from USAID; a number of the UN agencies, including the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), UNFPA, and UNICEF; and other international and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The questionnaires were developed in English and translated into Russian and Tajik. The Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s Questionnaire were pretested in March 2012.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all usual members of and visitors to the selected households and to collect information on the socioeconomic status of the households. The first part of the Household Questionnaire collected, for each household member or visitor, information on their age, sex, educational attainment, and relationship to the head of household. This information provided basic demographic data for Tajikistan households. It also was used to identify the women who were eligible for the individual interview (i.e., women age 15-49). The first section of the Household Questionnaire also obtained information on other characteristics of household members, including information on each child’s birth registration. Other questions addressed housing characteristics (e.g., the flooring material, the source of water, and the type of toilet facilities), ownership of consumer goods, and other aspects of the socioeconomic status of the household. Results of testing of household salt for the presence of iodine and results of taking height and weight measurements of children under age 5 and of women age 15-49 also were recorded in the Household Questionnaire.

The Woman’s Questionnaire obtained information from women age 15-49 on the following topics: • Background characteristics • Pregnancy history • Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care • Knowledge, attitudes, and use of contraception • Reproductive health • Childhood mortality • Health care utilization • Vaccinations of children under age 5 • Episodes of diarrhea and respiratory illness of children under age 5 • Breastfeeding and weaning practices • Marriage and recent sexual activity • Fertility preferences • Knowledge of and attitudes toward AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases • Knowledge of and attitudes toward tuberculosis • Woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics • Other women’s health issues • Domestic violence

Cleaning operations

The processing of the TjDHS results began shortly after fieldwork commenced. Completed questionnaires were returned regularly from the field to SA headquarters in Dushanbe, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel specially trained for this task. The data processing personnel included a supervisor, a questionnaire administrator (who ensured that the expected number of questionnaires from all clusters was received), several office editors, 11 data entry operators, and a secondary editor. The concurrent processing of the data was an advantage because the senior DHS technical staff were able to advise field teams of problems detected during the data entry. In particular, tables were generated to check various data quality parameters, and the results were used to provide specific feedback to the teams to improve performance. The data entry and editing phase of the survey was completed in November 2012.

Response rate

Atotal of 6,674 households were selected in the sample, of which 6,512 were occupied at the time of the fieldwork. The main reason for the difference is that some of the dwelling units that were occupied during the household listing operation were either vacant or the household was away for an extended period at the time of interviewing. The number of occupied households successfully interviewed was 6,432, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent. The household response rate in urban areas (98 percent) was slightly lower than in rural areas (99 percent).

In these households, a total of 9,794 eligible women were identified; interviews were completed with 9,656 of these women, yielding a response rate of 99 percent. Response rates are slightly higher in urban areas (99 percent) than in rural areas (98 percent).

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results from mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2012 Tajikistan Demographic and Health Survey (TjDHS 2012) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the TjDHS 2012 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the TjDHS 2012 sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the TjDHS 2012 was a SAS program. This program uses the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration.

Refer to Appendix B in the final

Goal 16Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levelsTarget 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhereIndicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and ageVC_IHR_PSRC: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex (victims per 100,000 population)VC_IHR_PSRCN: Number of victims of intentional homicide, by sex (number)Indicator 16.1.2: Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and causeVC_DTH_TOCV: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians) per 100,000 population (Per 100,000 population)VC_DTH_TOCVN: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (Number)VC_DTH_TOCVR: Conflict-related death rate (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (%)Indicator 16.1.3: Proportion of population subjected to (a) physical violence, (b) psychological violence and (c) sexual violence in the previous 12 monthsVC_VOV_PHYL: Proportion of population subjected to physical violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_ROBB: Proportion of population subjected to robbery in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_SEXL: Proportion of population subjected to sexual violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)Indicator 16.1.4: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they liveVC_SNS_WALN: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live (%)Target 16.2: End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of childrenIndicator 16.2.1: Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past monthVC_VAW_PHYPYV: Proportion of children aged 1-14 years who experienced physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in last month (% of children aged 1-14 years)Indicator 16.2.2: Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitationVC_HTF_DETVFL: Detected victims of human trafficking for forced labour, servitude and slavery, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOP: Detected victims of human trafficking for other purposes, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOG: Detected victims of human trafficking for removal of organ, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVSX: Detected victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitaton, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETV: Detected victims of human trafficking, by age and sex (number)Indicator 16.2.3: Proportion of young women and men aged 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18VC_VAW_SXVLN: Proportion of population aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18, by sex (% of population aged 18-29)Target 16.3: Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for allIndicator 16.3.1: Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanismsVC_PRR_PHYV: Police reporting rate for physical assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_SEXV: Police reporting rate for sexual assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_ROBB: Police reporting rate for robbery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.3.2: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison populationVC_PRS_UNSNT: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population (%)Indicator 16.3.3: Proportion of the population who have experienced a dispute in the past two years and who accessed a formal or informal dispute resolution mechanism, by type of mechanismTarget 16.4: By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crimeIndicator 16.4.1: Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars)Indicator 16.4.2: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsVC_ARM_SZTRACE: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsTarget 16.5: Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their formsIndicator 16.5.1: Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 monthsIU_COR_BRIB: Prevalence rate of bribery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.5.2: Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 monthsIC_FRM_BRIB: Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levelsIndicator 16.6.1: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)GF_XPD_GBPC: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget (%)Indicator 16.6.2: Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public servicesTarget 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levelsIndicator 16.7.1: Proportions of positions in national and local institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groupsSG_DMK_PARLCC_JC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Joint CommitteesSG_DMK_PARLMP_LC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLSP_LC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex , Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLCC_LC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLMP_UC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLSP_UC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLCC_UC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYR_LC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLYP_LC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_LC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (Number)SG_DMK_PARLYR_UC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYP_UC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_UC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (Number)Indicator 16.7.2: Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population groupTarget 16.8: Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governanceIndicator 16.8.1: Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizationsSG_INT_MBRDEV: Proportion of members of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)SG_INT_VRTDEV: Proportion of voting rights of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)Target 16.9: By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registrationIndicator 16.9.1: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by ageSG_REG_BRTH: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority (% of children under 5 years of age)Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreementsIndicator 16.10.1: Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 monthsVC_VAW_MTUHRA: Number of cases of killings of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionistsVC_VOC_ENFDIS: Number of cases of enforced disappearance of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionists (Number)Indicator 16.10.2: Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationSG_INF_ACCSS: Countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationTarget 16.a: Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crimeIndicator 16.a.1: Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris PrinciplesSG_NHR_IMPL: Proportion of

Handguns are by far the most common murder weapon used in the United States, accounting for 7,159 homicides in 2023. This is followed by firearms of an unstated type, with 5,295 cases in that year. Why do murders happen in the U.S.? While most of the time the circumstances of murders in the U.S. remain unknown, homicides due to narcotics come in as the second most common circumstance – making them more common than, for example, gang killings. Despite these gruesome facts, the violent crime rate has fallen significantly since 1990, and the United States is much safer than it was in the 1980s and 1990s. Knife crime vs disease: Leading causes of death The death rate in the U.S. had hovered around the same level since 1990 until there was a large increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years. Heart disease, cancer, and accidents were the three leading causes of death in the country in 2022. The rate of death from heart disease is significantly higher than the homicide rate in the United States, at 167.2 deaths per 100,000 population compared to a 5.7 homicides per 100,000. Given just 1,562 murders were caused by knife crime, it is fair to say that heart disease is a far bigger killer in the U.S.

This dataset contains data from WHO's data portal covering the following categories:

Air pollution, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Assistive technology, Child mortality, Dementia diagnosis, treatment and care, Dementia policy and legislation, Environment and health, Foodborne Diseases Estimates, Global Dementia Observatory (GDO), Global Health Estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability, Global Information System on Alcohol and Health, HIV, Health Inequality Monitor, Health financing, Health systems, Health taxes, Health workforce, Hepatitis, Immunization coverage and vaccine-preventable diseases, International Health Regulations (2005) monitoring framework, Malaria, Maternal and reproductive health, Mental health, Neglected tropical diseases, Noncommunicable diseases, Nutrition, Oral Health, Priority health technologies, Resources for Substance Use Disorders, Road Safety, SDG Target 3.8 | Achieve universal health coverage (UHC), Sexually Transmitted Infections, Tobacco control, Tuberculosis, Vaccine-preventable communicable diseases, Violence against women, Violence prevention, Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), Women and health, World Health Statistics.

For links to individual indicator metadata, see resource descriptions.

In the United States, Black people have higher rates of gun homicide than White people across all age groups. As of 2022, gun homicide rates were highest among Black people aged between 15 and 24 years, at ***** gun homicides per 100,000 of the population. In comparison, there were only **** gun homicides per 100,000 of the White population within this age range. However, the risk for gun homicide was greatest among all adolescents and adults between the ages of 15 to 44 in that year. The impact of guns on young Americans In the last few years, firearms have become the leading cause of death for American children and teenagers aged one to 19 years old, accounting for more deaths than car crashes and diseases. School shootings also remain on the rise recently, with the U.S. recording ** times as many school shootings than other high-income nations from 2009 to 2018. Black students in particular experience a disproportionately high number of school shootings relative to their population, and K-12 teachers at schools made up mostly of students of color are more likely to report feeling afraid that they or their students would be a victim of attack or harm. The right to bear arms Despite increasingly high rates of gun-related violence, gun ownership remains a significant part of American culture, largely due to the fact that the right to bear arms is written into the U.S. Constitution. Although firearms are the most common murder weapon used in the U.S., accounting for approximately ****** homicides in 2022, almost **** of American households have at least one firearm in their possession. Consequently, it is evident that firearms remain easily accessible nationwide, even though gun laws may vary from state to state. However, the topic of gun control still causes political controversy, as the majority of Republicans agree that it is more important to protect the right of Americans to own guns, while Democrats are more inclined to believe that it is more important to limit gun ownership.

In 2022, there were ****** fatalities caused by injuries related to firearms in the United States, a slight decrease from the previous year. In 2021, there were ****** firearm deaths, the highest number of gun deaths ever recorded in the country. However, this figure has remained relatively high over the past 25 years, with ****** firearm deaths in 1990, and a slight dip in fatalities between 1999 and 2002. Firearms in the United States The right to own firearms in the United States is enshrined in the 2nd Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and while this right may be seen as quintessentially American, the relationship between Americans and their firearms has become fraught in the last few years. The proliferation of mass shootings in the U.S. has brought the topic of gun control into the national spotlight, with support for banning assault-style weapons a particularly divisive issue among Americans. Gun control With a little less than **** of all Americans owning at least one firearm and the highest rate of civilian gun ownership in the world, it is easy to see how the idea of gun control is a political minefield in the U.S. However, public opinion has begun to shift over the past ten years, and a majority of Americans report that laws governing the sale of firearms should be stricter than they are now.

Abstract

The 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) is a national survey covering all ten regions of the country. The survey was designed to collect, analyse, and disseminate information on housing and household characteristics, education, maternal health and child health, nutrition, family planning, gender, and knowledge and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS. It included, for the first time, a module on domestic violence as one of the topics of investigation.

The 2008 GDHS is designed to provide data to monitor the population and health situation in Ghana. This is the fifth round in a series of national level population and health surveys conducted in Ghana under the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys programme. Specifically, the 2008 GDHS has the primary objective of providing current and reliable information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, domestic violence, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The information collected in the 2008 GDHS will provide updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier rounds of 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2003 surveys.

The long-term objective of the survey includes strengthening the technical capacity of major government institutions, including the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). The 2008 GDHS also provides comparable data for long-term trend analysis in Ghana, since the surveys were implemented by the same organisation, using similar data collection procedures. It also adds to the international database on demographic and health–related information for research purposes.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2008 GDHS was a household-based survey, implemented in a representative probability sample of more than 12,000 households selected nationwide. This sample was selected in such a manner as to allow for separate estimates of key indicators for each of the 10 regions in Ghana, as well as for urban and rural areas separately.

The 2008 GDHS utilised a two-stage sample design. The first stage involved selecting sample points or clusters from an updated master sampling frame constructed from the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census. A total of 412 clusters were selected from the master sampling frame. The clusters were selected using systematic sampling with probability proportional to size. A complete household listing operation was conducted from June to July 2008 in all the selected clusters to provide a sampling frame for the second stage selection of households.

The second stage of selection involved the systematic sampling of 30 of the households listed in each cluster. The primary objectives of the second stage of selection were to ensure adequate numbers of completed individual interviews to provide estimates for key indicators with acceptable precision and to provide a sample large enough to identify adequate numbers of under-five deaths to provide data on causes of death.

Data were not collected in one of the selected clusters due to security reasons, resulting in a final sample of 12,323 selected households. Weights were calculated taking into consideration cluster, household, and individual non-responses, so the representations were not distorted.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2008 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire and the Men’s Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS programme and the 2003 GDHS Questionnaires.

A questionnaire design workshop organised by GSS was held in Accra to obtain input from the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders on the design of the 2008 GDHS Questionnaires. Based on the questionnaires used for the 2003 GDHS, the workshop and several other informal meetings with various local and international organisations, the DHS model questionnaires were modified to reflect relevant issues in population, family planning, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, malaria and other health issues in Ghana. These questionnaires were translated from English into three major local languages, namely Akan, Ga, and Ewe. The questionnaires were pre-tested in July 2008. The lessons learnt from the pre-test were used to finalise the survey instruments and logistical arrangements.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor and roof of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height and weight measurements, consent for, and the results of, haemoglobin measurements for women age 15-49 and children under five years. The haemoglobin testing procedure is described in detail in the next section.

The Household Questionnaire was also used to record all deaths of household members that occurred since January 2003. Based on this information, in each household that reported the death of a child under age five years since January 2005,3 field editors administered a Verbal Autopsy Questionnaire. Data on child mortality based on the verbal autopsy will be presented in a separate publication.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 in half of selected households. These women were asked questions about themselves and their children born in the five years since 2003 on the following topics: education, residential history, media exposure, reproductive history, knowledge and use of family planning methods, fertility preferences, antenatal and delivery care, breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding practices, vaccinations and childhood illnesses, marriage and sexual activity, woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics, childhood mortality, awareness and behaviour about AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), awareness of TB and other health issues, and domestic violence.

The Women’s Questionnaire included a series of questions to obtain information on women’s exposure to malaria during their most recent pregnancy in the five years preceding the survey and the treatment for malaria. In addition, women were asked if any of their children born in the five years preceding the survey had fever, whether these children were treated for malaria and the type of treatment they received.

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 living in half of the selected households in the GDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain a reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the GDHS results began shortly after the fieldwork commenced. Completed questionnaires were returned periodically from the field to the GSS office in Accra, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel who were specially trained for this task. Data were entered using CSPro, a programme specially developed for use in DHS surveys. All data were entered twice (100 percent verification). The concurrent processing of the data was a distinct advantage for data quality, because GSS had the opportunity to advise field teams of problems detected during data entry. The data entry and editing phase of the survey was completed in February 2009.

Response rate

A total of 12,323 households were selected in the sample, of which 11,913 were occupied at the time of the fieldwork. This difference between selected and occupied households occurred mainly because some of the selected structures were found to be vacant or destroyed. The number of occupied households successfully interviewed was 11,778, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In the households selected for individual interview in the survey (50 percent of the total 2008 GDHS sample), a total of 5,096 eligible women were identified; interviews were completed with 4,916 of these women, yielding a response rate of 97 percent. In the same households, a total of 4,769 eligible men were identified and interviews were completed with 4,568 of these men, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. The response rates are slightly lower among men than women.

The principal reason for non-response among both eligible women and men was the failure to find individuals at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absences of men from the household

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.1 of the survey report.

Sampling error