According to a survey conducted in 2024, seven percent of college students reported studying Arts and Humanities online in the United States, compared to 23 percent who studied business online.

According to a survey conducted in January 2023, 33 percent of consumers in the United States reported to always read online reviews of local businesses. Over 43 percent said that they regularly read online reviews of local businesses and just two percent said that they never read online reviews.

People think of paid advertising as the holy grail of digital marketing. The truth is that paid ads can deliver excellent results for your business very quickly. Here are some digital marketing statistics about paid advertising to keep in mind.

A survey conducted in the APAC region in 2024 shows which online and offline channels business to business (B2B) buyers get to know vendors from. Industry events or trade shows are the most used channels at around 20 percent, followed by internet searches at 14 percent. The least used channels for finding vendors are Reddit and Pinterest, at about one percent each.

Statistical Analysis Software Market size was valued at USD 7,963.44 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 13,023.63 Million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 7.28% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

Global Statistical Analysis Software Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Statistical Analysis Software Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Growing Data Complexity and Volume: The demand for sophisticated statistical analysis tools has been fueled by the exponential rise in data volume and complexity across a range of industries. Robust software solutions are necessary for organizations to evaluate and extract significant insights from huge datasets.
Growing Adoption of Data-Driven Decision-Making: Businesses are adopting a data-driven approach to decision-making at a faster rate. Utilizing statistical analysis tools, companies can extract meaningful insights from data to improve operational effectiveness and strategic planning.
Developments in Analytics and Machine Learning: As these fields continue to progress, statistical analysis software is now capable of more. These tools’ increasing popularity can be attributed to features like sophisticated modeling and predictive analytics.
A greater emphasis is being placed on business intelligence: Analytics and business intelligence are now essential components of corporate strategy. In order to provide business intelligence tools for studying trends, patterns, and performance measures, statistical analysis software is essential.
Increasing Need in Life Sciences and Healthcare: Large volumes of data are produced by the life sciences and healthcare sectors, necessitating complex statistical analysis. The need for data-driven insights in clinical trials, medical research, and healthcare administration is driving the market for statistical analysis software.
Growth of Retail and E-Commerce: The retail and e-commerce industries use statistical analytic tools for inventory optimization, demand forecasting, and customer behavior analysis. The need for analytics tools is fueled in part by the expansion of online retail and data-driven marketing techniques.
Government Regulations and Initiatives: Statistical analysis is frequently required for regulatory reporting and compliance with government initiatives, particularly in the healthcare and finance sectors. In these regulated industries, statistical analysis software uptake is driven by this.
Big Data Analytics’s Emergence: As big data analytics has grown in popularity, there has been a demand for advanced tools that can handle and analyze enormous datasets effectively. Software for statistical analysis is essential for deriving valuable conclusions from large amounts of data.
Demand for Real-Time Analytics: In order to make deft judgments fast, there is a growing need for real-time analytics. Many different businesses have a significant demand for statistical analysis software that provides real-time data processing and analysis capabilities.
Growing Awareness and Education: As more people become aware of the advantages of using statistical analysis in decision-making, its use has expanded across a range of academic and research institutions. The market for statistical analysis software is influenced by the academic sector.
Trends in Remote Work: As more people around the world work from home, they are depending more on digital tools and analytics to collaborate and make decisions. Software for statistical analysis makes it possible for distant teams to efficiently examine data and exchange findings.

We used ORBIS as business register. It is a global corporate database maintained by Bureau van Dijk (http://bvdinfo.com/orbis) and contains detailed corporate information on over 200 million private companies world wide. The database has been claimed to ‘suffer from some structural biases’ (Ribeiro et al., 2010). However, regarding European companies with an annual turnover of more than € 100000, the data set is practically complete (Garcia‐Bernardo and Takes, 2018). Data from business registers regarding smaller foreign companies are not needed in our analysis, as these companies do not have to file tax returns in the Netherlands. The ORBIS database is used, because it contains the principal and secondary NACE (revision 2) codes for companies that are established in the EU. The NACE code can be used to select all active (and inactive) companies that are established in the EU and that are principally or secondarily economically active in retail trade. The result is a data set of 6996468 companies, from which companies established in the Netherlands have been excluded. This data set, including each company's country of establishment, was extracted from ORBIS on June 24th, 2017.The data has been used in the following publication:https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12487

Our online review trends and statistics unlock valuable insights into consumer perceptions. Empower your business decisions to enhance customer experiences.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The UK Business Data Survey (UKBDS), commissioned by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, began in 2021. The survey is a telephone- and online-based quantitative and qualitative study of UK businesses. It gathers evidence on the importance and awareness of digital data use for UK businesses and seeks to understand the role of digital data in UK businesses, international transfers of data and activities undertaken for data protection compliance.

The 2021 UKBDS was the first time this survey had been carried out. The quantitative survey took place from November 2020 to January 2021 and the qualitative interviews were undertaken in February 2021. The research was delayed from spring 2020 to minimise the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the quality of responses and the robustness of the results.

The 2021 survey covers the following business practices relating to data:

• acquisition and sharing
• impact of COVID-19 on personal data collection
• data-related roles and skills
• data protection
• international transfer

A survey conducted in the EMEA region in 2024 shows, through which online and offline channels, business to business (B2B) buyers get to know vendors from. The channel used the most is the internet, where 15 percent of buyers can search for the vendors, followed by industry events or trade shows, at 13 percent. The least used form is through TikTok, at less than two percent.

I use daily prices collected from online retailers in five countries to study the impact of measurement bias on three common price stickiness statistics. Relative to previous results, I find that online prices have longer durations, with fewer price changes close to zero, and hazard functions that initially increase over time. I show that time-averaging and imputed prices in scanner and CPI data can fully explain the differences with the literature. I then report summary statistics for the duration and size of price changes using scraped data collected from 181 retailers in 31 countries.

The Online Course Builder Software market has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by the rapid digitization of education and the increasing demand for flexible learning solutions. This software empowers educators, institutions, and businesses to create, manage, and deliver engaging online courses se

The global big data and business analytics (BDA) market was valued at 168.8 billion U.S. dollars in 2018 and is forecast to grow to 215.7 billion U.S. dollars by 2021. In 2021, more than half of BDA spending will go towards services. IT services is projected to make up around 85 billion U.S. dollars, and business services will account for the remainder. Big data High volume, high velocity and high variety: one or more of these characteristics is used to define big data, the kind of data sets that are too large or too complex for traditional data processing applications. Fast-growing mobile data traffic, cloud computing traffic, as well as the rapid development of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) all contribute to the increasing volume and complexity of data sets. For example, connected IoT devices are projected to generate 79.4 ZBs of data in 2025. Business analytics Advanced analytics tools, such as predictive analytics and data mining, help to extract value from the data and generate business insights. The size of the business intelligence and analytics software application market is forecast to reach around 16.5 billion U.S. dollars in 2022. Growth in this market is driven by a focus on digital transformation, a demand for data visualization dashboards, and an increased adoption of cloud.

Context

This dataset was put together from multiple sources of open data I found online, which I used in a first iteration to predict the probability of crime in a given neighborhood and date in San Fransisco. The dataset is perhaps a bit unfocused in itself, rather, the focus is the kernel for which the data is used.

Content

This dataset combines multiple data sources I found online when working on this kernel.

Acknowledgements

The sources of each file of the dataset are listed under the description of each file. Please refer to additional informatioon at these sources before using the data.

Inspiration

I'm exploring predicting crime. And want to learn. And help others learn.

The need for affiliation (nAff) facet of David McClelland’s (1961) triad of needs is prevalent in psychology, leadership, and business literature. Typically, nAff is referenced in combination with McClelland’s additional two triads: need for achievement (nAch) and need for power (nPow). Isolating the construct of nAff, this study investigates the linkage of affiliation inclination of small business customers to their perceived value of retail servicescapes, filling a gap in the literature on nAff. We analyzed data from 265 small business customers via online questionnaires. The study suggests that servicescapes evoke customers’ feelings and reactions and they subsequently form opinions of the servicescapes and the associative business. The results indicate that customers’ need to be attached to a small business and be satisfied with their experiences with a small business drive customer loyalty. When customers have positive servicescape reactions and become loyal customers, small businesses benefit. Implications for this study’s findings are valuable to small business owners: they might consider servicescape initiatives for their ongoing business success.

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US Compliance Training For Financial Institutions Market Size 2025-2029

The US compliance training for financial institutions market size is forecast to increase by USD 1.6 billion at a CAGR of 14.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing need for skilled employees who can adhere to regulatory requirements. Another trend driving market growth is the popularity of learning analytics, which enables organizations to track and measure the effectiveness of their training programs. Open-source training platforms are also gaining traction, offering cost-effective solutions for financial institutions. These platforms provide flexibility and customization options, making it easier for organizations to tailor their training programs to specific regulatory needs. The use of technology, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, is also transforming training by automating processes and delivering personalized learning experiences. However, challenges such as keeping up with evolving regulations and ensuring data security remain key concerns for financial institutions. Overall, the market is expected to continue growing as organizations prioritize training to mitigate risks and ensure regulatory compliance.

What will be the Size of the market During the Forecast Period?

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The market continues to experience significant growth due to the increasing importance of rules and regulations In the sector. With the expanding use of internet infrastructure and smart devices, the need for strong information security training and regulatory compliance training has become essential for both small and medium enterprises and large organizations. In response, technological improvement in areas such as cloud computing and learning analytics technologies have emerged as long-term solutions for delivering effective training programs. Sexual harassment training, code-of-conduct and ethics, and cyber security training are among the key compliance areas prioritized by financial institutions.
Partnership strategies between training providers and financial institutions are also on the rise, enabling organizations to address their unique compliance needs. The market's size and direction reflect the evolving business landscape, with a focus on maintaining a secure and compliant workforce in an increasingly complex regulatory environment.

How is this market segmented and which is the largest segment?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Courses

  Professional courses
  Introductory courses


Delivery Mode

  Offline learning
  Online learning


Geography

  US

By Courses Insights

The professional courses segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market is experiencing substantial growth due to the increasing importance of employee training in adhering to complex rules and regulations. E-learning solutions, facilitated by the internet infrastructure and smart devices, have become essential for small and medium enterprises as well as large organizations. Technological improvements and changing business needs have led to the adoption of SMAC technology and online training solutions. Compliance training covers various areas, including information security, regulatory compliance, sexual harassment, code-of-conduct and ethics, cyber security, and diversity. Market leaders such as Cornerstone offer comprehensive training programs. Driving factors include the need for continuous monitoring strategies, legacy systems, and the increasing complexity of businesses.

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Market Dynamics

Our market researchers analyzed the data with 2024 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

What are the key market drivers leading to the rise in adoption of US Compliance Training For Financial Institutions Market?

The rising need for skilled employees is the key driver of the market. The financial services industry In the US is experiencing a shift in workforce dynamics, with an increasing reliance on external talent and the need for continuous skill development among employees. This trend is driven by changing business needs and technological improvements, including the adoption of SMAC technology, cloud computing, and centralized data storage. It is a critical area of focus for financial institutions, given the complex regulatory landscape and the potential risks associated with non-compliance. Online training solutions, such as e-learning and intera

We study the impact of targeted price controls on supermarket products in Argentina between 2007 and 2015. Using web-scraping methods, we collected daily prices for controlled and non-controlled goods and examined the differential effects of the policy on inflation, product availability, entry and exit, and price dispersion. We first show that price controls have only a small and temporary effect on inflation that reverses itself as soon as the controls are lifted. Second, contrary to common beliefs, we find that controlled goods are consistently available for sale. Third, firms compensate for price controls by introducing new product varieties at higher prices, thereby increasing price dispersion within narrow categories. Overall, our results show that targeted price controls are just as ineffective as more traditional forms of price controls in reducing aggregate inflation.

BackgroundThe widespread application and iterative updating of computers and Internet communication technologies have not only increased productivity and enhanced intra- and inter-enterprise collaboration, but have also led to significant changes in the labor market and residents’ labor income. In the digital era, accepting digital technology and possessing a certain degree of digital literacy have become the necessary abilities for people to survive and develop. However, the differences in digital literacy caused by individual differences will inevitably bring about a series of chain reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to study the subtle impact of Internet usage preference on residents’ labor income in the context of digital transformation to promote digital equity.ObjectiveThis study aims to empirically analyze micro-level survey data to reveal the impact of individual differences in internet usage preferences on their labor income. The findings provide theoretical references for government policy formulation and individual development.MethodsA function model was established to analyze the impact of individual internet usage preferences on labor income. Relevant data from the authoritative Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS2017) were selected, and empirical analyses for significance, heterogeneity, and robustness were conducted using the ZINB and CMP models in the Stata statistical software.Conclusion(1) Higher Internet Usage Frequency (IUF) increases the likelihood of higher income. (2) Engaging in Online Social Networking (OSN) helps in accumulating social capital, leading to higher labor income. Meanwhile, participating in Online Entertainment (OE) relieves work and life stresses, thereby increasing labor income. Proficiency in Accessing Online Information (AOI) is associated with higher labor income, while frequent involvement in Online Business (OB) is correlated with higher personal income. Additionally, the Marginal utility of these internet usage preferences indicate that OB > AOI > OSN > OE. (3) Individual variations in physical, psychological, and social characteristics significantly influence the labor income effects of internet usage preferences. (4) There are substantial differences in the labor income effects of internet usage preferences between urban and rural areas and across different regions. (5) Education attainment has a positive mediating effect on the labour income effect of individual Internet use preferences, and enhancing residents’ digital literacy has a positive effect on increasing their labour income and alleviating inequality in digital gains. (6) The popularity of Internet technology is the background that triggers an individual’s Internet use, and the acceptance of a particular Internet technology is catalyzed by an individual’s perception of the value and difficulty of mastering that technology; an individual’s biased learning or proficiency in a particular Internet technology in order to gain higher competitiveness and value in the labour market is an important internal driving force.

Abstract

The Future of Business Survey is a new source of information on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Launched in February 2016, the monthly survey - a partnership between Facebook, OECD, and The World Bank - provides a timely pulse on the economic environment in which businesses operate and who those businesses are to help inform decision-making at all levels and to deliver insights that can help businesses grow. The Future of Business Survey provides a perspective from newer and long-standing digitalized businesses and provides a unique window into a new mobilized economy.

Policymakers, researchers and businesses share a common interest in the environment in which SMEs operate, as well their outlook on the future, not least because young and innovative SMEs in particular are often an important source of considerable economic and employment growth. Better insights and timely information about SMEs improve our understanding of economic trends, and can provide new insights that can further stimulate and help these businesses grow.

To help provide these insights, Facebook, OECD and The World Bank have collaborated to develop a monthly survey that attempts to improve our understanding of SMEs in a timely and forward-looking manner. The three organizations share a desire to create new ways to hear from businesses and help them succeed in the emerging digitally-connected economy. The shared goal is to help policymakers, researchers, and businesses better understand business sentiment, and to leverage a digital platform to provide a unique source of information to complement existing indicators.

With more businesses leveraging online tools each day, the survey provides a lens into a new mobilized, digital economy and, in particular, insights on the actors: a relatively unmeasured community worthy of deeper consideration and considerable policy interest.

Geographic coverage

When the survey was initially launched in February 2016, it included 22 countries. When the survey was initially launched in February 2016, it included 22 countries. The Future of Business Survey is now conducted in over 90 countries in every region of the world.

Analysis unit

The study describes small and medium-sized enterprises.

Universe

The target population consists of SMEs that have an active Facebook business Page and include both newer and longer-standing businesses, spanning across a variety of sectors. With more businesses leveraging online tools each day, the survey provides a lens into a new mobilized, digital economy and, in particular, insights on the actors: a relatively unmeasured community worthy of deeper consideration and considerable policy interest.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Twice a year in over 97 countries, the Facebook Survey Team sends the Future of Business to admins and owners of Facebook-designated small business pages. When we share data from this survey, we anonymize responses to all survey questions and only share country-level data publicly. To achieve better representation of the broader small business population, we also weight our results based on known characteristics of the Facebook Page admin population.

A random sample of firms, representing the target population in each country, is selected to respond to the Future of Business Survey each month.

Mode of data collection

Internet [int]

Research instrument

The survey includes questions about perceptions of current and future economic activity, challenges, business characteristics and strategy. Custom modules include questions related to regulation, access to finance, digital payments, and digital skills. The full questionnaire is available for download.

The questionnaire was pretested by the target audience, as well as experts from the area of research interest. Additionally, steps were taken to translate the survey in order to reduce sensitivities to cultural response bias: - Respondents were given the option to respond to the survey in any of fifteen languages native to the countries in which it was conducted. - Translations were done only by native speakers, with two rounds of additional online checks in the context of the survey environment. - Translators were provided with context material for this survey (e.g., the Facebook for Business website) in order to understand the context of the survey. They were also instructed to take the English survey at least two times before starting with the translations. - Translations were discussed in a group in order to ensure a common understanding of questions and items. - The tone (formal vs. informal) of the survey was based on cultural conventions, e.g., Facebook usually uses an informal tone, while in cultures such as the Japanese this is very uncommon and thus a formal tone was used there.

Response rate

Response rates to online surveys vary widely depending on a number of factors including survey length, region, strength of the relationship with invitees, incentive mechanisms, invite copy, interest of respondents in the topic and survey design.

Note: Response rates are calculated as the number of respondents who completed the survey divided by the total number of SMEs invited.

Sampling error estimates

Any survey data is prone to several forms of error and biases that need to be considered to understand how closely the results reflect the intended population. In particular, the following components of the total survey error are noteworthy:

Sampling error is a natural characteristic of every survey based on samples and reflects the uncertainty in any survey result that is attributable to the fact that not the whole population is surveyed.

Other factors beyond sampling error that contribute to such potential differences are frame or coverage error (sampling frame of page owners does not include all relevant businesses but also may include individuals that don't represent businesses), and nonresponse error.

Note that the sample is meant to reflect the population of businesses on Facebook, not the population of small businesses in general. This group of digitized SMEs is itself a community worthy of deeper consideration and of considerable policy interest. However, care should be taken when extrapolating to the population of SMEs in general. Moreover, future work should evaluate the external validity of the sample. Particularly, respondents should be compared to the broader population of SMEs on Facebook, and the economy as a whole.

Abstract

The Future of Business Survey is a new source of information on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Launched in February 2016, the monthly survey - a partnership between Facebook, OECD, and The World Bank - provides a timely pulse on the economic environment in which businesses operate and who those businesses are to help inform decision-making at all levels and to deliver insights that can help businesses grow. The Future of Business Survey provides a perspective from newer and long-standing digitalized businesses and provides a unique window into a new mobilized economy.

Policymakers, researchers and businesses share a common interest in the environment in which SMEs operate, as well their outlook on the future, not least because young and innovative SMEs in particular are often an important source of considerable economic and employment growth. Better insights and timely information about SMEs improve our understanding of economic trends, and can provide new insights that can further stimulate and help these businesses grow.

To help provide these insights, Facebook, OECD and The World Bank have collaborated to develop a monthly survey that attempts to improve our understanding of SMEs in a timely and forward-looking manner. The three organizations share a desire to create new ways to hear from businesses and help them succeed in the emerging digitally-connected economy. The shared goal is to help policymakers, researchers, and businesses better understand business sentiment, and to leverage a digital platform to provide a unique source of information to complement existing indicators.

With more businesses leveraging online tools each day, the survey provides a lens into a new mobilized, digital economy and, in particular, insights on the actors: a relatively unmeasured community worthy of deeper consideration and considerable policy interest.

Geographic coverage

When the survey was initially launched in February 2016, it included 22 countries. When the survey was initially launched in February 2016, it included 22 countries. The Future of Business Survey is now conducted in over 90 countries in every region of the world.

Countries included in at least one wave: Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands (the) Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile Colombia Congo (the) Curaçao Cyprus Czechia Côte d'Ivoire Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic (the) Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Faroe Islands (the) Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia (the) Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kenya Korea (the Republic of) Kuwait Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Monaco Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands (the) New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands (the) Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Réunion Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Sint Maarten (Dutch part) Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania, the United Republic of Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands (the) Uganda United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Vanuatu Viet Nam Virgin Islands (British) Virgin Islands (U.S.) Zambia.

Analysis unit

The study describes small and medium-sized enterprises.

Universe

The target population consists of SMEs that have an active Facebook business Page and include both newer and longer-standing businesses, spanning across a variety of sectors. With more businesses leveraging online tools each day, the survey provides a lens into a new mobilized, digital economy and, in particular, insights on the actors: a relatively unmeasured community worthy of deeper consideration and considerable policy interest.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Twice a year in over 97 countries, the Facebook Survey Team sends the Future of Business to admins and owners of Facebook-designated small business pages. When we share data from this survey, we anonymize responses to all survey questions and only share country-level data publicly. To achieve better representation of the broader small business population, we also weight our results based on known characteristics of the Facebook Page admin population.

A random sample of firms, representing the target population in each country, is selected to respond to the Future of Business Survey each month.

Mode of data collection

Internet [int]

Research instrument

The survey includes questions about perceptions of current and future economic activity, challenges, business characteristics and strategy. Custom modules include questions related to regulation, access to finance, digital payments, and digital skills. The full questionnaire is available for download.

Response rate

Response rates to online surveys vary widely depending on a number of factors including survey length, region, strength of the relationship with invitees, incentive mechanisms, invite copy, interest of respondents in the topic and survey design.

Note: Response rates are calculated as the number of respondents who completed the survey divided by the total number of SMEs invited.

Sampling error estimates

Any survey data is prone to several forms of error and biases that need to be considered to understand how closely the results reflect the intended population. In particular, the following components of the total survey error are noteworthy:

Sampling error is a natural characteristic of every survey based on samples and reflects the uncertainty in any survey result that is attributable to the fact that not the whole population is surveyed.

Other factors beyond sampling error that contribute to such potential differences are frame or coverage error (sampling frame of page owners does not include all relevant businesses but also may include individuals that don't represent businesses), and nonresponse error.

Note that the sample is meant to reflect the population of businesses on Facebook, not the population of small businesses in general. This group of digitized SMEs is itself a community worthy of deeper consideration and of considerable policy interest. However, care should be taken when extrapolating to the population of SMEs in general. Moreover, future work should evaluate the external validity of the sample. Particularly, respondents should be compared to the broader population of SMEs on Facebook, and the economy as a whole.

The Cambridge Centre for Business Research Survey of Knowledge Exchange Activity with Universities by United Kingdom Companies, 2017-2021 contains the results of an online survey of directors of UK companies in 2020-2021.

The survey was designed to assess the extent and nature of the knowledge exchange interactions of their companies with the university sector. It covers the three-year period to March 2020 prior to the Covid-19 pandemic and questions relating to the subsequent impact of the pandemic on knowledge exchange patterns. The researchers inquired about 33 modes of interaction grouped into four broad categories. These were commercialisation (3 modes), people-based (10 modes), problem-solving (12 modes) and community-based (4 modes).

The survey covers a sample of 3,823 companies in all sectors, regions and countries of the UK and employment sizes ranging from micro-firms less than 10 employees, to the largest public listed corporations. The response rate was 4.4 per cent and a detailed response bias analyses by survey wave and prompt wave showed largely insignificant sample response bias compared to the sampling frame drawn from the FAME database of all UK companies.

The dataset provides a unique source of data on a critical period of challenge for knowledge exchange in the UK. David Sweeney, the then Executive Director of Research England which sponsored the survey commented on an initial report of results in 2022 that "This report which has an exclusive focus on company interactions with universities, is an important addition to our understanding of the collaboration process" (The Changing State of Business-University Interactions in the UK. Centre for Business Research and NCUB. 2022 p2).

The survey dataset contains many variables comparable with a similar previous postal survey of an earlier period by two members of the current research team. The data from this is available from the Data Archive under SN 6464 - Cambridge Centre for Business Research Survey of Knowledge Exchange Activity by United Kingdom Businesses, 2005-2009.