This dataset consists of Level II weather radar data collected from Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) stations located in the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. territories and at military base sites. NEXRAD is a network of 160 high-resolution Doppler weather radars operated by the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the U.S. Air Force (USAF). Doppler radars detect atmospheric precipitation and winds, which allow scientists to track and anticipate weather events, such as rain, ice pellets, snow, hail, and tornadoes, as well as some non-weather objects like birds and insects. NEXRAD stations use the Weather Surveillance Radar - 1988, Doppler (WSR-88D) system. This is a 10 cm wavelength (S-Band) radar that operates at a frequency between 2,700 and 3,000 MHz. The radar system operates in two basic modes: a slow-scanning Clear Air Mode (Mode B) for analyzing air movements when there is little or no precipitation activity in the area, and a Precipitation Mode (Mode A) with a faster scan for tracking active weather. The two modes employ nine Volume Coverage Patterns (VCPs) to adequately sample the atmosphere based on weather conditions. A VCP is a series of 360 degree sweeps of the antenna at pre-determined elevation angles and pulse repetition frequencies completed in a specified period of time. The radar scan times 4.5, 5, 6 or 10 minutes depending on the selected VCP. The NEXRAD products are divided into multiple data processing levels. The lower Level II data contain the three meteorological base data quantities at original resolution: reflectivity, mean radial velocity, and spectrum width. With the advent of dual polarization beginning in 2011, additional base products of differential reflectivity, correlation coefficient and differential phase are available. Level II data are recorded at all NWS and most USAF and FAA WSR-88D sites. From the Level II quantities, computer processing generates numerous meteorological analysis Level 3 products. NEXRAD data are acquired by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) for archiving and dissemination to users. Data coverage varies by station and ranges from June 1991 to 1 day from present. Most stations began observing in the mid-1990s, and most period of records are continuous.

This dataset consists of Level 3 weather radar products collected from Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) stations located in the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. territories and at military base sites. NEXRAD is a network of 160 high-resolution Doppler weather radars operated by the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the U.S. Air Force (USAF). Doppler radars detect atmospheric precipitation and winds, which allow scientists to track and anticipate weather events, such as rain, ice pellets, snow, hail, and tornadoes, as well as some non-weather objects like birds and insects. NEXRAD stations use the Weather Surveillance Radar - 1988, Doppler (WSR-88D) system. This is a 10 cm wavelength (S-Band) radar that operates at a frequency between 2,700 and 3,000 MHz. The radar system operates in two basic modes: a slow-scanning Clear Air Mode (Mode B) for analyzing air movements when there is little or no precipitation activity in the area, and a Precipitation Mode (Mode A) with a faster scan for tracking active weather. The two modes employ nine Volume Coverage Patterns (VCPs) to adequately sample the atmosphere based on weather conditions. A VCP is a series of 360 degree sweeps of the antenna at pre-determined elevation angles and pulse repetition frequencies completed in a specified period of time. The radar scan times 4.5, 5, 6 or 10 minutes depending on the selected VCP. During 2008, the WSR-88D radars were upgraded to produce increased spatial resolution data, called Super Resolution. The earlier Legacy Resolution data provides radar reflectivity at 1.0 degree azimuthal by 1 km range gate resolution to a range of 460 km, and Doppler velocity and spectrum width at 1.0 degree azimuthal by 250 m range gate resolution to a range of 230 km. The upgraded Super Resolution data provides radar reflectivity at 0.5 degree azimuthal by 250 m range gate resolution to a range of 460 km, and Doppler velocity and spectrum width at 0.5 degree azimuthal by 250 m range gate resolution to a range of 300 km. Super resolution makes a compromise of slightly decreased noise reduction for a large gain in resolution. In 2010, the deployment of the Dual Polarization (Dual Pol) capability to NEXRAD sites began with the first operational Dual Pol radar in May 2011. Dual Pol radar capability adds vertical polarization to the previous horizontal radar waves, in order to more accurately discern the return signal. This allows the radar to better distinguish between types of precipitation (e.g., rain, hail and snow), improves rainfall estimates, improves data retrieval in mountainous terrain, and aids in removal of non-weather artifacts. The NEXRAD products are divided in two data processing levels. The lower Level 2 data are base products at original resolution. Level 2 data are recorded at all NWS and most USAF and FAA WSR-88D sites. From the Level 2 quantities, computer processing generates numerous meteorological analysis Level 3 products. The Level 3 data consists of reduced resolution, low-bandwidth, base products as well as many derived, post-processed products. Level 3 products are recorded at most U.S. sites, though non-US sites do not have Level 3 products. There are over 40 Level 3 products available from the NCDC. General products for Level 3 include the base and composite reflectivity, storm relative velocity, vertical integrated liquid, echo tops and VAD wind profile. Precipitation products for Level 3 include estimated ground accumulated rainfall amounts for one and three hour periods, storm totals, and digital arrays. Estimates are based on reflectivity to rainfall rate (Z-R) relationships. Overlay products for Level 3 are alphanumeric data that give detailed information on certain parameters for an identified storm cell. These include storm structure, hail index, mesocyclone identification, tornadic vortex signature, and storm tracking information. Radar messages for Level 3 are sent by the radar site to users in order to know more about the radar status and special product data. NEXRAD data are provided to the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) for archiving and dissemination to users. Data coverage varies by station and ranges from May 1992 to 1 day from present. Most stations began observing in the mid-1990s, and most period of records are continuous.

The NOAA Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) public dataset on Google Cloud Storage consists of archived Level II weather radar collected from a network of 160 high-resolution Doppler weather radars operated by the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) as far back as 1991. These 10 cm S-Band Doppler radars, located in the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. territories, and at military base sites, detect atmospheric precipitation and winds. The Level II dataset collected before 2008 contains reflectivity, mean radial velocity, and spectrum width radial volume scans at original resolution (1 degree x 1 km resolution). Starting in 2008, the data is available at super-resolution (0.5 degree x 0.25 km resolution) for some reflectivity tilts. Starting in 2011, radars were upgraded to dual polarization. At that time, differential reflectivity, correlation coefficient, and differential phase data were added. For a complete description of this dataset, see NOAA's NEXRAD documentation . This public dataset is hosted in Google Cloud Storage and available free to use. Use this quick start guide to quickly learn how to access public datasets on Google Cloud Storage.

Real-time and archival data from the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) network.

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint U.S.-Japan satellite mission to monitor tropical and subtropical precipitation and to estimate its associated latent heating. TRMM was successfully launched on November 27, at 4:27 PM (EST) from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan.

The TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR), the first of its kind in space, is an electronically scanning radar, operating at 13.8 GHz that measures the 3-D rainfall distribution over both land and ocean, and defines the layer depth of the precipitation.

PR 2A23 produces a rain/no-rain flag. Its main objectives are (1) to detect bright band (BB), (2) to classify rain type, and (3) to detect warm rain.

2A23 uses two different methods for classifying rain type: (1) vertical profile method (V-method) and (2) horizontal pattern method (H-method). Both methods classify rain into three categories: stratiform, convective, and other. To make the results user-friendly, 2A23 outputs a unified rain type. Further information about 2A23 can be found in Awaka et al. (1998).

The V-method starts with the detection of BB. This detection is made by a spatial filter, based on the second derivative of Z with respect to range, and by imposing several conditions on BB (e.g., Z above BB peak should decrease appreciably, the height of BB should appear almost at the same height). One of the major conditions imposed on BB is that the height of BB must be located in a BB window, whose range is from freezH - 1.5 km to freezH + 1.5 km, where freezH is the height of freezing level estimated from a climatological surface temperature at sea level, Tsurface, by the following formula:

freezH = Tsurface / Tlapse,

and where Tlapse is the lapse rate of temperature (2A23 assumes that Tlapse = 6.0 (deg/km)).

After the BB detection, the V-method goes on to classify rain type. The outline of rain type classification by the V-method is as follows:

1. When BB exists, rain is basically classified as stratiform.

2. When BB is not detected, and maximum value of Z at a given angle bin exceeds a convective threshold, rain type for this angle bin is classified as convective.

3. Other type is defined as not-stratiform and not-convective.

It should be noted that other type of rain by the V-method is defined as not-convective and not-stratiform, i.e., (1) there exists appreciable radar echo, but it is not strong enough to be convective and (2) BB is not detected.

The H-method also classifies rain into 3 categories: stratiform, convective, and other. However, their definitions are different from those of the V-method.

The H-method is based on the University of Washington convective/stratiform separation method (Steiner et al., 1995), which examines the horizontal pattern of Z at a given height, where Z has a 2 km horizontal resolution. In 2A23, the following modifications are made:

1. Instead of examining a horizontal pattern of Z at a given height, a horizontal pattern of Zmax is examined; here, Zmax is the maximum of Z along the range for each antenna scan angle below freezH (minus 1 km margin).

2. Parameters are changed so that they may be suitable for the TRMM data with 4.3 km horizontal resolution. The parameters were chosen before the launch of TRMM, using test Ground Validation (GV) data in such a way that the 4.3 km resolution data produce almost the same result as that with a 2 km resolution data.

3. Other type of rain is introduced to handle noise.

In the H-method, detection of convective rain is made first. If one of the following conditions is satisfied for a pixel, which corresponds to the angle bin data being considered, it is judged that the pixel is a convective center: (1) Zmax exceeds a convective threshold or (2) Zmax stands out against the background area.

Rain type for a convective center is convective, and rain type for the pixels nearest to the convective center is also convective.

In the H-method, if rain type is not convective and if the...

The SWOT Level 2 KaRIn Low Rate Sea Surface Height Windwave Data Product from the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides global sea surface height and significant wave height observations derived from low rate (LR) measurements from the Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn). SWOT launched on December 16, 2022 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California into a 1-day repeat orbit for the "calibration" or "fast-sampling" phase of the mission, which completed in early July 2023. After the calibration phase, SWOT entered a 21-day repeat orbit in August 2023 to start the "science" phase of the mission, which is expected to continue through 2025. The L2 sea surface height data product is distributed in one netCDF-4 file per pass (half-orbit) covering the full KaRIn swath width, which spans 10-60km on each side of the nadir track. Sea surface height, sea surface height anomaly, wind speed, significant waveheight, and related parameters are provided on a geographically fixed, swath-aligned 2x2 km2 grid (Basic, Expert, Windwave). The sea surface height data are also provided on a finer 250x250 m2 "native" grid with minimal smoothing applied (Unsmoothed). This collection is a sub-collection of its parent: https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/SWOT_L2_LR_SSH_2.0 It provides the "Windwave" file from each L2 SSH product, which includes significant wave height (SWH), normalized radar cross section (NRCS or backscatter cross section or sigma0), wind speed derived from sigma0 and SWH, model information on wind and waves, and quality flags.

This dataset contains Level-2, Wave mode (WV) Ocean (OCN) C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 1A satellite. Level-2 data consists of geolocated geophysical products derived from Level-1.

From WV modes, the OCN product will only contain Ocean Swell Spectra (OSW) and Surface Radial Velocity (RVL).

The OSW component is a two-dimensional ocean surface swell spectrum and includes an estimate of wind speed and direction per swell spectrum. The OSW component provides continuity measurement of SAR swell spectra at C-band. OSW is estimated from Sentinel-1 SLC images by inversion of the corresponding image cross-spectra.

The OSW is generated from Stripmap and Wave modes only and is not available from the TOPSAR IW and EW modes. For Stripmap mode, there are multiple spectra derived from the Level-1 SLC image. For Wave mode, there is one spectrum per vignette.

Ocean wave height spectra are provided in units of m4 and given on a polar grid of wavenumber in rad/m and direction in degrees with respect to North.

The OSW product also contains one estimate of the wind speed in m/s and direction in degrees (meteorological convention) per ocean wave spectrum, as well as parameters derived from the ocean wave spectra (integrated wave parameters) and from the imagette (image statistics).

The spatial coverage of the OSW product is equal to the spatial coverage of the corresponding Level-1 WV SLC or Level-1 SM SLC product, limited to ocean areas.

The RVL surface radial velocity component is a ground range gridded difference between the measured Level-2 Doppler grid and the Level-1 calculated geometrical Doppler. The RVL component provides continuity of the ASAR Doppler grid. The RVL estimates are produced on a ground-range grid.

The Level-2 Doppler is computed on a grid similar to the OWI component grid and provides an estimate of the Doppler frequency and the Doppler spectral width. For TOPS, one grid is provided by swath (additional dimension in the NetCDF). The uncertainties of the estimates are also provided for both the Doppler and radial velocity. The Doppler frequency and the Doppler spectral width are estimated based on fitting the azimuth spectral profile of the data to the antenna model taking into account additive noise, aliasing, and sideband effects. The Doppler frequency provided in the product is the pure Doppler frequency estimated from the SLC data without correcting for geometry and mispointing errors.

Sentinel 1A was launched on 3rd April 2014 and provides continuous all-weather, day and night imaging radar data. These data are available via CEDA to any registered CEDA user.

SMAP Level 1B Sigma Naught Low Res Product Version 2

This dataset contains altimetry data from the Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter (SRAL) aboard the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 3A Satellite. Sentinel 3A was launched on the 16th February 2016. Level-2 (L2) is the Level-1 data corrected for geophysical effects.

Like many recent altimeters, Sentinel 3 operates at two frequencies (Ju and C band) in order to derive an ionospheric correction. A Level 2 SRAL/MWR complete product contains three data files: a "reduced" (Red) data file, containing a subset of the main 1 Hz Ku band parameters a "standard" (Std) data file containing the standard 1 Hz and 20 Hz Ku and C-band parameters an "enhanced" (Enh) data file containing the standard 1 Hz and 20 Hz Ku and C-band parameters, the waveforms and the associated parameters necessary to reprocess the data. The SRAL/MWR Level-2 products are generated in Standard Archive Format for Europe (SAFE) format. All the information relevant to the product is gathered into a single package. Inside this package, the specific objects containing measurement data are encoded in netCDF format.

There are different levels of data latency related to the availability of auxiliary or ancillary data:

Near Real-Time (NRT): delivered less than 3 hours after data acquisition Slow Time Critical (STC): delivered within 48 hours after data acquisition Non-Time Critical (NTC): delivered within typically 1 month after data acquisition.

Data are provided by ESA and are made available via CEDA to any registered user.

NEXRAD is a network of 160 high-resolution Doppler weather radars operated by the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the U.S. Air Force (USAF). Doppler radars detect atmospheric precipitation and winds, which allow scientists to track and anticipate weather events, such as rain, ice pellets, snow, hail, and tornadoes, as well as some non-weather objects like birds and insects. NEXRAD stations use the Weather Surveillance Radar - 1988, Doppler (WSR-88D) system. The NEXRAD products are divided in two data processing levels. The lower Level 2 data are base products at original resolution. Level 2 data are recorded at all NWS and most USAF and FAA WSR-88D sites. From the Level 2 quantities, computer processing generates numerous meteorological analysis Level 3 products. The Level 3 data consists of reduced resolution, low-bandwidth, base products as well as many derived, post-processed products. Level 3 products are recorded at most U.S. sites, though non-US sites do not have Level 3 products. There are over 40 Level 3 products available from the NCDC. General products for Level 3 include the base and composite reflectivity, storm relative velocity, vertical integrated liquid, echo tops and VAD wind profile. Precipitation products for Level 3 include estimated ground accumulated rainfall amounts for one and three hour periods, storm totals, and digital arrays. Estimates are based on reflectivity to rainfall rate (Z-R) relationships. Overlay products for Level 3 are alphanumeric data that give detailed information on certain parameters for an identified storm cell. These include storm structure, hail index, mesocyclone identification, tornadic vortex signature, and storm tracking information. Radar messages for Level 3 are sent by the radar site to users in order to know more about the radar status and special product data. NEXRAD data are provided to the NOAA National Climatic Data Center for archiving and dissemination to users. Data coverage varies by station and ranges from May 1992 to 1 day from present. Most stations began observing in the mid-1990s, and most period of records are continuous.Daily GHCN is part of the Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily) dataset. GHCN-Daily integrates daily climate observations from approximately 30 different data sources. Version 3 was released in September 2012 with the addition of data from two additional station networks. Changes to the processing system associated with the version 3 release also allowed for updates to occur 7 days a week rather than only on most weekdays. Version 3 contains station-based measurements from well over 90,000 land-based stations worldwide, about two thirds of which are for precipitation measurement only. Other meteorological elements include, but are not limited to, daily maximum and minimum temperature, temperature at the time of observation, snowfall and snow depth. Over 25,000 stations are regularly updated with observations from within roughly the last month. The dataset is also routinely reconstructed (usually every week) from its roughly 30 data sources to ensure that GHCN-Daily is generally in sync with its growing list of constituent sources. During this process, quality assurance checks are applied to the full dataset. Where possible, GHCN-Daily station data are also updated daily from a variety of data streams. Station values for each daily update also undergo a suite of quality checks.Local Climatological Data (LCD) are summaries of climatological conditions from airport and other prominent weather stations managed by NWS, FAA, and DOD. The product includes hourly observations and associated remarks, and a record of hourly precipitation for the entire month. Also included are daily summaries summarizing temperature extremes, degree days, precipitation amounts and winds. The tabulated monthly summaries in the product include maximum, minimum, and average temperature, temperature departure from normal, dew point temperature, average station pressure, ceiling, visibility, weather type, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, degree days (heating and cooling), daily precipitation, average wind speed, fastest wind speed/direction, sky cover, and occurrences of sunshine, snowfall and snow depth. The source data is global hourly (DSI 3505) which includes a number of quality control checks.Global Surface Summary of the Day is derived from The Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) dataset. The ISH dataset includes global data obtained from the USAF Climatology Center, located in the Federal Climate Complex with NCDC. The latest daily summary data are normally available 1-2 days after the date-time of the observations used in the daily summaries. The online data files begin with 1929 and are at the time of this writing at the Version 8 software level. Over 9000 stations' data are typically available. The daily elements included in the dataset (as available from each station) are: Mean temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Mean dew point (.1 Fahrenheit) Mean sea level pressure (.1 mb) Mean station pressure (.1 mb) Mean visibility (.1 miles) Mean wind speed (.1 knots) Maximum sustained wind speed (.1 knots) Maximum wind gust (.1 knots) Maximum temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Minimum temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Precipitation amount (.01 inches) Snow depth (.1 inches) Indicator for occurrence of: Fog, Rain or Drizzle, Snow or Ice Pellets, Hail, Thunder, Tornado/Funnel Cloud Global summary of day data for 18 surface meteorological elements are derived from the synoptic/hourly observations contained in USAF DATSAV3 Surface data and Federal Climate Complex Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH). Historical data are generally available for 1929 to the present, with data from 1973 to the present being the most complete. For some periods, one or more countries' data may not be available due to data restrictions or communications problems. In deriving the summary of day data, a minimum of 4 observations for the day must be present (allows for stations which report 4 synoptic observations/day). Since the data are converted to constant units (e.g, knots), slight rounding error from the originally reported values may occur (e.g, 9.9 instead of 10.0). The mean daily values described below are based on the hours of operation for the station. For some stations/countries, the visibility will sometimes 'cluster' around a value (such as 10 miles) due to the practice of not reporting visibilities greater than certain distances. The daily extremes and totals--maximum wind gust, precipitation amount, and snow depth--will only appear if the station reports the data sufficiently to provide a valid value. Therefore, these three elements will appear less frequently than other values. Also, these elements are derived from the stations' reports during the day, and may comprise a 24-hour period which includes a portion of the previous day. The data are reported and summarized based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT, 0000Z - 2359Z) since the original synoptic/hourly data are reported and based on GMT.The global summaries data set contains a monthly (GSOM) resolution of meteorological elements (max temp, snow, etc) from 1763 to present with updates weekly. The major parameters are: monthly mean maximum, mean minimum and mean temperatures; monthly total precipitation and snowfall; departure from normal of the mean temperature and total precipitation; monthly heating and cooling degree days; number of days that temperatures and precipitation are above or below certain thresholds; and extreme daily temperature and precipitation amounts. The primary source data set source is the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)-Daily Data set. The global summaries data set also contains a yearly (GSOY) resolution of meteorological elements. See associated resources for more information. This data is not to be confused with "GHCN-Monthly", "Annual Summaries" or "NCDC Summary of the Month". There are unique elements that are produced globally within the GSOM and GSOY data files. There are also bias corrected temperature data in GHCN-Monthly, which will not be available in GSOM and GSOY. The GSOM and GSOY data set is going to replace the legacy DSI-3220 and expand to include non-U.S. (a.k.a. global) stations. DSI-3220 only included National Weather Service (NWS) COOP Published, or "Published in CD", sites.The global summaries data set contains a yearly (GSOY) resolution of meteorological elements (max temp, snow, etc) from 1763 to present with updates weekly. The major parameters are: monthly mean maximum, mean minimum and mean temperatures; monthly total precipitation and snowfall; departure from normal of the mean temperature and total precipitation; monthly heating and cooling degree days; number of days that temperatures and precipitation are above or below certain thresholds; and extreme daily temperature and precipitation amounts. The primary source data set source is the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)-Daily Data set. The global summaries data set also contains a monthly (GSOM) resolution of meteorological elements. See associated resources for more information. This data is not to be confused with "GHCN-Monthly", "Annual Summaries" or "NCDC Summary of the Month". There are unique elements that are produced globally within the GSOM and GSOY data files. There are also bias corrected temperature data in GHCN-Monthly, which will not be available in GSOM and GSOY. The GSOM and GSOY data set is going to replace the legacy DSI-3220 and expand to include non-U.S. (a.k.a. global) stations. DSI-3220 only included National Weather Service (NWS) COOP Published, or "Published in CD", sites.The U.S. Annual Climate Normals for 1981 to 2010 are 30-year averages of meteorological parameters that provide users with many tools to understand typical climate conditions for thousands of locations across the United States, as well as U.S.

SMAP Level 1A Radar Product Version 2

SMAP Level 1C Sigma Naught High Res Product Version 2

TRMM_GPMFormat/PR KuPR Environment Auxiliary dataset is the new (GPM-formated) TRMM product. It replaces the old GPM DU2. It is obtained from the Precipitation Radar (PR) sensor onboard Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Core Satellite and produced by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The most innovative of the five TRMM instruments, the PR is the first quantitative rain radar instrument to be flown in space. The major objectives of the PR instrument are as follows: a. Provides a 3-dimensional rainfall structure b. Achieves quantitative measurements of the rain rates over both land and ocean When properly combined with TMI measurements, the Precipitation Radar (PR) data is instrumental in obtaining the height profile of the precipitation content, from which the profile of latent heat release from the Earth can be estimated. The rain rate is estimated from the radar reflectivity factor when the rain rate is small by applying conventional algorithms used for ground-based radar. For large rain rates, a rain attenuation correction is made using the total-path attenuation of land or sea surface echoes. In the current algorithm formulation, only the analysis data such as analysis data, must be integrated from an external source during combined algorithm processing. Analysis data are required to produce initial estimations of environmental parameters such as total precipitable water, TPWanal, cloud liquid water path, CLWPanal, surface skin temperature, Tsfcanal, and 10m altitude wind speed, U10manal. The current algorithm design requires space-time interpolation of these data from the Japanese Meteorological agency's (JMA) global analysis (GANAL) during standard algorithm processing. The data are interpolated to the DPR footprint/range bin locations and overpass times in the Vertical Profile Submodule (VER) of the Level 2 Radar Algorithm and then output. For near real-time processing, the JMA forecast fields, but if these fields are not received in time for any reason, the climate value data are substituted for the JMA analysis/forecast data in the VER processing. Main parameters: Air temperature, Air pressure, Water vapor, Cloud liquid water Swath width: 245 km Resolution: 5 km(horizontal), 125m(vertical) The generation unit is orbit. The current version of the product is Version 6.

This nowCOAST time-enabled map service provides maps of NOAA/National Weather Service RIDGE2 mosaics of base reflectivity images across the Continental United States (CONUS) as well as Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam and Alaska with a 2 kilometer (1.25 mile) horizontal resolution. The mosaics are compiled by combining regional base reflectivity radar data obtained from 158 Weather Surveillance Radar 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) also known as NEXt-generation RADar (NEXRAD) sites across the country operated by the NWS and the Dept. of Defense and also from data from Terminal Doppler Weather Radars (TDWR) at major airports. The colors on the map represent the strength of the energy reflected back toward the radar. The reflected intensities (echoes) are measured in dBZ (decibels of z). The color scale is very similar to the one used by the NWS RIDGE2 map viewer. The radar data itself is updated by the NWS every 10 minutes during non-precipitation mode, but every 4-6 minutes during precipitation mode. To ensure nowCOAST is displaying the most recent data possible, the latest mosaics are downloaded every 5 minutes. For more detailed information about the update schedule, see: http://new.nowcoast.noaa.gov/help/#section=updateschedule Background Information Reflectivity is related to the power, or intensity, of the reflected radiation that is sensed by the radar antenna. Reflectivity is expressed on a logarithmic scale in units called dBZ. The "dB" in the dBz scale is logarithmic and is unit less, but is used only to express a ratio. The "z" is the ratio of the density of water drops (measured in millimeters, raised to the 6th power) in each cubic meter (mm^6/m^3). When the "z" is large (many drops in a cubic meter), the reflected power is large. A small "z" means little returned energy. In fact, "z" can be less than 1 mm^6/m^3 and since it is logarithmic, dBz values will become negative, as often in the case when the radar is in clear air mode and indicated by earth tone colors. dBZ values are related to the intensity of rainfall. The higher the dBZ, the stronger the rain rate. A value of 20 dBZ is typically the point at which light rain begins. The values of 60 to 65 dBZ is about the level where 3/4 inch hail can occur. However, a value of 60 to 65 dBZ does not mean that severe weather is occurring at that location. The best reflectivity is lowest (1/2 degree elevation angle) reflectivity scan from the radar. The source of the base reflectivity mosaics is the NWS Southern Region Radar Integrated Display with Geospatial Elements (RIDGE2).

Time Information

This map is time-enabled, meaning that each individual layer contains time-varying data and can be utilized by clients capable of making map requests that include a time component.

This particular service can be queried with or without the use of a time component. If the time parameter is specified in a request, the data or imagery most relevant to the provided time value, if any, will be returned. If the time parameter is not specified in a request, the latest data or imagery valid for the present system time will be returned to the client. If the time parameter is not specified and no data or imagery is available for the present time, no data will be returned.

In addition to ArcGIS Server REST access, time-enabled OGC WMS 1.3.0 access is also provided by this service.

Due to software limitations, the time extent of the service and map layers displayed below does not provide the most up-to-date start and end times of available data. Instead, users have three options for determining the latest time information about the service:

Issue a returnUpdates=true request for an individual layer or for the service itself, which will return the current start and end times of available data, in epoch time format (milliseconds since 00:00 January 1, 1970). To see an example, click on the "Return Updates" link at the bottom of this page under "Supported Operations". Refer to the ArcGIS REST API Map Service Documentation for more information.

Issue an Identify (ArcGIS REST) or GetFeatureInfo (WMS) request against the proper layer corresponding with the target dataset. For raster data, this would be the "Image Footprints with Time Attributes" layer in the same group as the target "Image" layer being displayed. For vector (point, line, or polygon) data, the target layer can be queried directly. In either case, the attributes returned for the matching raster(s) or vector feature(s) will include the following:

validtime: Valid timestamp.

starttime: Display start time.

endtime: Display end time.

reftime: Reference time (sometimes reffered to as issuance time, cycle time, or initialization time).

projmins: Number of minutes from reference time to valid time.

desigreftime: Designated reference time; used as a common reference time for all items when individual reference times do not match.

desigprojmins: Number of minutes from designated reference time to valid time.

Query the nowCOAST LayerInfo web service, which has been created to provide additional information about each data layer in a service, including a list of all available "time stops" (i.e. "valid times"), individual timestamps, or the valid time of a layer's latest available data (i.e. "Product Time"). For more information about the LayerInfo web service, including examples of various types of requests, refer to the nowCOAST help documentation at: http://new.nowcoast.noaa.gov/help/#section=layerinfo

References NWS, 2003: NWS Product Description Document for Radar Integrated Display with Geospatial Elements Version 2- RIDGE2, NWS/SRH, Fort Worth, Texas (Available at http://products.weather.gov/PDD/RIDGE_II_PDD_ver2.pdf). NWS, 2013: Radar Images for GIS Software (http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/doppler/gis.htm).

earth-observation-satellites-smap-nasa-decadal-survey-soil-moisture-active-and-passive-observat earth-remote-sensing-instruments-imaging-radars-active-remote-sensing-smap-l-band-radar-smap-l earth-science-platform-characteristics-spectral-engineering-orbital-characteristics earth-science-radar-spectral-engineering-radar-imagery earth-science-radar-spectral-engineering-sigma-naught

An operational, single-polarized X-band weather radar (WRX) provides measurements in Hamburg’s city center since 2013. This local area weather radar (LAWR) is located on the rooftop of the high-rise building "Geomatikum" in Hamburg (HHG), which is the location of the Meteorological Institute of the Universität Hamburg. The radar operates at one beam elevation angle with a high temporal 30 s, range 60 m, and sampling 1° resolution refining observations of the German nationwide C-band radars within a 20 km scan radius. Several sources of radar-based errors were adjusted gradually improving the measurement variables, e.g. the radar calibration, alignment, attenuation, noise, non-meteorologial echoes. This experiment includes data sets of the equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dbz) in level 1 (without attenuation correction) and the rainfall rate (rr) in level 2 (applied attenuation correction). The WRX/LAWR HHG measurements were calibrated and evaluated with measurements of micro rain radars (MRR). With this high-quality and -resolution weather radar product, refined studies on the spatial and temporal scale of urban precipitation will be possible. For example, the data sets will be used for further hydrological research in an urban area within the project Sustainable Adaption Scenarios for Urban Areas – Water from Four Sides of the Cluster of Excellence Climate Climatic Change, and Society (CliCCS). This work was partly funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany‘s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2037 'CLICCS - Climate, Climatic Change, and Society' – Project Number: 390683824, contribution to the Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) of Universität Hamburg. Changes in Version 2: - We provide daily instead of hourly files to reduce the number of files for better data handling. For the days 23.09.2014, 12.03.2015, 09.06.2015, 05.07.2017, and 01.02.2018 there are two files to avoid additional time dependencies of variables because of changes in calibration or alignment parameters. - We changed the data type (double to int64) and the unit days since 1970-01-01 to seconds since 1970-01-01 of the time coordinate. - We changed the standard names / long names of the variables azimuth, range and ele. - We added the integer variable grid_mapping with the attributes grid_mapping_name ("radar_lidar_radial_scan"), latitude_of_projection_origin, longitude_of_projection_origin and height_of_projection_origin, as suggested by the CfRadial conventions. Since the grid_mapping variable provides the same information as the variables lat_center, lon_center and zsl_center, we removed them. We added the attribute grid_mapping to the variable rr and dbz.

The Level-2 Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn) low rate (LR, ocean) sea surface height (SSH) data product from the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, also referenced by the short name L2_LR_SSH, provides ocean topography measurements from the low rate ocean data stream of the KaRIn instrument, spanning 60 km on either side of the nadir altimeter with a nadir gap. The L2_LR_SSH product is available continuously and globally, although different versions of the product may be produced at different latencies and/or through different reprocessing with refined input data. Note that L2_LR_SSH does not include SSH data from the SWOT nadir altimeter.

The SWOT L2_LR_SSH product is organized in four files, the L2_LR_SSH ['Unsmoothed'] is described in this metadata sheet. The 3 other file types (['Basic'], ['WindWave'], ['Expert']) are described by 3 different metadata sheets that can be accessed via the links below. The ['Unsmoothed'] file, also intended for expert users, is provided on a finer 'native' grid of 250-m (with minimal smoothing applied), and has a significantly larger data volume than the other files. The ['Basic'] file is intended for users who are interested in SSH measurements and who will use the KaRIn measurements as provided. The ['WindWave'] file is intended for users interested in wind and wave information. The ['Expert'] file is intended for expert users who are interested in the details of how the KaRIn measurements were derived and who may use detailed information for their own custom processing.

The ['Unsmoothed'] L2_LR_SSH includes sea surface height (SSH) and sigma0 without additional smoothing relative to the native KaRIn downlink resolution on a ~250 m native (center-beam) grid. The Unsmoothed file contains two groups, left and right, each of which contains the data for half (one side from nadir) of the KaRIn swath.

May 2025: v3.0 (version D) Production and distribution of the L2_LR_SSH version D products: - PID0 for forward-processed version D products: from May 6, 2025 onward, - PGD0 for reprocessed version D products: from March 30 to July 10, 2023 (phase CalVal) and from July 26, 2023 to May 19, 2025 (phase Science) is ongoing.

August 2024: v2.0 (version D) L2_LR_SSH version C products declared as validated by the SWOT project.

March 2024: v2.0 (version C) Production and distribution of the pre-validated L2_LR_SSH version C products: - PIC0 for forward-processed version C products: November 23, 2023 to present, - PGC0 for reprocessed version C products: from March 30 to July 10, 2023 (phase CalVal) and from July 26, 2023 to January 25, 2024 (phase Science)

November 2023: v1.0 The beta pre-validated L2_LR_SSH version 1.0 product (summer 2023 reprocessing release) is available only for the 1-day CalVal orbit phase, from March 29 to July 10, 2023, and the 21-day Science orbit phase from September 7 to November 21, 2023.

GPM/DPR L2 Precipitation dataset is obtained from the DPR sensor onboard GPM and produced by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). GPM Core Satellite carries Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and a microwave radiometer. Main purposes of the GPM are "Comprehension of horizontal and vertical structure of precipitation systems", "Acquisition of precipitation particles information" and "Improvement of accuracy of precipitation by constellation satellites". GPM Core Satellite can observe the range from the south latitude about 65 degrees to the north latitude about 65 degrees, and flies Non-Sun-synchronous Circular Orbit at about the 407 km altitude. To keep the altitude, the Core Satellite does the orbit maintenance maneuver. The interval is about 7-10 days.The swaths of DPR instrument are 125 and 245 km (78 and 152 mile) (245 km since May 21, 2018) for a Ka-band precipitation radar (KaPR) and a Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) respectively. In addition, simultaneous measurements are done at the overlapping of Ka/Ku-bands of the DPR. The GMI instrument is a conical-scanning multi-channel microwave radiometer covering a swath of 904 km (565 miles). The level 2 processing algorithm of the dual frequency precipitation radar additionally uses received power value profiles observed by KuPR and KaPR to estimate a precipitation intensity profile. It also estimates precipitation type, precipitation top height, and bright band height. Level 2 algorithm input data is a level 1 DPR product (calibrated radar echo power value profile), and level 2 algorithm output data is a level 2 product (precipitation intensity profile).The provided format is HDF5. The Sampling resolution are 5 km(horizontal) and 125m/250 m(vertical). The current version of the product is Version 7. The Version 6 is also available. The generation unit is one orbit.

Level-2 Ocean (OCN) product. The OCN product may contain the following geophysical components derived from the SAR data: Ocean Wind field (OWI), Ocean Swell spectra (OSW), Surface Radial Velocity (RVL). OCN products are generated from all four Sentinel-1 imaging modes.