Dysfunction of circadian clocks exacerbates various diseases, in part likely due to impaired stress resistance. It is unclear how circadian clock system responds toward critical stresses, to evoke life-protective adaptation. We identified a reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2 -responsive circadian pathway in mammals. Near-lethal doses of ROS-induced critical oxidative stress (cOS) at the branch point of life and death resets circadian clocks, synergistically evoking protective responses for cell survival. The cOS-triggered clock resetting and pro-survival responses are mediated by transcription factor, central clock-regulatory BMAL1 and heat shock stress-responsive (HSR) HSF1. Casein kinase II (CK2) –mediated phosphorylation regulates dimerization and function of BMAL1 and HSF1 to control the cOS-evoked responses. The core cOS-responsive transcriptome includes CK2-regulated crosstalk between the circadian, HSR, NF-kappa-B-mediated anti-apoptotic, and Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidant pathways. This novel circadian-adaptive signaling system likely plays fundamental protective roles in various ROS-inducible disorders, diseases, and death.

Maximum clade credibility tree of FBDlThis is the inferred maximum clade credibility tree based on common ancestor tree heights. The tree summarizes the 1401 randomly subsampled trees of the fossilized birth-death analysis using 21 fossils, resulting from the beast2 analysis using the FBDl.xml input-file.FBDl_MCC_commAnc.treSubsample of trees from FBDl analysisThis is a set of 1401 subsampled random trees from the posterior distribution of the fossilized birth-death analysis using 21 fossils (see FBDl.xml file for detailed settings of the Bayesian analysis).FBDl_combined_extant.treesInput file for FBDl analysisThis is the XML file which configures all parameters for the beast2 program for the Bayesian MCMC analysis using the fossilized birth-death dating approach including 21 fossils (FBDl). The file was generated in BEAUti 2.3.1.FBDl.xmlMaximum clade credibility tree of FBDsThis is the inferred maximum clade credibility tree based on common ancestor tree heights. The tree summarizes the 1401 randomly subsampled trees of the fossilized birth-death analysis using 14 fossils, resulting from the beast2 analysis using the FBDs.xml input-fileFBDs_MCC_commAnc.treSubsample of trees from FBDs analysisThis is a set of 1401 subsampled random trees from the posterior distribution of the fossilized birth-death analysis using 14 fossils (see FBDs.xml file for detailed settings of the Bayesian analysis).FBDs_combined_extant.treesInput file for FBDs analysisThis is the XML file which configures all parameters for the BEAST program for the Bayesian MCMC analysis using the fossilized birth-death dating approach including 14 fossils (FBDs). The file was generated in BEAUti 2.3.1.FBDs.xmlMaximum clade credibility tree of NDblThis is the inferred maximum clade credibility tree based on common ancestor tree heights. The tree summarizes the 1401 randomly subsampled trees of the node dating analysis (with broad calibration densities), using 15 fossils; resulting from the beast2 analysis using the NDbl.xml input-file.NDbl_MCC_commAnc.treSubsample of trees from NDbl analysisThis is a set of 1401 subsampled random trees from the posterior distribution of the node dating analysis (with broad calibration densities) using 15 fossils (see NDbl.xml file for detailed settings of the Bayesian analysis).NDbl_combined.treesInput file NDbl analysisThis is the XML file which configures all parameters for the BEAST program for the Bayesian MCMC analysis using the node dating approach with broad prior calibration densities. This approach included 15 calibration constraints based on fossil information (NDbl). The file was generated in BEAUti 2.3.1.NDbl.xmlSubsample of trees from NDbs analysisThis is a set of 1401 subsampled random trees from the posterior distribution of the node dating analysis (with broad calibration densities) using 12 fossils (see NDbs.xml file for detailed settings of the Bayesian analysis).NDbs_combined.treesMaximum clade credibility tree of NDbsThis is the inferred maximum clade credibility tree based on common ancestor tree heights. The tree summarizes the 1401 randomly subsampled trees of the node dating analysis (with broad calibration densities) using 12 fossils, resulting from the beast2 analysis using the NDbs.xml input-file.NDbs_MCC.treInput file NDbs analysisThis is the XML file which configures all parameters for the BEAST program for the Bayesian MCMC analysis using the node dating approach with broad prior calibration densities. This approach included 12 calibration constraints based on fossil information (NDbs). The file was generated in BEAUti 2.3.1.NDbs.xmlSubsample of trees from NDnl analysisThis is a set of 1401 subsampled random trees from the posterior distribution of the node dating analysis (with narrow calibration densities) using 15 fossils (see NDnl.xml file for detailed settings of the Bayesian analysis).NDnl_combined.treesMaximum clade credibility tree of NDnlThis is the inferred maximum clade credibility tree based on common ancestor tree heights. The tree summarizes the 1401 randomly subsampled trees of the node dating analysis (with narrow calibration densities), using 15 fossils; resulting from the beast2 analysis using the NDnl.xml input-file.NDnl_MCC_commAnc.treInput file NDnl analysisThis is the XML file which configures all parameters for the BEAST program for the Bayesian MCMC analysis using the node dating approach with narrow prior calibration densities. This approach included 15 calibration constraints based on fossil information (NDnl). The file was generated in BEAUti 2.3.1.NDnl.xmlSubsample of trees from NDns analysisThis is a set of 1401 subsampled random trees from the posterior distribution of the node dating analysis (with narrow calibration densities) using 12 fossils (see NDns.xml file for detailed settings of the Bayesian analysis).NDns_combined.treesMaximum clade credibility tree of NDnsThis is the infe...

Stage structures of populations can have a profound influence on their dynamics. However, not much is known about the transient dynamics that follow a disturbance in such systems. Here we combined chemostat experiments with dynamical modeling to study the response of the phytoplankton species Chlorella vulgaris to press perturbations. From an initially stable steady state, we altered either the concentration or dilution rate of a growth-limiting resource. This disturbance induced a complex transient response—characterized by the possible onset of oscillations—before population numbers relaxed to a new steady state. Thus, cell numbers could initially change in the opposite direction of the long-term change. We present quantitative indexes to characterize the transients and to show that the dynamic response is dependent on the degree of synchronization among life stages, which itself depends on the state of the population before perturbation. That is, we show how identical future steady states can be approached via different transients depending on the initial population structure. Our experimental results are supported by a size-structured model that accounts for interplay between cell-cycle and population-level processes and that includes resource-dependent variability in cell size. Our results should be relevant to other populations with a stage structure including organisms of higher order.

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The statistic shows the total population in Canada from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the total population in Canada amounted to about 41.14 million inhabitants. Population of Canada Canada ranks second among the largest countries in the world in terms of area size, right behind Russia, despite having a relatively low total population. The reason for this is that most of Canada remains uninhabited due to inhospitable conditions. Approximately 90 percent of all Canadians live within about 160 km of the U.S. border because of better living conditions and larger cities. On a year to year basis, Canada’s total population has continued to increase, although not dramatically. Population growth as of 2012 has amounted to its highest values in the past decade, reaching a peak in 2009, but was unstable and constantly fluctuating. Simultaneously, Canada’s fertility rate dropped slightly between 2009 and 2011, after experiencing a decade high birth rate in 2008. Standard of living in Canada has remained stable and has kept the country as one of the top 20 countries with the highest Human Development Index rating. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures quality of life based on several indicators, such as life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, education levels and gross national income per capita. Canada has a relatively high life expectancy compared to many other international countries, earning a spot in the top 20 countries and beating out countries such as the United States and the UK. From an economic standpoint, Canada has been slowly recovering from the 2008 financial crisis. Unemployment has gradually decreased, after reaching a decade high in 2009. Additionally, GDP has dramatically increased since 2009 and is expected to continue to increase for the next several years.