This table contains 2394 series, with data for years 1991 - 1991 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 items: Canada ...), Population group (19 items: Entire cohort; Income adequacy quintile 1 (lowest);Income adequacy quintile 2;Income adequacy quintile 3 ...), Age (14 items: At 25 years; At 30 years; At 40 years; At 35 years ...), Sex (3 items: Both sexes; Females; Males ...), Characteristics (3 items: Life expectancy; High 95% confidence interval; life expectancy; Low 95% confidence interval; life expectancy ...).

In 2022, the life expectancy at birth for women born in the UK was 82.57 years, compared with 78.57 years for men. By age 65 men had a life expectancy of 18.25 years, compared with 20.76 years for women.

The life expectancy for men aged 65 years in the U.S. has gradually increased since the 1960s. Now men in the United States aged 65 can expect to live 18.2 more years on average. Women aged 65 years can expect to live around 20.7 more years on average. Life expectancy in the U.S. As of 2023, the average life expectancy at birth in the United States was 78.39 years. Life expectancy in the U.S. had steadily increased for many years but has recently dropped slightly. Women consistently have a higher life expectancy than men but have also seen a slight decrease. As of 2023, a woman in the U.S. could be expected to live up to 81.1 years. Leading causes of death The leading causes of death in the United States include heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, and cerebrovascular diseases. However, heart disease and cancer account for around 42 percent of all deaths. Although heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death for both men and women, there are slight variations in the leading causes of death. For example, unintentional injury and suicide account for a larger portion of deaths among men than they do among women.

This table contains mortality indicators by sex for Canada and all provinces except Prince Edward Island. These indicators are derived from three-year complete life tables. Mortality indicators derived from single-year life tables are also available (table 13-10-0837). For Prince Edward Island, Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, mortality indicators derived from three-year abridged life tables are available (table 13-10-0140).

It is only in the past two centuries where demographics and the development of human populations has emerged as a subject in its own right, as industrialization and improvements in medicine gave way to exponential growth of the world's population. There are very few known demographic studies conducted before the 1800s, which means that modern scholars have had to use a variety of documents from centuries gone by, along with archeological and anthropological studies, to try and gain a better understanding of the world's demographic development. Genealogical records One such method is the study of genealogical records from the past; luckily, there are many genealogies relating to European families that date back as far as medieval times. Unfortunately, however, all of these studies relate to families in the upper and elite classes; this is not entirely representative of the overall population as these families had a much higher standard of living and were less susceptible to famine or malnutrition than the average person (although elites were more likely to die during times of war). Nonetheless, there is much to be learned from this data. Impact of the Black Death In the centuries between 1200 and 1745, English male aristocrats who made it to their 21st birthday were generally expected to live to an age between 62 and 72 years old. The only century where life expectancy among this group was much lower was in the 1300s, where the Black Death caused life expectancy among adult English noblemen to drop to just 45 years. Experts assume that the pre-plague population of England was somewhere between four and seven million people in the thirteenth century, and just two million in the fourteenth century, meaning that Britain lost at least half of its population due to the plague. Although the plague only peaked in England for approximately eighteen months, between 1348 and 1350, it devastated the entire population, and further outbreaks in the following decades caused life expectancy in the decade to drop further. The bubonic plague did return to England sporadically until the mid-seventeenth century, although life expectancy among English male aristocrats rose again in the centuries following the worst outbreak, and even peaked at more than 71 years in the first half of the sixteenth century.

Life expectancy at birth and at age 65, by sex, on a three-year average basis.

The statistic shows the life expectancy at birth in India from 2013 to 2023. The average life expectancy at birth in India in 2023 was 72 years. Standard of living in India India is one of the so-called BRIC countries, an acronym which stands for Brazil, Russia, India and China, the four states considered the major emerging market countries. They are all in a similar advanced economic state and are expected to advance even further. India is also among the twenty leading countries with the largest gross domestic product / GDP, and the twenty countries with the largest proportion of global gross domestic product / GDP based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Its unemployment rate has been stable over the past few years; India is also among the leading import and export countries worldwide. This alone should put India in a relatively comfortable position economically speaking, however, parts of the population of India are struggling with poverty and health problems. When looking at a comparison of the median age of the population in selected countries – i.e. one half of the population is older and the other half is younger –, it can be seen that the median age of the Indian population is about twenty years less than that of the Germans or Japanese. In fact, the median age in India is significantly lower than the median age of the population of the other emerging BRIC countries – Russia, China and Brazil. Additionally, the total population of India has been steadily increasing. Regarding life expectancy, India is neither among the countries with the highest, nor among those with the lowest life expectancy at birth. The majority of the Indian population is aged between 15 and 64 years, with only about 5 percent being older than 64.

BackgroundThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused a lot of havoc since the early 1970s, affecting 37.6 million people worldwide. The 90-90-90 treatment policy was adopted in Ghana in 2015 with the overall aim to end new infections by 2030, and to improve the life expectancy of HIV seropositive individuals. With the scale-up of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, the lifespan of People Living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretrovirals (ARVs) is expected to improve. In rural districts in Ghana, little is known about the survival probabilities of PLWH on ARVs. Hence, this study was conducted to estimate the survival trends of PLWH on ARVs.MethodsA retrospective evaluation of data gathered across ARV centres within Tatale and Zabzugu districts in Ghana from 2016 to 2020 among PLWH on ARVs. A total of 261 participants were recruited for the study. The data was analyzed using STATA software version 16.0. Lifetable analysis and Kaplan-Meier graph were used to assess the survival probabilities. “Stptime” per 1000 person-years and the competing risk regression were used to evaluate mortality rates and risk.ResultsThe cumulative survival probability was 0.8847 (95% CI: 0.8334–0.9209). The overall mortality rate was 51.89 (95% CI: 36.89–72.97) per 1000 person-years. WHO stage III and IV [AHR: 4.25 (95%CI: 1.6–9.71) p = 0.001] as well as age group (50+ years) [AHR: 5.02 (95% CI: 1.78–14.13) p = 0.002] were associated with mortality.ConclusionSurvival probabilities were high among the population of PLWH in Tatale and Zabzugu with declining mortality rates. Clinicians should provide critical attention and care to patients at HIV WHO stages III and IV and intensify HIV screening at all entry points since early diagnosis is associated with high survival probabilities.

The national study SNAC - The Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, includes four participating areas: SNAC-Blekinge, SNAC Kungsholmen, SNAC Nordanstig and SNAC Skåne (GÅS). In all four areas, a research centre conducts a population study and a health care system study. (Metadata related to the main study SNAC and the other participating areas can be found under the Related studies tab). SNAC-K Kungsholmen SNAC-K is conducted by the Stockholm Gerontology Research Center in collaboration with Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet. SNAC-K population study: The population study consists of a clinical examination of persons over 60 years, who live in the area of Kungsholmen/Essingeöarna. The baseline data collection includes information on present status and past events. The information has been collected through interviews, clinical examinations, and testing. All staff (nurses, psychologists, and physicians) has been trained for data collection. Each subject has been examined for six hours on average; two hours for the social interview and the assessment of physical functioning (performed by a nurse); two hours for clinical examination, including geriatric, neurological and psychiatric assessment (performed by a physician); and two hours for cognitive assessment (performed by a psychologist). SNAC-K care system study: The care system data collection consists of continuous recording of the provision of public eldercare for persons over 65 years. For 2004-2020, data comprise all recipients of municipal eldercare in the district of Kungsholmen. Starting in 2015, data comprise all recipients of municipal eldercare in the whole municipality of Stockholm. Data are based on individual assessments made by the municipal need assessors for each decicison regarding the provision of eldercare services. Data include information about the type and amount of care and services granted, as well as information on need indicators (e.g., disability,physical function, cognitive impairment, mental health, living situation, housing). For specific research questions, data from the care system study can be complemented with register data on health care consumption provided by the Region of Stockholm (VAL-databas). The care system perspective and the population perspective are joined through those elderly persons who participate in both parts of the study. Purpose: Population study: The purpose is to study the transition from normal aging to morbidity and impaired functional ability by identify how social and biological factors, and the environment, affect older people's health, functional ability and life expectancy. The intention is to study the positive and negative events in life that may be relevant to aging. Care system study: The aim of SNAC-K care system study is to continuously monitor the allocation of public eldercare in relation to need indicators. Collected data can be used as a basis for planning, resource allocation and evaluation of the provision of eldercare services and health care among older adults. Available data can also be used in research and development around the issues of the provision of social and heath care. The connection to the SNAC-K population study gives a unique opportunity for comparisons between care recipients and non-recipients. At the baseline study, in 2001-2004, 478 72-year olds participated. The population was followed up in 2007-2009, when 351 individuals participated, and during 2010-2012 when 282 individuals participated. Further follow-up is ongoing in 2013-2015. For more information please visit: https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/data-description/ https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/code-books/ Den nationella äldrestudien SNAC - The Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, innefattar fyra deltagande områden: SNAC-Blekinge, SNAC-Kungsholmen, SNAC-Nordanstig och SNAC-Skåne (GÅS). Vid samtliga fyra områden finns ett forskningscentrum som bedriver en befolkningsstudie och dels en vårdsystemstudie. Under 'Relaterade studier' finns beskrivning om huvudstudien SNAC, samt specifik studiebeskrivning för respektive delstudie inom SNAC. SNAC-K Kungsholmen I Stockholm svarar Äldrecentrum för studien SNAC-K. Den genomförs i Kungsholmens stadsdel som omfattar Kungsholmen och Essingeöarna. Arbetet bedrivs tillsammans med Aging Research Center (ARC). Befolkningsdel: Datainsamlingen i befolkningsdelen avser uppföljning av hälsa, sjukdom, funktionsförmåga, sociala förhållanden och vårdbehov genom upprepade undersökningar, intervjuer, enkäter etc. Denna information kompletteras med olika slag av register data. Datainsamlingen sker genom att deltagarna får träffa en sjuksköterska, en läkare och en psykolog. Vårdsystemdel: Datainsamlingen i vårdsystemdelen består av en fortlöpande kartläggning av biståndsbedömda behov och beviljade insatser från äldreomsorgen för personer över 65 år. För åren 2004-2020 omfattas samtliga omsorgstagare boende på Kungsholmen. Fr.o.m. 2015 omfattas samtliga omsorgstagare i hela Stockholms kommun. För specifika frågeställningar kompletteras data med uppgifter från Region Stockholms patientregister (VAL-databasen). Vårdsystemdelen och befolkningsdelen förenas genom de personer som deltar i båda delarna av SNAC-studien. Syfte: Inom ramen för SNAC har befolkningsdelen i delstudien SNAC-K speciellt inriktats på demens, multisjuklighet samt fysisk och mental funktionsförmåga. Syftet med studien är bland annat att studera övergången från normalt åldrande till sjuklighet och nedsatt funktionsförmåga genom att kartlägga hur sociala och biologiska faktorer, samt miljön, inverkar på de äldres hälsa och funktionsförmåga och förväntad livslängd. Avsikten är att studera negativa och positiva händelser under livet som kan ha betydelse för åldrandet. Syftet med SNAC-K vårdsystemdelen är att över tid studera olika perspektiv på jämlik och behovsstyrd äldreomsorg för personer 65 år och äldre. Detta sker geom att beskriva och analysera hur behov av bistånd bedöms och beviljas enligt Socialtjänstlagen (SoL) bland personer 65 år och äldre. Syftet innefattar även att analysera hur äldreomsorgens insatser samvarierar med konsumtion av hälso- och sjukvård och med stöd och hjälp från anhöriga (informell omsorg), och hur detta förändras över tid. Insamlade data kan användas som underlag för planering, resursfördelning och utvärdering av vården och omsorgen av de äldre. Tillgängliga data kan också användas i forsknings- och utvecklingsarbete kring frågor om vård och omsorg. Genom att kombinera data från befolkningsdelen och vårdsystemdelen ges unika möjligheter att göra jämförelser mellan dem som har och dem som inte har insatser från kommunens äldreomsorg. Vid baslinjeundersökningen, som genomfördes mellan åren 2001-2004, deltog 478 72-åringar. Populationen med 72-åringar har därefter följts upp mellan åren 2007-2009, då 351 individer deltog samt 2010-2012 då 282 personer deltog. Ytterligare uppföljning pågår 2013 - 2015. För mer information vänligen se: https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/data-description/ och https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/code-books/ The population study: The SNAC-K population consists of a random sample of individuals aged 60˗104 years living both at home and in institutions in Kungsholmen, Stockholm in the central part of Sweden. The random sample was stratified by age cohort and year of assessment and an oversampling of those aged 60 years respectively > 81 years of age was conducted for all the SNAC studies. In SNAC-K, eleven age cohorts were chosen (60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, and 99) with six year intervals for the younger cohorts and three years for the older cohorts (≥78 years). During the baseline examination in 2001-04, 3363 individuals were included (response rate 73.3%). Participants who are 78 years of age or older are followed up every three years, while for those aged 60 to 72 years, follow-up will take place every six years. Data have been collected at seven waves over a total of 20 years and is ongoing. The care system study: The care system study includes all eldercare recipients 65 years or older, for the years 2004-2020 in the district of Kungsholmen (annually ~1200-1800 individuals) and from 2015 and onwards in the whole municipality of Stockholm (annually ~21000 individuals).The population study: The SNAC-K population consists of a random sample of individuals aged 60˗104 years living both at home and in institutions in Kungsholmen, Stockholm in the central part of Sweden. The random sample was stratified by age cohort and year of assessment and an oversampling of those aged 60 years respectively > 81 years of age was conducted for all the SNAC studies. In SNAC-K, eleven age cohorts were chosen (60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, and 99) with six year intervals for the younger cohorts and three years for the older cohorts (≥78 years). During the baseline examination in 2001-04, 3363 individuals were included (response rate 73.3%). Participants who are 78 years of age or older are followed up every three years, while for those aged 60 to 72 years, follow-up will take place every six years. Data have been collected at seven waves over a total of 20 years and is ongoing. The care system study: The care system study includes all eldercare recipients 65 years or older, for the years 2004-2020 in the district of Kungsholmen (annually ~1200-1800 individuals) and from 2015 and onwards in the whole municipality of Stockholm (annually ~21000 individuals). Befolkningsdelen: Ett urval av 3500 personer som är folkbokförda på Kungsholmen kallas när de fyller 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93 eller 96 år. Dessa personer följs regelbundet - de yngre vart sjätte år och de äldre vart tredje. Vart sjätte år läggs en ny grupp 60-åringar till studiepopulationen. En första

Number of deaths and mortality rates, by age group, sex, and place of residence, 1991 to most recent year.

In 2020/22, life expectancy at birth in Scotland was 80.73 years for women and 76.52 years for men. For people aged 65 in Scotland life expectancy was 19.61 years for women and 17.29 years for men.

BackgroundThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused a lot of havoc since the early 1970s, affecting 37.6 million people worldwide. The 90-90-90 treatment policy was adopted in Ghana in 2015 with the overall aim to end new infections by 2030, and to improve the life expectancy of HIV seropositive individuals. With the scale-up of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, the lifespan of People Living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretrovirals (ARVs) is expected to improve. In rural districts in Ghana, little is known about the survival probabilities of PLWH on ARVs. Hence, this study was conducted to estimate the survival trends of PLWH on ARVs.MethodsA retrospective evaluation of data gathered across ARV centres within Tatale and Zabzugu districts in Ghana from 2016 to 2020 among PLWH on ARVs. A total of 261 participants were recruited for the study. The data was analyzed using STATA software version 16.0. Lifetable analysis and Kaplan-Meier graph were used to assess the survival probabilities. “Stptime” per 1000 person-years and the competing risk regression were used to evaluate mortality rates and risk.ResultsThe cumulative survival probability was 0.8847 (95% CI: 0.8334–0.9209). The overall mortality rate was 51.89 (95% CI: 36.89–72.97) per 1000 person-years. WHO stage III and IV [AHR: 4.25 (95%CI: 1.6–9.71) p = 0.001] as well as age group (50+ years) [AHR: 5.02 (95% CI: 1.78–14.13) p = 0.002] were associated with mortality.ConclusionSurvival probabilities were high among the population of PLWH in Tatale and Zabzugu with declining mortality rates. Clinicians should provide critical attention and care to patients at HIV WHO stages III and IV and intensify HIV screening at all entry points since early diagnosis is associated with high survival probabilities.

In 1910, life expectancy from birth in the region of present-day Syria was estimated at 32 years. This figure would see little change until 1935, outside of a brief dip in the late 1910s as the 1918 Spanish Flu epidemic would spread across the area. Life expectancy then began rising sharply from the late 1930s onwards, as modernization programs implemented by French, British and, later, independent authorities saw mass vaccination campaigns and healthcare improvements which greatly reduced child mortality rates. This climb would continue throughout the rest of the 20th century, and as a result, by 2000, the average person born in Syria could expect to live to over the age of 72.

However, life expectancy would see a sudden fall with the beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011. After peaking at just over 74 years in 2010, life expectancy would fall to just under 70 years by 2015, as the country’s civil war would lead to an estimated half a million fatalities, as well as mass displacement and the exodus of refugees from the country. As the fighting has gradually decreased in intensity in recent years, life expectancy of Syria has risen slightly, and in 2020, the average person born in Syria can expect to live to just over 71 years on average; although there is a difference of over eleven years in life expectancy between male and females.

Life expectancy in the United Kingdom was below 39 years in the year 1765, and over the course of the next two and a half centuries, it is expected to have increased by more than double, to 81.1 by the year 2020. Although life expectancy has generally increased throughout the UK's history, there were several times where the rate deviated from its previous trajectory. These changes were the result of smallpox epidemics in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, new sanitary and medical advancements throughout time (such as compulsory vaccination), and the First world War and Spanish Flu epidemic in the 1910s.

In 1865, the average person born in Bangladesh could expect to live to just over the age of 25 years old. This figure would gradually decline throughout the remainder of the 19th century, falling to just over 20 years by 1900, as the Bengal region of British Raj would see several severe famines in this time period. However, life expectancy would begin to increase gradually in the early 1900s, outside of a small decline in the late 1910s from the 1918 Spanish Flu epidemic. Beginning in the 1930s, life expectancy in Bangladesh would begin to grow rapidly, as wartime exports and industrialization would lead to significant improvements in standards of living in the region. This growth would continue steadily throughout the rest of the century, declining only with the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. As access to and quality of healthcare in Bangladesh continuously improves, in 2020, the average person born in Bangladesh can expect to live to just over the age of 72 years old, which is higher than most other countries on the Indian subcontinent.

Abstract Longevity information was collected from 219 literature sources for 244 decapod crustaceans, representing 1.7% of species, 4.8% of genera and 30% of families. Reliable methods of age determination (laboratory rearing, mark-recapture method, growth models, lipofuscin method) revealed longevities from 0.1 to 72 years, corresponding to a 700-fold difference between the shortest and longest lived species. The mean longevity of the species included in this article is 7.1 years (SD=10.18; CV=142.9%); 61.1% of the species live less than 5 years, 29.5% live between 5 and 20 years, and 9.4% live longer than 20 years. The basal Dendrobranchiata have a mean longevity of only 2.1 years whereas the Achelata have a mean longevity of 27.2 years. The oldest decapod aged with a direct method is a hermit crab that was reared in captivity for more than 42 years. The particularly long-lived species belong to different families of the infraorders Achelata, Astacidea, Anomura and Brachyura. Average longevity is highest in semiterrestrial and terrestrial habitats (13.0 years), followed by freshwater (7.2 years) and marine and brackish waters (6.0 years). The deep sea, polar waters, freshwater caves and terrestrial environments apparently promote the evolution of high life spans.

Abstract Longevity information was collected from 219 literature sources for 244 decapod crustaceans, representing 1.7% of species, 4.8% of genera and 30% of families. Reliable methods of age determination (laboratory rearing, mark-recapture method, growth models, lipofuscin method) revealed longevities from 0.1 to 72 years, corresponding to a 700-fold difference between the shortest and longest lived species. The mean longevity of the species included in this article is 7.1 years (SD=10.18; CV=142.9%); 61.1% of the species live less than 5 years, 29.5% live between 5 and 20 years, and 9.4% live longer than 20 years. The basal Dendrobranchiata have a mean longevity of only 2.1 years whereas the Achelata have a mean longevity of 27.2 years. The oldest decapod aged with a direct method is a hermit crab that was reared in captivity for more than 42 years. The particularly long-lived species belong to different families of the infraorders Achelata, Astacidea, Anomura and Brachyura. Average longevity is highest in semiterrestrial and terrestrial habitats (13.0 years), followed by freshwater (7.2 years) and marine and brackish waters (6.0 years). The deep sea, polar waters, freshwater caves and terrestrial environments apparently promote the evolution of high life spans.

The national study SNAC - The Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, includes four participating areas: SNAC-Blekinge, SNAC Kungsholmen, SNAC Nordanstig and SNAC Skåne (GÅS). In all four areas, a research centre conducts a population study and a health care system study. (Metadata related to the main study SNAC and the other participating areas can be found under the Related studies tab). SNAC-K Kungsholmen SNAC-K is conducted by the Stockholm Gerontology Research Center in collaboration with Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet. SNAC-K population study: The population study consists of a clinical examination of persons over 60 years, who live in the area of Kungsholmen/Essingeöarna. The baseline data collection includes information on present status and past events. The information has been collected through interviews, clinical examinations, and testing. All staff (nurses, psychologists, and physicians) has been trained for data collection. Each subject has been examined for six hours on average; two hours for the social interview and the assessment of physical functioning (performed by a nurse); two hours for clinical examination, including geriatric, neurological and psychiatric assessment (performed by a physician); and two hours for cognitive assessment (performed by a psychologist). SNAC-K care system study: The care system data collection consists of continuous recording of the provision of public eldercare for persons over 65 years. For 2004-2020, data comprise all recipients of municipal eldercare in the district of Kungsholmen. Starting in 2015, data comprise all recipients of municipal eldercare in the whole municipality of Stockholm. Data are based on individual assessments made by the municipal need assessors for each decicison regarding the provision of eldercare services. Data include information about the type and amount of care and services granted, as well as information on need indicators (e.g., disability,physical function, cognitive impairment, mental health, living situation, housing). For specific research questions, data from the care system study can be complemented with register data on health care consumption provided by the Region of Stockholm (VAL-databas). The care system perspective and the population perspective are joined through those elderly persons who participate in both parts of the study. Purpose: Population study: The purpose is to study the transition from normal aging to morbidity and impaired functional ability by identify how social and biological factors, and the environment, affect older people's health, functional ability and life expectancy. The intention is to study the positive and negative events in life that may be relevant to aging. Care system study: The aim of SNAC-K care system study is to continuously monitor the allocation of public eldercare in relation to need indicators. Collected data can be used as a basis for planning, resource allocation and evaluation of the provision of eldercare services and health care among older adults. Available data can also be used in research and development around the issues of the provision of social and heath care. The connection to the SNAC-K population study gives a unique opportunity for comparisons between care recipients and non-recipients. At the baseline study, in 2001-2004, 1581 individuals aged 78 year or older participated. The population was followed up in 2004-2007 (992 participants), in 2007-2009 (662 participants), and in 2010-2012 (418 participants). Further follow-up is ongoing in 2013-2015. For more information please visit: https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/data-description/ https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/code-books/ Den nationella äldrestudien SNAC - The Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, innefattar fyra deltagande områden: SNAC-Blekinge, SNAC-Kungsholmen, SNAC-Nordanstig och SNAC-Skåne (GÅS). Vid samtliga fyra områden finns ett forskningscentrum som bedriver en befolkningsstudie och dels en vårdsystemstudie. Under 'Relaterade studier' finns beskrivning om huvudstudien SNAC, samt specifik studiebeskrivning för respektive delstudie inom SNAC. SNAC-K Kungsholmen I Stockholm svarar Äldrecentrum för studien SNAC-K. Den genomförs i Kungsholmens stadsdel som omfattar Kungsholmen och Essingeöarna. Arbetet bedrivs tillsammans med Aging Research Center (ARC). Befolkningsdel: Datainsamlingen i befolkningsdelen avser uppföljning av hälsa, sjukdom, funktionsförmåga, sociala förhållanden och vårdbehov genom upprepade undersökningar, intervjuer, enkäter etc. Denna information kompletteras med olika slag av register data. Datainsamlingen sker genom att deltagarna får träffa en sjuksköterska, en läkare och en psykolog. Vårdsystemdel: Datainsamlingen i vårdsystemdelen består av en fortlöpande kartläggning av biståndsbedömda behov och beviljade insatser från äldreomsorgen för personer över 65 år. För åren 2004-2020 omfattas samtliga omsorgstagare boende på Kungsholmen. Fr.o.m. 2015 omfattas samtliga omsorgstagare i hela Stockholms kommun. För specifika frågeställningar kompletteras data med uppgifter från Region Stockholms patientregister (VAL-databasen). Vårdsystemdelen och befolkningsdelen förenas genom de personer som deltar i båda delarna av SNAC-studien. Syfte: Inom ramen för SNAC har befolkningsdelen i delstudien SNAC-K speciellt inriktats på demens, multisjuklighet samt fysisk och mental funktionsförmåga. Syftet med studien är bland annat att studera övergången från normalt åldrande till sjuklighet och nedsatt funktionsförmåga genom att kartlägga hur sociala och biologiska faktorer, samt miljön, inverkar på de äldres hälsa och funktionsförmåga och förväntad livslängd. Avsikten är att studera negativa och positiva händelser under livet som kan ha betydelse för åldrandet. Syftet med SNAC-K vårdsystemdelen är att över tid studera olika perspektiv på jämlik och behovsstyrd äldreomsorg för personer 65 år och äldre. Detta sker geom att beskriva och analysera hur behov av bistånd bedöms och beviljas enligt Socialtjänstlagen (SoL) bland personer 65 år och äldre. Syftet innefattar även att analysera hur äldreomsorgens insatser samvarierar med konsumtion av hälso- och sjukvård och med stöd och hjälp från anhöriga (informell omsorg), och hur detta förändras över tid. Insamlade data kan användas som underlag för planering, resursfördelning och utvärdering av vården och omsorgen av de äldre. Tillgängliga data kan också användas i forsknings- och utvecklingsarbete kring frågor om vård och omsorg. Genom att kombinera data från befolkningsdelen och vårdsystemdelen ges unika möjligheter att göra jämförelser mellan dem som har och dem som inte har insatser från kommunens äldreomsorg. Vid baslinjeundersökningen, som genomfördes mellan åren 2001-2004, deltog 1581 individer som var 78 år eller äldre. Populationen har därefter följts upp under åren 2004-2007 (992 deltagande), åren 2007-2009 (662 deltagande), och under åren 2010-2012 (418 deltagande). Ytterligare uppföljning pågår 2013 - 2015. För mer information vänligen se: https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/data-description/ och https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/code-books/ The population study: The SNAC-K population consists of a random sample of individuals aged 60˗104 years living both at home and in institutions in Kungsholmen, Stockholm in the central part of Sweden. The random sample was stratified by age cohort and year of assessment and an oversampling of those aged 60 years respectively > 81 years of age was conducted for all the SNAC studies. In SNAC-K, eleven age cohorts were chosen (60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, and 99) with six year intervals for the younger cohorts and three years for the older cohorts (≥78 years). During the baseline examination in 2001-04, 3363 individuals were included (response rate 73.3%). Participants who are 78 years of age or older are followed up every three years, while for those aged 60 to 72 years, follow-up will take place every six years. Data have been collected at seven waves over a total of 20 years and is ongoing. The care system study: The care system study includes all eldercare recipients 65 years or older, for the years 2004-2020 in the district of Kungsholmen (annually ~1200-1800 individuals) and from 2015 and onwards in the whole municipality of Stockholm (annually ~21000 individuals). Befolkningsdelen: Ett urval av 3500 personer som är folkbokförda på Kungsholmen kallas när de fyller 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93 eller 96 år. Dessa personer följs regelbundet - de yngre vart sjätte år och de äldre vart tredje. Vart sjätte år läggs en ny grupp 60-åringar till studiepopulationen. En första undersökning (baseline) genomfördes mellan åren 2001-2004, då 3363 personer deltog. Vårdsystemdelen: Vårdsystemdelen omfattar samtliga personer 65 år och äldre som beviljats insatser från den kommunala äldreomsorgen. För åren 2004-2020 inkluderas personer bosatta i stadsdelen Kungsholmen (årligen ca. 1200-1800 personer), fr.o.m. 2015 samtliga i Stockholms kommun (årligen ca. 21000 personer).

In 2025, the average age in the Philippines is expected to reach 26.1 years, increasing to roughly 46.1 years of age by 2100. This is a significant rise, considering that until the year 2000, the country’s median age was under 20 years old. From 2011 to 2021, the share of very young people decreased, while the age brackets for people aged 15-64 and 65 or older grew. This shift in age structure implies a lower birth rate, as well as an aging population. Birth and family size As of 2020, the birth rate in the Philippines is just under 22 children born per thousand inhabitants each year, about 3 less than in the decade before. The fertility rate has likewise been decreasing since 2007, but is still higher than the Oceania region’s average as of 2020. Fewer newborns each year contributes to a lower median age. High mortality in the Philippines is preventable Life expectancy is also factor in a rising median age, although increasing only marginally in the Philippines compared with neighboring countries Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos (but still higher than in these countries). The life expectancy in the Philippines was just under 72 years of age in 2017, and roughly three years shorter than in Thailand or Vietnam. One factor that lowers the life expectancy is the high mortality rate due to noncontagious diseases, such as cancer and heart and respiratory problems, accounting for more than a quarter of early deaths from ages 30 to 70 in the Philippines.

The national study SNAC - The Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, includes four participating areas: SNAC-Blekinge, SNAC Kungsholmen, SNAC Nordanstig and SNAC Skåne (GÅS). In all four areas, a research centre conducts a population study and a health care system study. (Metadata related to the main study SNAC and the other participating areas can be found under the Related studies tab). SNAC-K Kungsholmen SNAC-K is conducted by the Stockholm Gerontology Research Center in collaboration with Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet. SNAC-K population study: The population study consists of a clinical examination of persons over 60 years, who live in the area of Kungsholmen/Essingeöarna. The baseline data collection includes information on present status and past events. The information has been collected through interviews, clinical examinations, and testing. All staff (nurses, psychologists, and physicians) has been trained for data collection. Each subject has been examined for six hours on average; two hours for the social interview and the assessment of physical functioning (performed by a nurse); two hours for clinical examination, including geriatric, neurological and psychiatric assessment (performed by a physician); and two hours for cognitive assessment (performed by a psychologist). SNAC-K care system study: The care system data collection consists of continuous recording of the provision of public eldercare for persons over 65 years. For 2004-2020, data comprise all recipients of municipal eldercare in the district of Kungsholmen. Starting in 2015, data comprise all recipients of municipal eldercare in the whole municipality of Stockholm. Data are based on individual assessments made by the municipal need assessors for each decicison regarding the provision of eldercare services. Data include information about the type and amount of care and services granted, as well as information on need indicators (e.g., disability,physical function, cognitive impairment, mental health, living situation, housing). For specific research questions, data from the care system study can be complemented with register data on health care consumption provided by the Region of Stockholm (VAL-databas). The care system perspective and the population perspective are joined through those elderly persons who participate in both parts of the study. Purpose: Population study: The purpose is to study the transition from normal aging to morbidity and impaired functional ability by identify how social and biological factors, and the environment, affect older people's health, functional ability and life expectancy. The intention is to study the positive and negative events in life that may be relevant to aging. Care system study: The aim of SNAC-K care system study is to continuously monitor the allocation of public eldercare in relation to need indicators. Collected data can be used as a basis for planning, resource allocation and evaluation of the provision of eldercare services and health care among older adults. Available data can also be used in research and development around the issues of the provision of social and heath care. The connection to the SNAC-K population study gives a unique opportunity for comparisons between care recipients and non-recipients. A new population 81-year olds was examined in 2007-2009, when 194 individuals participated. The population was followed up in 2010-2012, when 148 individuals participated. Further follow-up is ongoing in 2013-2015. For more information please visit: https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/data-description/ https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/code-books/ Den nationella äldrestudien SNAC - The Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, innefattar fyra deltagande områden: SNAC-Blekinge, SNAC-Kungsholmen, SNAC-Nordanstig och SNAC-Skåne (GÅS). Vid samtliga fyra områden finns ett forskningscentrum som bedriver en befolkningsstudie och dels en vårdsystemstudie. Under 'Relaterade studier' finns beskrivning om huvudstudien SNAC, samt specifik studiebeskrivning för respektive delstudie inom SNAC. SNAC-K Kungsholmen I Stockholm svarar Äldrecentrum för studien SNAC-K. Den genomförs i Kungsholmens stadsdel som omfattar Kungsholmen och Essingeöarna. Arbetet bedrivs tillsammans med Aging Research Center (ARC). Befolkningsdel: Datainsamlingen i befolkningsdelen avser uppföljning av hälsa, sjukdom, funktionsförmåga, sociala förhållanden och vårdbehov genom upprepade undersökningar, intervjuer, enkäter etc. Denna information kompletteras med olika slag av register data. Datainsamlingen sker genom att deltagarna får träffa en sjuksköterska, en läkare och en psykolog. Vårdsystemdel: Datainsamlingen i vårdsystemdelen består av en fortlöpande kartläggning av biståndsbedömda behov och beviljade insatser från äldreomsorgen för personer över 65 år. För åren 2004-2020 omfattas samtliga omsorgstagare boende på Kungsholmen. Fr.o.m. 2015 omfattas samtliga omsorgstagare i hela Stockholms kommun. För specifika frågeställningar kompletteras data med uppgifter från Region Stockholms patientregister (VAL-databasen). Vårdsystemdelen och befolkningsdelen förenas genom de personer som deltar i båda delarna av SNAC-studien. Syfte: Inom ramen för SNAC har befolkningsdelen i delstudien SNAC-K speciellt inriktats på demens, multisjuklighet samt fysisk och mental funktionsförmåga. Syftet med studien är bland annat att studera övergången från normalt åldrande till sjuklighet och nedsatt funktionsförmåga genom att kartlägga hur sociala och biologiska faktorer, samt miljön, inverkar på de äldres hälsa och funktionsförmåga och förväntad livslängd. Avsikten är att studera negativa och positiva händelser under livet som kan ha betydelse för åldrandet. Syftet med SNAC-K vårdsystemdelen är att över tid studera olika perspektiv på jämlik och behovsstyrd äldreomsorg för personer 65 år och äldre. Detta sker geom att beskriva och analysera hur behov av bistånd bedöms och beviljas enligt Socialtjänstlagen (SoL) bland personer 65 år och äldre. Syftet innefattar även att analysera hur äldreomsorgens insatser samvarierar med konsumtion av hälso- och sjukvård och med stöd och hjälp från anhöriga (informell omsorg), och hur detta förändras över tid. Insamlade data kan användas som underlag för planering, resursfördelning och utvärdering av vården och omsorgen av de äldre. Tillgängliga data kan också användas i forsknings- och utvecklingsarbete kring frågor om vård och omsorg. Genom att kombinera data från befolkningsdelen och vårdsystemdelen ges unika möjligheter att göra jämförelser mellan dem som har och dem som inte har insatser från kommunens äldreomsorg. En ny population med 81-åringar undersöktes mellan åren 2007-2009, då 194 individer deltog. Populationen har därefter följts upp mellan åren 2010-2012, då 148 individer deltog. Ytterligare uppföljning pågår 2013 - 2015. För mer information vänligen se: https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/data-description/ och https://www.snac-k.se/for-researchers/code-books/ The population study: The SNAC-K population consists of a random sample of individuals aged 60˗104 years living both at home and in institutions in Kungsholmen, Stockholm in the central part of Sweden. The random sample was stratified by age cohort and year of assessment and an oversampling of those aged 60 years respectively > 81 years of age was conducted for all the SNAC studies. In SNAC-K, eleven age cohorts were chosen (60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, and 99) with six year intervals for the younger cohorts and three years for the older cohorts (≥78 years). During the baseline examination in 2001-04, 3363 individuals were included (response rate 73.3%). Participants who are 78 years of age or older are followed up every three years, while for those aged 60 to 72 years, follow-up will take place every six years. Data have been collected at seven waves over a total of 20 years and is ongoing. The care system study: The care system study includes all eldercare recipients 65 years or older, for the years 2004-2020 in the district of Kungsholmen (annually ~1200-1800 individuals) and from 2015 and onwards in the whole municipality of Stockholm (annually ~21000 individuals). Befolkningsdelen: Ett urval av 3500 personer som är folkbokförda på Kungsholmen kallas när de fyller 60, 66, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93 eller 96 år. Dessa personer följs regelbundet - de yngre vart sjätte år och de äldre vart tredje. Vart sjätte år läggs en ny grupp 60-åringar till studiepopulationen. En första undersökning (baseline) genomfördes mellan åren 2001-2004, då 3363 personer deltog. Vårdsystemdelen: Vårdsystemdelen omfattar samtliga personer 65 år och äldre som beviljats insatser från den kommunala äldreomsorgen. För åren 2004-2020 inkluderas personer bosatta i stadsdelen Kungsholmen (årligen ca. 1200-1800 personer), fr.o.m. 2015 samtliga i Stockholms kommun (årligen ca. 21000 personer).