In 2021/23, life expectancy at birth in Scotland was 80.8 years for women and 76.78 years for men. For people aged 65 in Scotland life expectancy was 19.7 years for women and 17.52 years for men.

Male life expectancy at birth fell in all four countries of the United Kingdom in 2020-22 when compared with 2019/21. English men had a life expectancy of 78.83, compared with 76.52 in Scotland, 77.93 in Wales and 78.43 in Northern Ireland. In both England and Wales, life expectancy ticked up for the period 2021/23.

Male healthy life expectancy was 60.9 years. Female healthy life expectancy was 61.8 years. For males, healthy life expectancy at birth was highest in Orkney Islands (71.2 years) and lowest in Inverclyde (54.4 years). For females, healthy life expectancy at birth was highest in Orkney (77.5 years) and lowest in North Ayrshire (54.0 years).

Between 2021 and 2023, London was the region of the United Kingdom that had the highest average life expectancy for females, at ***** years, while South East England had the highest life expectancy for males at ***** years. By comparison, Scotland had the lowest life expectancy, at ***** for males and ***** for females.

Period life expectancy by age and sex for 1980 to 2023 for England, Wales (and combined), Scotland, Northern Ireland, Great Britain, and the UK. Each life table is based on population estimates, births and deaths for a single year.

In 2019-2021 healthy life expectancy at birth for females was 61.1 years and for males was 60.4 years. Healthy life expectancy at birth fell for both males and females over the latest year. Healthy life expectancy has been decreasing since 2015-2017 for males and since 2014-2016 for females. Orkney Islands had the highest healthy life expectancy for both males and females. North Lanarkshire had the lowest healthy life expectancy for males and North Ayrshire had the lowest healthy life expectancy for females. Healthy life expectancy for males in the most deprived areas of Scotland was 26 years lower than in the least deprived areas. For females the difference was almost 25 years. In the most deprived areas, males and females spend more than a third of their life in poor health compared to around 15% in the least deprived areas.

Objective Gains in life expectancy have faltered in several high-income countries in recent years. We aim to compare life expectancy trends in Scotland to those seen internationally, and to assess the timing of any recent changes in mortality trends for Scotland. Setting Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, England & Wales, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USA. Methods We used life expectancy data from the Human Mortality Database (HMD) to calculate the mean annual life expectancy change for 24 high-income countries over five-year periods from 1992 to 2016, and the change for Scotland for five-year periods from 1857 to 2016. One- and two-break segmented regression models were applied to mortality data from National Records of Scotland (NRS) to identify turning points in age-standardised mortality trends between 1990 and 2018. Results In 2012-2016 life expectancies in Scotland increased by 2.5 weeks/year for females and 4.5 weeks/year for males, the smallest gains of any period since the early 1970s. The improvements in life expectancy in 2012-2016 were smallest among females (<2.0 weeks/year) in Northern Ireland, Iceland, England & Wales and the USA and among males (<5.0 weeks/year) in Iceland, USA, England & Wales and Scotland. Japan, Korea, and countries of Eastern Europe have seen substantial gains in the same period. The best estimate of when mortality rates changed to a slower rate of improvement in Scotland was the year to 2012 Q4 for males and the year to 2014 Q2 for females. Conclusion Life expectancy improvement has stalled across many, but not all, high income countries. The recent change in the mortality trend in Scotland occurred within the period 2012-2014. Further research is required to understand these trends, but governments must also take timely action on plausible contributors. Methods Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: The HMD has a detailed methods protocol available here: https://www.mortality.org/Public/Docs/MethodsProtocol.pdf The ONS and NRS also have similar methods for ensuring data consistency and quality assurance.

Methods for processing the data: The segmented regression was conducted using the 'segmented' package in R. The recommended references to this package and its approach are here: Vito M. R. Muggeo (2003). Estimating regression models with unknown break-points. Statistics in Medicine, 22, 3055-3071.

Vito M. R. Muggeo (2008). segmented: an R Package to Fit Regression Models with Broken-Line Relationships. R News, 8/1, 20-25. URL https://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/.

Vito M. R. Muggeo (2016). Testing with a nuisance parameter present only under the alternative: a score-based approach with application to segmented modelling. J of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 86, 3059-3067.

Vito M. R. Muggeo (2017). Interval estimation for the breakpoint in segmented regression: a smoothed score-based approach. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics, 59, 311-322.

Software- or Instrument-specific information needed to interpret the data, including software and hardware version numbers: The analyses were conducted in R version 3.6.1 and Microsoft Excel 2013.

Please see README.txt for further information

General health expectancy estimates by sex, at birth and age 65, for Scotland by country, national deciles of area deprivation and council areas.

Life expectancy in the United Kingdom was below 39 years in the year 1765, and over the course of the next two and a half centuries, it is expected to have increased by more than double, to 81.1 by the year 2020. Although life expectancy has generally increased throughout the UK's history, there were several times where the rate deviated from its previous trajectory. These changes were the result of smallpox epidemics in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, new sanitary and medical advancements throughout time (such as compulsory vaccination), and the First world War and Spanish Flu epidemic in the 1910s.

For each year since 2010, this dataset shows the National Records of Scotland (NRS) estimated life expectancy figures at birth for females and males within the Perth and Kinross Council area.

Life Expectancy Figures in Males by Intermediate Zone and Parliamentary Constituencies In Glasgow. (c) Crown copyright. Data supplied by National Records of Scotland Website Licence: None

For each year since 2010, this dataset shows the National Records of Scotland estimated life expectancy figures at birth for females and males within the Stirling Council area.

It is only in the past two centuries where demographics and the development of human populations has emerged as a subject in its own right, as industrialization and improvements in medicine gave way to exponential growth of the world's population. There are very few known demographic studies conducted before the 1800s, which means that modern scholars have had to use a variety of documents from centuries gone by, along with archeological and anthropological studies, to try and gain a better understanding of the world's demographic development. Genealogical records One such method is the study of genealogical records from the past; luckily, there are many genealogies relating to European families that date back as far as medieval times. Unfortunately, however, all of these studies relate to families in the upper and elite classes; this is not entirely representative of the overall population as these families had a much higher standard of living and were less susceptible to famine or malnutrition than the average person (although elites were more likely to die during times of war). Nonetheless, there is much to be learned from this data. Impact of the Black Death In the centuries between 1200 and 1745, English male aristocrats who made it to their 21st birthday were generally expected to live to an age between 62 and 72 years old. The only century where life expectancy among this group was much lower was in the 1300s, where the Black Death caused life expectancy among adult English noblemen to drop to just 45 years. Experts assume that the pre-plague population of England was somewhere between four and seven million people in the thirteenth century, and just two million in the fourteenth century, meaning that Britain lost at least half of its population due to the plague. Although the plague only peaked in England for approximately eighteen months, between 1348 and 1350, it devastated the entire population, and further outbreaks in the following decades caused life expectancy in the decade to drop further. The bubonic plague did return to England sporadically until the mid-seventeenth century, although life expectancy among English male aristocrats rose again in the centuries following the worst outbreak, and even peaked at more than 71 years in the first half of the sixteenth century.

Activity limitation expectancy estimates by sex, at birth and age 65, for Scotland by country, national deciles of area deprivation and council areas.

This data set contains the life tables the were computed for the study presented in: Torres, C., V. Canudas-Romo, and J. Oeppen (2019) 'The contribution of urbanization to changes in life expectancy in Scotland, 1861–1910', Population Studies, 73:3, 387-404, DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2018.1549746

The life tables are by sex and urban-rural category. For reasons explained in the paper, the tables cover periods of different lengths, from 1861 to 1910.

Example of how to load the data in R:

LT <- read.table("Urban-Rural-LifeTables-Scotland-1861-1910.txt", header = T, sep = ";")

Description of each column: Period: time-interval, including the first and excluding the last indicated years (e.g., [1861,1866) corresponds to the years from 1861 to 1865). Available periods: 1861-1865, 1866-1870, 1871-1874, 1875-1877, 1878-1880, 1881-1885, 1886-1890, 1891-1892, 1893-1896, 1897-1900, 1901-1905, 1906-1910. Population: Rural, Semi-Urban, Urban, or Total population (see definitions in Torres et al. 2019) Sex: Female or Male x : Age (from 0 to 110+, by single ages) nmx: Death rate in the age interval [x, x+n) nax: average number of person-years lived in the age interval [x, x+n) by those who die in that interval nqx: Probability of dying in the age interval [x, x+n) lx: number of survivors at exact age x, or probability of surviving until exact age x ndx: Life-table deaths in the age interval [x, x+n) nLx: Person-years lived in the age interval [x, x+n) Tx: Person-years lived above age x ex: Remaining life expectancy at age x

For more information about life tables in general, see: Preston, S., Heuveline, P., and Guillot, M. (2001). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Wiley-Blackwell

There were over 1,000 centenarians (people aged 100 and over) in Scotland in mid-2021, for the first time. Numbers increased by 16% in the year to mid-2021. This reflects the increase of births which occurred in Scotland after the end of World War I. The majority of centenarians were female. In mid-2021, there were 4 times as many female centenarians as males. There were 820 females compared to 220 males. This disparity is because of the difference in life expectancy for males and females. Over the past decade to mid-2021, the number of male centenarians has grown at a faster rate than female centenarians. In mid-2021, there were an estimated 45,320 people aged 90 and over in Scotland. The number of people in this age group has increased by 10,150 (29%) since mid-2011. For the 90 and over age group, the number of males has increased by 59% (+5,370) since mid-2011, while the number of females has increased by 18% (+4,780).

There were an estimated 960 centenarians (people aged 100 and over) in Scotland in mid-2020. This is a 13% increase over mid-2019, and is the highest ever figure. This reflects the increase of births which occurred in Scotland at the end of World War One. The majority of centenarians are female. In mid-2020, there were 4 times as many female centenarians as males. There were 770 females compared to 190 males. This disparity can be explained by the difference in life expectancy for males and females. Over the past decade to mid-2020, the number of male centenarians has grown at a faster rate than female centenarians. For the 90 and over age group, numbers of males have increased by almost 70% since mid-2010, while the females have grown by just under 24%. In mid-2020, there were an estimated 43,750 people aged 90 and over in Scotland. The number of people in this age group has increased every year since mid-2010 when there were 32,440 people aged 90 and over.

The number of households in Scotland is projected to increase by 120,000 (5%) over the next 10 years, from 2.48 million in 2018 to 2.60 million in 2028. Over the entire 25-year projection period, the number of households is projected to increase by 10% to 2.71 million by 2043. This projection equates to an average of 12,000 additional households per year up to 2028. The rate of increase is lower in the later years of the projection period, with an average of 7,800 additional households per year projected between 2028 and 2043. Much of the projected growth in households between 2018 and 2028 will come from one-person and two adult households without dependent children. The numbers of these households are projected to increase by 8% (to 965,100 households) and 7% (to 830,600 households) respectively. The gap between the average life expectancy of men and women in Scotland is decreasing and so the number of older men is projected to increase more rapidly than the number of older women. Compared with 2018, the number of men aged 65 and over living alone is projected to increase by 23% (to 139,500) in 2028. Over the same period, the number of women aged 65 and over living alone is projected to increase by 16% (to 245,900). Growth in the number of households is fastest where the household reference person (HRP) is older: the number of households where the HRP is someone aged 65 or over is projected to increase by 20% between 2018 and 2028 (to 824,300 households). The increase is particularly large in the older age groups: the numbers of households with a HRP aged 75 to 84 is projected to increase by 30% (to 341,900 households), while for households with a HRP aged 85 or over a 22% increase (to 116,800 households) is projected. Between 2018 and 2028, increases in the number of households are projected in 28 of Scotland’s 32 council areas, with only Argyll and Bute, Inverclyde, Na-h Eileanan Siar and North Ayrshire projected to have decreases. The fastest growing areas are in the east of the country, with Midlothian projected to have the biggest (16%) percentage increase.