Central Bank of Brazil: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data was reported at 4.500 % in 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4.500 % for 2024. Central Bank of Brazil: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data is updated yearly, averaging 6.500 % from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2025, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.000 % in 1999 and a record low of 4.500 % in 2025. Central Bank of Brazil: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.IB001: Consumer Price Index: Inflation Targeting. Resolution 5,141 revoked CMN Resolutions No. 5,018 and No. 5,091, which set the inflation targets for 2025 and 2026, respectively. Starting January 2025, the target refers to the twelve-month inflation, assessed monthly, as established by Decree No. 12,079, of June 26, 2024.

The rate at which prices for goods and services are generally rising and, as a result, currency's purchasing power is declining is known as inflation. Central banks attempt to limit inflation—and avoid deflation—in order to keep the economy running smoothly. Each unit of currency may purchase fewer products and services as prices rise. This results in a reduction in the actual value of money, a process that impacts every level of the economy, from consumers to governments. The percentage change in the cost of a basket of goods and services over a certain time period, often a year, is measured by the inflation rate. It’s a key metric for assessing the health of an economy, showing how much more expensive everyday goods and services have become. The change in the average price level of a basket of goods and services over a year is represented by the inflation rate average consumer prices (annual per cent change). It’s calculated by taking the average of prices across all months of a given year compared to the previous year. This metric is determined by averaging monthly price data and comparing it to the average of the previous year. It provides a broader view of inflation trends across a longer time frame, smoothing out any short-term volatility. The Inflation rate, end of period consumer prices (annual per cent change) reflects the price level change from the end of one period (typically December) to the end of the next period (the following December). Instead of taking an average, this rate focuses on the price level at a specific point in time, providing a snapshot of inflation. It’s calculated by comparing the Consumer Price Index (CPI) of the final month of the year with the CPI of the last month of the previous year.

Bank of Mexico: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data was reported at 4.000 % in 2020. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4.000 % for 2019. Bank of Mexico: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data is updated yearly, averaging 4.000 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2020, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.000 % in 2020 and a record low of 4.000 % in 2020. Bank of Mexico: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.I001: Consumer Price Index: Inflation Target.

Inflation Rate in the United States remained unchanged at 2.70 percent in July. This dataset provides - United States Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Professionals from Italian e-commerce players faced inflation's impact on their business. A survey from early 2023 showed that about **** in *** companies had decreased margins to keep similar prices, whereas ** percent of surveyed professionals stated their companies maintained similar prices but reduced discounts.

The UK inflation rate was 3.6 percent in June 2025, up from 3.4 percent in the previous month, and the fastest rate of inflation since January 2024. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the UK experienced seven months of double-digit inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. Due to this long period of high inflation, UK consumer prices have increased by over 20 percent in the last three years. As of the most recent month, prices were rising fastest in the communications sector, at 6.1 percent, but were falling in both the furniture and transport sectors, at -0.3 percent and -0.6 percent, respectively.
The Cost of Living Crisis High inflation is one of the main factors behind the ongoing Cost of Living Crisis in the UK, which, despite subsiding somewhat in 2024, is still impacting households going into 2025. In December 2024, for example, 56 percent of UK households reported their cost of living was increasing compared with the previous month, up from 45 percent in July, but far lower than at the height of the crisis in 2022. After global energy prices spiraled that year, the UK's energy price cap increased substantially. The cap, which limits what suppliers can charge consumers, reached 3,549 British pounds per year in October 2022, compared with 1,277 pounds a year earlier. Along with soaring food costs, high-energy bills have hit UK households hard, especially lower income ones that spend more of their earnings on housing costs. As a result of these factors, UK households experienced their biggest fall in living standards in decades in 2022/23. Global inflation crisis causes rapid surge in prices The UK's high inflation, and cost of living crisis in 2022 had its origins in the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the initial waves of the virus, global supply chains struggled to meet the renewed demand for goods and services. Food and energy prices, which were already high, increased further in 2022. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought an end to the era of cheap gas flowing to European markets from Russia. The war also disrupted global food markets, as both Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of cereal crops. As a result of these factors, inflation surged across Europe and in other parts of the world, but typically declined in 2023, and approached more usual levels by 2024.

Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data was reported at 2.000 % in 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.000 % for 2023. Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data is updated yearly, averaging 2.000 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2024, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.000 % in 2024 and a record low of 2.000 % in 2024. Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Chile. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chile – Table CL.I001: Consumer Price Index: Inflation Target.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in The Inflation Surge in Europe by Patrick Honohan, PIIE Policy Brief 24-2.

If you use the data, please cite as: Honohan, Patrick. 2024. The Inflation Surge in Europe. PIIE Policy Brief 24-2. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

The USA: Inflation: percent change in the Consumer Price Index: The latest value from 2024 is 2.9 percent, a decline from 4.1 percent in 2023. In comparison, the world average is 6.0 percent, based on data from 155 countries. Historically, the average for the USA from 1960 to 2024 is 3.8 percent. The minimum value, -0.4 percent, was reached in 2009 while the maximum of 13.5 percent was recorded in 1980.

In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price of a basket of goods. The most common measure being the consumer price index. It is the percentage rate of change in price level over time, and also indicates the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money. The annual rate of inflation for 2023, was 4.1 percent higher in the United States when compared to the previous year. More information on inflation and the consumer price index can be found on our dedicated topic page. Additionally, the monthly rate of inflation in the United States can be accessed here. Inflation and purchasing power Inflation is a key economic indicator, and gives economists and consumers alike a look at changes in prices in the wider economy. For example, if an average pair of socks costs 100 dollars one year and 105 dollars the following year, the inflation rate is five percent. This means the amount of goods an individual can purchase with a unit of currency has decreased. This concept is often referred to as purchasing power. The data presents the average rate of inflation in a year, whereas the monthly measure of inflation measures the change in prices compared with prices one year ago. For example, monthly inflation in the U.S. reached a peak in June 2022 at 9.1 percent. This means that prices were 9.1 percent higher than they were in June of 2021. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. The Big Mac Index has been published by The Economist since 1986 and exemplifies purchasing power on a global scale, allowing us to see note the differences between different countries currencies. Switzerland for example, has the most expensive Big Mac in the world, costing consumers 6.71 U.S. dollars as of July 2022, whereas a Big Mac cost 5.15 dollars in the United States, and 4.77 dollars in the Euro area. One of the most important tools in influencing the rate of inflation is interest rates. The Federal Reserve of the United States has the capacity to make changes to the federal interest rate . Changes to the rate of inflation are thought to be an imbalance between supply and demand. After COVID-19 related lockdowns came to an end there was a sudden increase in demand for goods and services with consumers having more funds than usual thanks to reduced spending during lockdown and government funded economic support. Additionally, supply-chain related bottlenecks also due to lockdowns around the world and the Russian invasion of Ukraine meant that there was a decrease in the supply of goods and services. By increasing the interest rate, the Federal Reserve aims to reduce spending, and thus bring demand back into balance with supply.

Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data was reported at 4.000 % in 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4.000 % for 2023. Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data is updated yearly, averaging 4.000 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2024, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.000 % in 2024 and a record low of 4.000 % in 2024. Central Bank of Chile: Inflation Target: Upper Limit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Chile. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chile – Table CL.I001: Consumer Price Index: Inflation Target.

In 2022, almost half of Polish respondents planned to buy cheaper gifts for their loved ones and spend their money on entertainment. On the other hand, ** percent of Poles intended to reduce the number of gifts allocated to one person.

Inflation Rate in India decreased to 1.55 percent in July from 2.10 percent in June of 2025. This dataset provides - India Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Hong Kong: Inflation: percent change in the Consumer Price Index: The latest value from 2024 is 1.7 percent, a decline from 2.1 percent in 2023. In comparison, the world average is 6.0 percent, based on data from 155 countries. Historically, the average for Hong Kong from 1982 to 2024 is 3.9 percent. The minimum value, -4 percent, was reached in 1999 while the maximum of 11.2 percent was recorded in 1991.

Inflation Rate in Turkey decreased to 33.52 percent in July from 35.05 percent in June of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Rate in Argentina decreased to 36.60 percent in July from 39.40 percent in June of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Argentina Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Central Bank of Colombia: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data was reported at 2.000 % in Mar 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.000 % for Feb 2025. Central Bank of Colombia: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data is updated monthly, averaging 2.000 % from Jan 2003 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 267 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.000 % in Dec 2004 and a record low of 2.000 % in Mar 2025. Central Bank of Colombia: Inflation Target: Lower Limit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of the Republic of Colombia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Colombia – Table CO.I001: Consumer Price Index: Inflation Target.

This paper assumes that a central bank commits itself to maintaining an inflation target and then asks what measure of the inflation rate the central bank should use if it wants to maximize economic stability. The paper first formalizes this problem and examines its microeconomic foundations. It then shows how the weight of a sector in the stability price index depends on the sector's characteristics, including size, cyclical sensitivity, sluggishness of price adjustment, and magnitude of sectoral shocks. When a numerical illustration of the problem is calibrated to U.S. data, one tentative conclusion is that a central bank that wants to achieve maximum stability of economic activity should use a price index that gives substantial weight to the level of nominal wages.

Inflation Rate in Mexico decreased to 3.51 percent in July from 4.32 percent in June of 2025. This dataset provides - Mexico Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Core consumer prices in Egypt increased 11.60 percent in July of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides - Egypt Core Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.