Literacy Rate: Kerala data was reported at 94.000 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 90.860 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Kerala data is updated decadal, averaging 78.850 % from Dec 1951 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 94.000 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 47.180 % in 12-01-1951. Literacy Rate: Kerala data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.

The statistic displays the literacy rate in Kerala in India between 1991 and 2011, broken down by gender. In 2001, 94 percent of the male population from Kerala knew how to read or write. India's literacy rate from 1981 through 2011 can be found here.

The statistic presents the literacy rate in rural and urban regions of Kerala in India in 2011, with a breakdown by gender. In 2011, the literacy rate among males living in rural areas in Kerala was around 95 percent. Kerala had the highest literacy rate in India in that year.

Among the states in India, Kerala had the highest literary rate with 94 percent in 2011. Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and the capital territory of Delhi followed Kerala with above average literacy rates. Notably, all the leading states in the country had more literate males than females at the time of the census.

Literacy in India has been increasing as more and more people receive a better education, but it is still far from all-encompassing. In 2022, the degree of literacy in India was about 76.32 percent, with the majority of literate Indians being men. It is estimated that the global literacy rate for people aged 15 and above is about 86 percent. How to read a literacy rateIn order to identify potential for intellectual and educational progress, the literacy rate of a country covers the level of education and skills acquired by a country’s inhabitants. Literacy is an important indicator of a country’s economic progress and the standard of living – it shows how many people have access to education. However, the standards to measure literacy cannot be universally applied. Measures to identify and define illiterate and literate inhabitants vary from country to country: In some, illiteracy is equated with no schooling at all, for example. Writings on the wallGlobally speaking, more men are able to read and write than women, and this disparity is also reflected in the literacy rate in India – with scarcity of schools and education in rural areas being one factor, and poverty another. Especially in rural areas, women and girls are often not given proper access to formal education, and even if they are, many drop out. Today, India is already being surpassed in this area by other emerging economies, like Brazil, China, and even by most other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. To catch up, India now has to offer more educational programs to its rural population, not only on how to read and write, but also on traditional gender roles and rights.

The total gross enrollment ratio of students from sixth grade to eighth grade across the coastal state of Kerala in India during financial year 2024 was almost 100 percent. Kerala is known to have the highest literacy rates in the country and the high levels of enrollment ratio is an indicator of the same.

In 2011, around 54.52 percent of India's total population with disability were literate, at approximately 14.62 million out of 26.81 million of disabled people. Meanwhile, respectively more than 70 percent of disabled people in Kerala and in Goa were literate. In comparison, less than two in five disabled people in Arunachal Pradesh were literate.

This polygon dataset shows village boundaries with socio-demographic and economic Census data for 1991 for the State of Kerala, India linked to the 1991 Census. Includes village socio-demographic and economic Census attribute data such as total population, population by sex, household, literacy and illiteracy rates, and employment by industry. This layer is part of the VillageMap dataset which includes socio-demographic and economic Census data for 1991 at the village level for all the states of India. This data layer is sourced from secondary government sources, chiefly Survey of India, Census of India, Election Commission, etc.

Abstract

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) carried out the first country wide comprehensive survey of physically disabled persons during the 36th round survey (July - December, 1981). The next survey on the subject was carried out after a period of ten years in NSS 47th round (July - December, 1991). In NSS 36th and 47th round surveys, information was collected on three types of physical disabilities - visual, communication and locomotor - along with the cause of disability, aid/appliance acquired by the disabled, general and vocational educational level of the disabled etc. In addition, data on developmental milestones and behavioural pattern of all children of age 5-14 years, regardless of whether they were physically disabled or not, were collected.

The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE) made a request for conducting a survey on disability in order to meet the data needs for evolving specific strategies and interventions during the 10th Five Year Plan. The need for a detailed survey on disability was strongly felt by MSJE since its data requirement included not only the number of disabled persons, but also the socio-economic characteristics of the disabled persons such as their age structure, literacy, vocational training, employment, causative factors of disability, age at the onset of disability etc. Keeping in view the urgent data need of the MSJE, the Governing Council of NSSO, in its 81st meeting, decided that the survey on disability may also be carried out as a part of NSS 58th round during July - December 2002. It has been decided that: (i) The survey of disabled persons will also cover persons with mental disability apart from the physically disabled persons since the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE) also requested for information on mentally disabled persons. The decision to include mental disability in the survey has been taken on the basis of a pre-test of the questions on mental disability, both for the listing and detailed schedules, carried out in the four cities of Kolkata, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Delhi.

(ii) The information for different types of disabilities is to be collected for persons of all age-groups. Separate information on the developmental milestones of children will not be collected.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

Outline of Sample Design

A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the conduct of survey of NSS 58th round. The first-stage units were census villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) in the rural sector and the NSSO Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units were households in both the sectors.

Sampling Frame for First-Stage Units

For the rural sector, the list of Census 1991 villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) and Census 1981 villages for J & K constituted the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks was considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification

Rural sector: Two special strata were formed as given below at the State/ UT level on the basis of Population Census 1991 viz. Stratum 1: all FSUs with population between 0 to 50, and Stratum 2: FSUs with population more than 15,000 The special stratum 1 was formed if at least 50 such FSU's were found in a State/UT. Similarly, special stratum 2 was formed if at least 4 such FSUs were found in a State/UT. Otherwise, such FSUs were merged with the general strata. From the remaining FSUs (not covered under stratum 1 &2) general strata (hereafter, stratum will refer to general stratum unless otherwise mentioned) was formed and numbered 3, 4, 5 …. etc. (even if no special strata have been formed). Each district of a State/UT was normally treated as a separate stratum. However, if the provisional population of the district was greater than or equal to 2.5 million as per Census 2001, the district was divided into two or more strata with more or less equal population as per population census 1991 by grouping contiguous tehsils. However, in Gujarat, some districts were not wholly included in an NSS region. In such cases, the part of the district falling in an NSS region constituted a separate stratum.

Urban sector: In the urban sector, stratum was formed within each NSS region on the basis of size class of towns as per Census 1991 town population except for towns specified in Table 4. The stratum number and their composition (within each region) are given below: stratum 1: all towns with population (P) < 0.1 million
stratum 2: all towns with 0.1= P < 0.5 million
stratum 3: all towns with 0.5= P < 1 million
stratum 4,5,6, … each town with P= 1 million
The stratum numbers was retained as above even if, in some regions, some of the stratum is not formed.

Sub-stratification

There was no sub-stratification in the rural sector. However, to cover more number of households living in slums, in urban sector each stratum was divided into 2 sub-strata as follows: sub-stratum 1: all UFS blocks having area type 'slum area' sub-stratum 2: remaining UFS blocks If there was one UFS block with area type 'slum area' within a stratum, sub-stratum 1 was not formed; it was merged with sub-stratum 2.

Total sample size (FSUs)

A total number of 8338 and 9076 first-stage units were selected for survey in the Central and State samples respectively.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs

The total sample FSUs was allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators ensuring more or less uniform work-load.

Allocation of State/ UT level sample to Rural and Urban sectors

State/UT level sample was allocated between two sectors in proportion to provisional population as per Census 2001 with double weightage to urban sector.

Allocation of Rural /Urban sector level sample size to strata / sub-strata

Both rural and urban sector samples allotted to a State/UT were allocated to different strata in proportion to population of the stratum. All the stratum-level allocations were adjusted to multiple of 2. Stratum-level sample size in the urban sector was further allocated to 2 sub-strata in proportion to the number of UFS blocks in them with double weightage to sub-stratum 1 subject to a minimum sample size of 2 or 4 to sub-stratum 1 according as stratum-level allocation is 4 or greater than 4. Sub-stratum level allocations in the urban sector were made even.

Selection of FSUs

FSUs were selected in the form of two independent sub-samples in both the sectors. For special stratum 2 and all the general strata of rural sector, FSUs were selected by probability proportional to size with replacement (PPSWR) where size was the 1991 census population. For urban sector and special stratum 1 of rural sector, FSUs were selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR).

Selection of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks / households

Formation of hamlet-group/sub-block

Large villages/ blocks having approximate present population 1200 or more were divided into a suitable number of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks as given below: approximate present population no. of hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks formed
less than 1200 1 (no hamlet-group/sub-block formation)
1200 to 1799 3
1800 to 2399 4
2400 to 2999 5
3000 to 3599 6
....and so on

For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur and Doda districts of Jammu and Kashmir and Idukki district of Kerala where habitation pattern causes difficulty in listing due to topography of the area, hg formation criterion was relaxed for which number of hamlet groups formed as per population criterion is given below: approximate present population no. of hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks formed
less than 600 1 (no hamlet-group/sub-block formation)
600 to 899 3
900 to 1199 4
1200 to 1499 5
....and so on

Hamlet-groups / sub-blocks were formed by more or less equalising population. For large urban blocks, the sub-block (sb) having slum dwellers, if any, was selected with probability 1 and was termed as segment 1. However, if there were more than one sb having slum dwellers, the sb having maximum number of slum dwellers was selected as segment 1. After selection of sb for segment 1, one more sb was selected by simple random sampling (SRS) from the remaining sb's of the block and was termed as segment 2. For large blocks (having no slum areas) two sub-blocks were selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) and were combined to form segment 2. For urban blocks without sub-block formation, segment number was 1 or 2 depending on whether the block was having a slum or not. For large villages two hamlet-groups were selected by SRSWOR and were combined to form segment 2. For villages without hamlet-group formation, segment number was also 2. The segments were considered separately for listing and selection of the ultimate-stage units.

Formation of Second Stage Strata (SSS) and selection of households for schedule 26

In each selected village/block/segment, three second stage strata (SSS) were formed on the basis of disability type. The number of households selected is given below: Without segment formation with segment formation (for each segment)

SSS 1: households

Abstract

The second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), conducted in 1998-99, provides information on fertility, mortality, family planning, and important aspects of nutrition, health, and health care. The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) coordinated the survey, which collected information from a nationally representative sample of more than 90,000 ever-married women age 15-49. The NFHS-2 sample covers 99 percent of India's population living in all 26 states. This report is based on the survey data for 25 of the 26 states, however, since data collection in Tripura was delayed due to local problems in the state.

IIPS also coordinated the first National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1) in 1992-93. Most of the types of information collected in NFHS-2 were also collected in the earlier survey, making it possible to identify trends over the intervening period of six and one-half years. In addition, the NFHS-2 questionnaire covered a number of new or expanded topics with important policy implications, such as reproductive health, women's autonomy, domestic violence, women's nutrition, anaemia, and salt iodization.

The NFHS-2 survey was carried out in two phases. Ten states were surveyed in the first phase which began in November 1998 and the remaining states (except Tripura) were surveyed in the second phase which began in March 1999. The field staff collected information from 91,196 households in these 25 states and interviewed 89,199 eligible women in these households. In addition, the survey collected information on 32,393 children born in the three years preceding the survey. One health investigator on each survey team measured the height and weight of eligible women and children and took blood samples to assess the prevalence of anaemia.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS

Three-quarters (73 percent) of the population lives in rural areas. The age distribution is typical of populations that have recently experienced a fertility decline, with relatively low proportions in the younger and older age groups. Thirty-six percent of the population is below age 15, and 5 percent is age 65 and above. The sex ratio is 957 females for every 1,000 males in rural areas but only 928 females for every 1,000 males in urban areas, suggesting that more men than women have migrated to urban areas.

The survey provides a variety of demographic and socioeconomic background information. In the country as a whole, 82 percent of household heads are Hindu, 12 percent are Muslim, 3 percent are Christian, and 2 percent are Sikh. Muslims live disproportionately in urban areas, where they comprise 15 percent of household heads. Nineteen percent of household heads belong to scheduled castes, 9 percent belong to scheduled tribes, and 32 percent belong to other backward classes (OBCs). Two-fifths of household heads do not belong to any of these groups.

Questions about housing conditions and the standard of living of households indicate some improvements since the time of NFHS-1. Sixty percent of households in India now have electricity and 39 percent have piped drinking water compared with 51 percent and 33 percent, respectively, at the time of NFHS-1. Sixty-four percent of households have no toilet facility compared with 70 percent at the time of NFHS-1.

About three-fourths (75 percent) of males and half (51 percent) of females age six and above are literate, an increase of 6-8 percentage points from literacy rates at the time of NFHS-1. The percentage of illiterate males varies from 6-7 percent in Mizoram and Kerala to 37 percent in Bihar and the percentage of illiterate females varies from 11 percent in Mizoram and 15 percent in Kerala to 65 percent in Bihar. Seventy-nine percent of children age 6-14 are attending school, up from 68 percent in NFHS-1. The proportion of children attending school has increased for all ages, particularly for girls, but girls continue to lag behind boys in school attendance. Moreover, the disparity in school attendance by sex grows with increasing age of children. At age 6-10, 85 percent of boys attend school compared with 78 percent of girls. By age 15-17, 58 percent of boys attend school compared with 40 percent of girls. The percentage of girls 6-17 attending school varies from 51 percent in Bihar and 56 percent in Rajasthan to over 90 percent in Himachal Pradesh and Kerala.

Women in India tend to marry at an early age. Thirty-four percent of women age 15-19 are already married including 4 percent who are married but gauna has yet to be performed. These proportions are even higher in the rural areas. Older women are more likely than younger women to have married at an early age: 39 percent of women currently age 45-49 married before age 15 compared with 14 percent of women currently age 15-19. Although this indicates that the proportion of women who marry young is declining rapidly, half the women even in the age group 20-24 have married before reaching the legal minimum age of 18 years. On average, women are five years younger than the men they marry. The median age at marriage varies from about 15 years in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh to 23 years in Goa.

As part of an increasing emphasis on gender issues, NFHS-2 asked women about their participation in household decisionmaking. In India, 91 percent of women are involved in decision-making on at least one of four selected topics. A much lower proportion (52 percent), however, are involved in making decisions about their own health care. There are large variations among states in India with regard to women's involvement in household decisionmaking. More than three out of four women are involved in decisions about their own health care in Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Punjab compared with about two out of five or less in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Rajasthan. Thirty-nine percent of women do work other than housework, and more than two-thirds of these women work for cash. Only 41 percent of women who earn cash can decide independently how to spend the money that they earn. Forty-three percent of working women report that their earnings constitute at least half of total family earnings, including 18 percent who report that the family is entirely dependent on their earnings. Women's work-participation rates vary from 9 percent in Punjab and 13 percent in Haryana to 60-70 percent in Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh.

FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING

Fertility continues to decline in India. At current fertility levels, women will have an average of 2.9 children each throughout their childbearing years. The total fertility rate (TFR) is down from 3.4 children per woman at the time of NFHS-1, but is still well above the replacement level of just over two children per woman. There are large variations in fertility among the states in India. Goa and Kerala have attained below replacement level fertility and Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab are at or close to replacement level fertility. By contrast, fertility is 3.3 or more children per woman in Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Nagaland, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh. More than one-third to less than half of all births in these latter states are fourth or higher-order births compared with 7-9 percent of births in Kerala, Goa, and Tamil Nadu.

Efforts to encourage the trend towards lower fertility might usefully focus on groups within the population that have higher fertility than average. In India, rural women and women from scheduled tribes and scheduled castes have somewhat higher fertility than other women, but fertility is particularly high for illiterate women, poor women, and Muslim women. Another striking feature is the high level of childbearing among young women. More than half of women age 20-49 had their first birth before reaching age 20, and women age 15-19 account for almost one-fifth of total fertility. Studies in India and elsewhere have shown that health and mortality risks increase when women give birth at such young ages?both for the women themselves and for their children. Family planning programmes focusing on women in this age group could make a significant impact on maternal and child health and help to reduce fertility.

INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY

NFHS-2 provides estimates of infant and child mortality and examines factors associated with the survival of young children. During the five years preceding the survey, the infant mortality rate was 68 deaths at age 0-11 months per 1,000 live births, substantially lower than 79 per 1,000 in the five years preceding the NFHS-1 survey. The child mortality rate, 29 deaths at age 1-4 years per 1,000 children reaching age one, also declined from the corresponding rate of 33 per 1,000 in NFHS-1. Ninety-five children out of 1,000 born do not live to age five years. Expressed differently, 1 in 15 children die in the first year of life, and 1 in 11 die before reaching age five. Child-survival programmes might usefully focus on specific groups of children with particularly high infant and child mortality rates, such as children who live in rural areas, children whose mothers are illiterate, children belonging to scheduled castes or scheduled tribes, and children from poor households. Infant mortality rates are more than two and one-half times as high for women who did not receive any of the recommended types of maternity related medical care than for mothers who did receive all recommended types of care.

HEALTH, HEALTH CARE, AND NUTRITION

Promotion of maternal and child health has been one of the most important components of the Family Welfare Programme of the Government of India. One goal is for each pregnant woman to receive at least three antenatal check-ups plus two tetanus toxoid injections and a full course of iron and folic acid supplementation. In India, mothers of 65 percent of the children

Abstract

This schedule is designed to collect the information on (a) participation of persons aged 5-29 years in the pursuit of education, (b) private expenditure incurred on the education of household members including those who are resident of Students' hostel at the time of survey, (c) examining the extent of educational wastage and their causes in terms of dropout and discontinuance and (d) IT literacy of persons aged 14 years and above. However, inclusions and exclusions, in a nutshell, are mentioned below.

Inclusions: I.School education commencing from class I to X or XII, as the case may be, irrespective of the recognition status of the educational institution, II.Higher secondary / Pre-university education leading to award of certificate/ diploma/ degree etc. including enrolment in private unrecognised institutions, which are authorised to sponsor students for public examinations as private or external candidates, III.General University education in Universities which are recognised by University Grant Commission(UGC), IV.Correspondence or distance learning courses conducted by Universities, Deemed Universities or Institutions, authorised by competent authorities for awarding regular degrees or diplomas or certificates, V.Technical or Professional courses, conducted by Universities, Deemed Universities or institutes like, National Institute of Fashion Technology, National School of Drama, Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Film and Television Institute of India, Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, etc. or Institutions, authorised by competent authorities like All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), Medical Council of India (MCI), The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India, The Institute of Company Secretaries of India, Actuarial Society of India, etc., leading to award of degree/diploma/certificates VI.All types of courses of duration three months or more, conducted by Institutions like Industrial Training Institute (ITI), National Vocational Training Institute, Regional Vocational Training Institutes, etc., authorised by competent authorities VII.Any course at primary level and above conducted by recognised educational institution not covered above.

Exclusions: I.Art, music and similar type of courses conducted by individuals in their houses or by unrecognised/ unaffiliated institutions, II.Classes taken by Private tutors, III.Education in nursery/Kindergartens/Preparatory levels except for their enrolment statuses and dropout / discontinuance statuses . IV.The non-formal system of education being implemented through various programmes by government or other agencies except for their enrolment statuses and discontinuance / dropout statuses.

Summary description of the schedule: In the present round, Schedule 25.2 on education and IT literacy consists of 10 blocks. The first three blocks, viz., Block 0, Block 1 and Block 2 have used for recording identification of sample households and particulars of field operations, as practised in previous rounds. The last two blocks, viz., Block 8 and Block 9 have used to record the remarks/comments of investigator and supervisory officer(s) respectively. Block 3 is used for recording the household characteristics like household size, principal industry and principal occupation of household, household type, religion, social group, distance from nearest school having primary/upper primary/secondary level classes, whether the household has a computer/ any access to internet and household's usual consumer expenditure in a month etc. Block 4 is used for recording the demographic and other particulars of all the household members satisfying the modified definition of household. Particulars of IT literacy for household members aged 14 & above and the particulars of current educational attendance and current enrolment status for household member aged 5-29 years are also collected in Block 4. The education particulars of the household members, aged 5 years to 29 years, who are currently attending educational institutions at primary level and above are recorded in Block 5. In this block, information on course, level, class/grade/year, type of institution, medium of instruction, etc., are collected on basic course. Block 6 is designed to collect particulars of private expenditure on education of the household members, whose educational particulars are collected in block 5. Here, the break-up of expenditure of the basic course of each such member is collected in detail. Particulars of household members, aged 5 years to 29 years, who are currently not attending any educational institution, are collected in Block 7. In this block, information like whether ever enrolled, age at entry in school, age of discontinuation / dropping, etc. have also recorded.

Geographic coverage

National, States, Urban, Rural

Analysis unit

Households Indivisuals

Universe

Households, persons aged 5-29 years in the pursuit of education

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 71st round survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in both the sectors. In case of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling is the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2011 census villages (henceforth the term 'village' would mean Panchayat wards for Kerala) constitutes the sampling frame. In case of Kerala, due to the non-availability of Panchayat wards based on census 2011, the available list of Panchayat wards based on census 2001 is used as the rural frame. For the urban sector, the latest updated list of UFS blocks (phase 2007-12) is considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification: Stratum has been formed at district level. Within each district of a State/UT, generally speaking, two basic strata have been formed: (i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising of all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there are one or more towns with population 1 lakh or more as per Census 2011, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district has been considered as another basic stratum.

Special stratum in the rural sector: There are some villages in Nagaland and Andaman & Nicobar Islands which reamins difficult to access. As in earlier rounds, a special stratum has been formed at State/UT level comprising these villages in the two State/UTs.

Sub-stratification:

Rural sector: If 'r' be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed was 'r/2'. The villages within a district as per frame have been first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and had more or less equal population. Urban sector: If 'u' be the sample size allocated for an urban stratum, the number of sub-strata formed was 'u/2'. For all strata, if u/2 >1, implying formation of 2 or more sub-strata, all the UFS blocks within the stratum have been first arranged in ascending order of total number of households in the UFS Blocks as per UFS phase 2007-12. Then sub-strata 1 to 'u/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum had more or less equal number of households.

Total sample size (FSUs): 8300 FSUs have been allocated for the central sample at all-India level. For the state sample, there are 9274 FSUs allocated for all-India. State wise allocation of sample FSUs is given in Table 1.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs heve been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per Census 2011 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT. While doing so, the resource availability in terms of number of field investigators has been kept in view.

Allocation of State/ UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/UT level sample size has been allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per Census 2011 with double weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. do not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 16 FSUs (minimum 8 each for rural and urban sector separately) is allocated to each State/ UT.

Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size has been allocated to the different strata in proportion to the population as per Census 2011. Stratum level allocation has been adjusted to multiples of 2 with a minimum sample size of 2.

For special strata in the rural areas of Nagaland and A & N Islands, 4 FSUs has been allocated to each.

Allocation to sub-strata: Allocation for each sub-stratum has been 2 in both rural and urban sectors.

Selection of FSUs:

For the rural sector, from each stratum/sub-stratum, required number of sample villages have been selected by Probability Proportional to Size With Replacement (PPSWR), size being the population of the village as per Census 2011. For the urban sector, from each stratum/sub-stratum, FSUs have been selected by Probability Proportional to Size With Replacement (PPSWR), size being the number of households of the UFS Blocks. Both rural and urban samples have been drawn

Abstract

The surveys on 'Household Social Consumption: Education' conducted by NSSO covers both qualitative and quantitative aspects related to educational attainment of the household members and educational services used by them. Qualitative aspects include literacy, educational level attained, type of institution, current attendance/enrolment, whether received free education, reason for 'never enrolled'/'ever enrolled but currently not attending', etc. On quantitative aspects, information was collected on 'expenditure incurred/to be incurred on education' of the household member by the household itself, by other households or by any institutions/organizations other than Government.

Reference period : July 2017-June 2018

Period of survey and work programme: The survey period of the round will be divided into four sub-rounds of three months’ duration each as follows: sub-round 1 : July - September 2017 sub-round 2 : October - December 2017 sub-round 3 : January - March 2018 sub-round 4 : April - June 2018

Objective of Survey on 'Household Social Consumption: Education' (Schedule 25.2): The main objective of the survey on “Household Social Consumption: Education” conducted by NSSO is to build indicators on participation of the persons in the education system, expenditure incurred on education of the household members and on various aspects of those currently not attending education (i.e., for the persons who never enrolled or who ever enrolled but currently not attending education). The surveys on ‘Household Social Consumption: Education’ conducted by NSSO covers both qualitative and quantitative aspects related to educational attainment of the household members and educational services used by them. Qualitative aspects include literacy, educational level attained, type of institution, nature of institution, current attendance/enrolment, whether received free education, reason for never enrolled/ever enrolled but currently not attending, etc. On quantitative aspects, information is collected on expenditure incurred/to be incurred on education of the household member by the household itself, by other households or by any institutions/organizations other than Government.

Geographic coverage

The survey cover's the whole of the Indian Union except except the villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which are difficult to access

Analysis unit

Randomly selected households based on sampling procedure and members of the household.

Universe

The survey used the interview method of data collection from a sample of randomly selected households and members of the household.

Sampling procedure

Sample Design 3.1 Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 75th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the Census villages (Panchayat wards for Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in both the sectors. In the case of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling is the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU. 3.2 Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2011 Population Census villages constitutes the sampling frame. However, for Kerala, the latest available updated list of Panchayat wards constitutes the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the latest available list of UFS blocks has been considered as the sampling frame. 3.3 Stratification: (a) Each district is a stratum. Within each district of a State/UT, generally speaking, two basic strata have been formed: (i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising of all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there are one or more towns with population one million or more as per Census 2011, each of them formed as a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district have been considered as another basic stratum. (b) In the case of rural sectors of Nagaland another special stratum has been formed within the State consisting of all the villages which are difficult to access. 3.4 Sub-stratification: 3.4.1 Rural sector: If ‘r’ be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, ‘r/4’ sub-strata are formed in that stratum. The villages within a stratum (district) as per frame are first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to ‘r/4’ have been demarcated in such a way that each substratum comprises a group of villages of the arranged frame and has more or less equal population. 3.4.2 Urban sector: Each urban stratum has been divided into two parts - ‘Affluent part’ consisting of UFS blocks identified as ‘Affluent Area’ and ‘Non-Affluent part’ consisting of the remaining UFS blocks within the stratum. Sample allocation of a stratum is then allocated to Affluent and Non-Affluent parts in proportion to total number of households in the UFS blocks with double weightage to Affluent part subject to a maximum of 8 FSUs in ‘Affluent part’ of any stratum. If ‘u’ be the sample size allocated for an urban stratum consisting of both affluent area UFS Blocks and non affluent area UFS Blocks. ‘u/4’ sub-strata are formed within each stratum. Out of these ‘u/4’ substrata, the first two sub-strata ‘01’ and ‘02’ are earmarked for those UFS blocks which are identified as ‘Affluent Area’ and the remaining sub-strata, ‘03’, ‘04’,…... and so on, are assigned to the nonaffluent UFS blocks. If any stratum does not have any Affluent Area UFS block then also the substratum number starts from ‘03’ for that stratum. For all strata, if u/4 >1, implying formation of 2 or more sub-strata, all the UFS blocks within the stratum are first arranged in ascending order of total number of households in the UFS Blocks as per the latest UFS phase. Then sub-strata 1 to ‘u/4’ are demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum has more or less equal number of households. This procedure has been done separately for Affluent-part and Non-Affluent part of the stratum (if two sub-strata are required to be formed in the Affluent part). The following three cases arise while doing the sub-stratification: i) If there is no ‘Affluent Area’ UFS block in the stratum, all the UFS blocks are divided into ‘u/4’ sub-strata and numbered as ‘03’, ‘04’, ….., ‘(u/4)+2’. ii) If only one sub-stratum is formed with the ‘Affluent Area’ UFS blocks, then all the remaining non-affluent blocks are divided into ‘(u-4)/4’ sub-strata and numbered as ‘03’, ‘04’, ….., ‘(u/4)+1’. iii) If two sub-strata are formed with the ‘Affluent Area’ blocks, then all the remaining non-affluent UFS blocks are divided into ‘(u-8)/4’ sub-strata and numbered as ‘03’, ‘04’, ….., ‘u/4’. 3.5 Total sample size (FSUs): 14300 FSUs have been allocated for the central sample at all-India level. For the state sample, there are 16492 FSUs allocated for all-India. 3.6 Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs has been allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per Census 2011 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/UT. 3.7 Allocation of State/ UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/ UT level sample size has been allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per Census 2011 with 1.5 weightage to urban sector depending on population share. A minimum of 16 FSUs (minimum 8 each for rural and urban sector separately) have been allocated to each State/ UT. 3.8 Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size has been allocated to the different strata in proportion to the population as per Census 2011. Stratum level allocation has been adjusted to multiples of 4 with a minimum sample size of 4. For special stratum formed in rural areas of Nagaland as discussed in para 3.3 (b), 12 FSUs have been allocated. 3.9 Allocation to sub-strata: Allocation for each sub-stratum has been made as 4 in both rural and urban sectors. 3.10 Selection of FSUs: 3.10.1 For the rural sector, from each stratum/sub-stratum, required number of sample villages has been selected by Probability Proportional to Size With Replacement (PPSWR), size being the population of the village as per Census 2011. 3.10.2 For the urban sector, from each stratum/sub-stratum, FSUs have been selected by Probability Proportional to Size With Replacement (PPSWR), size being the number of households of the UFS Block. Both rural and urban samples are drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples. 3.11 Selection of hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks - important steps 3.11.1 Criterion for hamlet-group/ sub-block formation: After identification of the boundaries of the FSU, it is to be determined whether listing is to be done in the whole sample FSU or not. In case the approximate present population of the selected FSU is found to be 1200 or more, it is divided into a suitable number (say, D) of ‘hamlet-groups’ in the rural sector and ‘sub-blocks’ in the urban sector by more or less equalising the population as stated below. approximate present population of the sample FSU no. of hgs/sbs formed less than 1200 (no hamlet-group/sub-block) 1 1200 to 1799 3 1800 to 2399 4 2400 to 2999 5 3000 to 3599 6 …...and so on - For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Uttarakhand (except four districts Dehradun, Nainital, Hardwar and Udham Singh Nagar), Punch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Reasi, Doda, Kishtwar, Ramban, Ladakh region (Leh and Kargil districts) of Jammu and Kashmir and Idukki district of Kerala, the number of hamlet-groups to be formed as