Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Adult Female: % of Females Aged 15 and Above data was reported at 79.650 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 63.641 % for 2021. Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Adult Female: % of Females Aged 15 and Above data is updated yearly, averaging 69.500 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2022, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79.650 % in 2022 and a record low of 57.000 % in 1998. Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Adult Female: % of Females Aged 15 and Above data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Education Statistics. Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.;UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.;Weighted average;

Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Adult Male: % of Males Aged 15 and Above data was reported at 88.130 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 81.474 % for 2021. Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Adult Male: % of Males Aged 15 and Above data is updated yearly, averaging 85.000 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2022, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 88.130 % in 2022 and a record low of 79.000 % in 1998. Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Adult Male: % of Males Aged 15 and Above data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Education Statistics. Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.;UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.;Weighted average;

This vector dataset provides the literacy rate in Cambodia in 2008, as given by the Cambodian Demographic Census 2008 (Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics). Dataset were provided to Open Development Cambodia (ODC) in vector format by Save Cambodia's Wildlife's Atlas Working Group.

This table presents the adult literacy rates in Cambodia for individuals aged 15 and above, disaggregated by sex and age groups for the years 2019 and 2024. Overall, the data shows consistently higher literacy rates among younger age groups and males. While literacy rates remain high for the 15–24 age groups, a slight decline is observed in the overall and female literacy rates in 2024, particularly among the 60+ age group. This may reflect ongoing generational shifts in education access and gender disparities in historical literacy attainment.

Adult literacy rate of Cambodia rocketed by 16.48% from 71.93 % in 2021 to 83.78 % in 2022. Since the 1.30% fall in 2009, adult literacy rate surged by 10.24% in 2022. Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life.

Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Youth Male: % of Males Aged 15-24 data was reported at 95.440 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 90.308 % for 2021. Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Youth Male: % of Males Aged 15-24 data is updated yearly, averaging 89.500 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2022, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2005 and a record low of 80.600 % in 2010. Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Youth Male: % of Males Aged 15-24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Education Statistics. Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.;UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.;Weighted average;

The average for 2021 based on 4 countries was 97.11 percent. The highest value was in Singapore: 100 percent and the lowest value was in Cambodia: 90.31 percent. The indicator is available from 1970 to 2023. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Youth Female: % of Females Aged 15-24 data was reported at 96.510 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 93.506 % for 2021. Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Youth Female: % of Females Aged 15-24 data is updated yearly, averaging 86.000 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2022, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 96.510 % in 2022 and a record low of 54.670 % in 2000. Cambodia KH: Literacy Rate: Youth Female: % of Females Aged 15-24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Education Statistics. Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.;UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.;Weighted average;

Cambodia KH: Gender Parity Index (GPI): Literacy Rate: Youth Aged 15-24 data was reported at 1.011 Ratio in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.034 Ratio for 2021. Cambodia KH: Gender Parity Index (GPI): Literacy Rate: Youth Aged 15-24 data is updated yearly, averaging 1.000 Ratio from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2022, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.034 Ratio in 2021 and a record low of 0.673 Ratio in 2005. Cambodia KH: Gender Parity Index (GPI): Literacy Rate: Youth Aged 15-24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Education Statistics. Gender parity index for youth literacy rate is the ratio of females to males ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.;UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.;Weighted average;

This table presents literacy trends among Cambodia’s population aged 7 years and older across urban and rural areas for the years 2019 and 2024. While Khmer remains the dominant language of literacy, the data reveals a growing share of individuals—especially urban males and females—becoming bilingual in Khmer and English or other languages. Between 2019 and 2024, Khmer-only literacy has declined, while multilingual literacy has risen, reflecting educational diversification and increasing exposure to foreign languages.

Abstract

This paper provides results from the randomized control trial project, Promoting Development and Home Reading of Supplementary Texts for Young Readers in Cambodia. One control and three treatment groups were assessed on how literacy and reading habits changed when households were provided a variety of high-quality and low-cost early reading materials along with varying degrees of encouragement toward building better reading habits. The findings show that providing books in isolation was not enough. Rather, books in conjunction with a network of reading supports was found to be an effective means to boost reading outcomes, including reading proficiency measures, frequency of reading, and attitudes toward reading. The results highlight the need for at-home reading materials in poor households as an integral step to improve early reading.

Geographic coverage

Kampong Thom Province and Battambang provinces.

Analysis unit

Child

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires (caregiver and child were used to collect the survey data. Caregiver and child questionnaires have sets of common questions in across the different visits (baseline, house visit 2, house visit 3, and endline visit). However, there are some differences depending on the type of visits. There are two types of differences:

1. Unique questions which are asked in one of the visits, but not in the others. This is because as the time passed the questions to be asked needed to be complemented or were irrelevant.

2. Differences in how the question stems were formulated. This is due to the different timing of the visits when the time passed had to be accounted for. For example, in many cases the questions in the subsequent visits had phrases like “since I last saw you” or “in the last six months”.

The report highlights trends and commonalities among existing digital literacy and security initiatives in Cambodia, best practices for training initiatives, and gaps in CSO digital capacity. Based on these findings, the report concludes with actionable recommendations for specific stakeholders, including USAID and other funders, ISAC and other training providers.

This study was designed to analyze the primary education Priority Action Program (PAP 2.1) in Cambodia. Weaknesses in Cambodia's public expenditure management system including the difficulty in channeling funds down to service providers have resulted in costly inefficiencies in improving social welfare outcomes. In response to these problems, in 2000 the Royal Government of Cambodia started the Priority Action Program (PAP). PAP education was launched in 10 provinces in 2000 and expanded to cover all provinces in 2001. The primary education Priority Action Program (PAP 2.1) provides for schools' operational budgets and accounts for over one quarter of the entire PAP budget in education. PAP 2.1 funds are to be used to support start-of-the-year operational costs as well as day-to-day school operations. PAP 2.1 funds are intended to cover small expenditures on basic teaching materials, sports, school environment improvements and other small spending items primary schools usually incur. The fixed grant component is expected to be disbursed first in any given budget year so as to allow schools to purchase teaching materials and carry out the school opening ceremony at the beginning of each school year (October). The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of PAP 2.1 in terms of providing resources to Cambodian schools in a timely and predictable manner, making sure those resources are used as intended. In addition to issues of efficiency (resource flow and use), Cambodia PETS in Primary Education examines equity in the allocation of PAP 2.1. resources and the impact on student outcomes. Moreover, this study analyzed the flow and use of Chapter 11 funds in the regular budget system, and compared them with PAP 2.1 funds. Chapter 11 funds are intended for general operational and maintenance expenditure. The Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education is a complex survey involving the Provincial Treasuries (PT), Provincial Education Offices (PEOs), District Education Offices (DEOs), school directors, parents and students. The survey covered a random sample of 200 primary schools in 21 districts and 7 provinces. Also, randomly selected 20 Grade 4 students and 20 Grade 6 students were tested in numeracy and literacy skills.

Abstract

This study was designed to analyze the primary education Priority Action Program (PAP 2.1) in Cambodia.

Weaknesses in Cambodia's public expenditure management system - including the difficulty in channeling funds down to service providers - have resulted in costly inefficiencies in improving social welfare outcomes. In response to these problems, in 2000 the Royal Government of Cambodia started the Priority Action Program (PAP).

PAP education was launched in 10 provinces in 2000 and expanded to cover all provinces in 2001. The primary education Priority Action Program (PAP 2.1) provides for schools' operational budgets and accounts for over one quarter of the entire PAP budget in education. PAP 2.1 funds are to be used to support start-of-the-year operational costs as well as day-to-day school operations. PAP 2.1 funds are intended to cover small expenditures on basic teaching materials, sports, school environment improvements and other small spending items primary schools usually incur. The fixed grant component is expected to be disbursed first in any given budget year so as to allow schools to purchase teaching materials and carry out the school opening ceremony at the beginning of each school year (October).

The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of PAP 2.1 in terms of providing resources to Cambodian schools in a timely and predictable manner, making sure those resources are used as intended. In addition to issues of efficiency (resource flow and use), Cambodia PETS in Primary Education examines equity in the allocation of PAP 2.1. resources and the impact on student outcomes.

Moreover, this study analyzed the flow and use of Chapter 11 funds in the regular budget system, and compared them with PAP 2.1 funds. Chapter 11 funds are intended for general operational and maintenance expenditure.

The Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education is a complex survey involving the Provincial Treasuries (PT), Provincial Education Offices (PEOs), District Education Offices (DEOs), school directors, parents and students. The survey covered a random sample of 200 primary schools in 21 districts and 7 provinces. Also, randomly selected 20 Grade 4 students and 20 Grade 6 students were tested in numeracy and literacy skills.

Geographic coverage

7 provinces (Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampot, Kratie, Prey Veng and Sihanoukville).

Analysis unit

• Students
• Teachers
• Parents
• School Principals
• Primary schools
• Provincial Treasuries
• Provincial Education Offices
• District Education Offices.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Initial sample of 220 primary schools was randomly drawn from 12 provinces and 34 districts. The final sample included 200 schools in 7 provinces since some schools could not be accessed and a replacement could not be found.

Stratified random sample based on the 2002-2003 school census was used. Each province was weighted according to size (number of schools). Five early (receiving funding from 2000 and onwards) and seven late (receiving funding from 2001 and onwards) provinces were randomly chosen from the population of 24 provinces. Each of the 12 selected provinces (Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Phnom Penh, Ratanak Kiri, Siemreap, Svay Rieng, and Takeo) was then allotted a number of schools based on the proportion of schools in the province to the total number of schools in the selected sample of 12 provinces. To make the survey effort feasible, it was decided that 2 or 3 districts would be picked from each province (the final number depending on the total number of districts in the province). Similar to the draw of provinces, each district was weighted according to size (number of schools). Thereafter, 2 or 3 districts were randomly chosen from the population of districts within each province, yielding a total of 34 districts to be included in the final sample.

The second stage of the sampling was based on the Cambodian 2003-2004 household surveys (HSES). The HSES sampling frame consisted of 900 villages and 15,000 households. The sampling design involved stratification of the country into five geographical regions (Phnom Penh, Plain, Tonle Sap, Coastal, and Plateau and Mountain), dividing up each region into separate urban and rural strata. From each stratum, 4 independent sub-samples of villages were drawn, with the sample being allocated over the strata proportionately to the total number of households in the strata.

At the school level, questionnaires were administered to each school director. One teacher per grade was randomly selected from each school to interview. Three School Support Committee (SSC) members from each school and 6 parents per school were also randomly chosen to participate in the study.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following survey instruments are available:

• Student Questionnaire, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• School Director Questionnaire, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• Parent Questionnaire, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• Teacher Questionnaire, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• School Support Committee (SSC) Questionnaire, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• District Education Office Questionnaire, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• Provincial Education Office Questionnaire, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• Provincial Treasury Questionnaire, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• Literacy Test, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• Numeracy Test, Grade 4, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004;
• Numeracy Test, Grade 6, Cambodia Public Expenditure Tracking Survey in Primary Education 2004.

The core of the questionnaires for provincial treasuries, provincial education offices, district education offices and school directors focuses on resource flows (i.e., resources received from an upper tier of government and resources transferred to a lower tier of government), which allowed for some triangulation or cross checking of the data. The questionnaire for school directors also contained a variety of information on schools, teachers and students.

The teacher, School Support Committee (SSC) and parental questionnaires were designed to collect information on the degree of knowledge of and involvement in school matters (particularly PAP flows and use).

In addition, 20 Grade 4 students and 20 Grade 6 students were tested in numeracy and literacy skills; background socio-economic information was also collected from them.

Cleaning operations

Detailed information about data editing procedures is available in "Data Cleaning Guide for PETS/QSDS Surveys" in external resources.

STATA cleaning do-files and data quality reports on all ten datasets can also be found in external resources.

This project will empower members of informal economies like women and indigenous peoples (IPs) with enhanced digital rights, budget literacy, and policy training to understand the policies regulating Cambodia's private sector. A better understanding of the legislation will help members of informal economies to start their businesses.

Abstract

The Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey, 2013 was conducted with the following objectives:

i. To strengthen the capacity of the staff of NIS and the provincial and district staff in demographic data collection; and

ii. To provide information to government and data users on population and household characteristics such as household size, age, sex, marital status, literacy and educational characteristics, economic characteristics, fertility, mortality and migration as well as housing and household characteristics and amenities. This should be useful to the government to evaluate the Rectangular Strategy Plan in achieving its intended goals. It will help outline priority goals and strategies to reduce poverty rapidly, and develop Cambodia Millennium Development Goals (CMDG’s) and other Socioeconomic Development Goals. It will also be useful to the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) in improving data availability and accessibility and in utilization of data until the 2018 census information is made available.

Geographic coverage

National Provincial

Analysis unit

Units of Analysis: 1. Individual 2. Household 3. Province

Universe

Population and housing units of all regular households in Cambodia excluding special settlements and institutional households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The draft questionnaires for the CIPS 2013 were more or less on the 2008 General Census pattern. Some modifications, however, were made by adding new questions on

(i) whether children aged 0-14 living with own mother (ii) whether a person's mother is alive and (iii) details of deaths in households in the last one year with focus on maternal mortality.

Questions mentioned at (i) and (ii) were intended respectively to estimate fertility (by application of own child method) and mortality (by application of orphan hood method). The questions to be included were carefully considered by a Working Group of Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013, whose members were mostly from Ministries, NGOs and International Agencies. The Questionnaires were tested twice in the field (both urban and rural) by NIS staff in November 2012. The purpose of the pre-test was to have a full-dressed rehearsal of the whole process and particularly to test the questions in the field so as to make corrections in wording or definitions and to estimate the time taken for enumeration area mapping, house listing, sampling and enumeration of selected household. Based on the pre-test experience the questionnaires were modified and finalized.

Two types of questionnaires were used in the CIPS 2013: Form A House-list and Form B Household Questionnaire.

The Form A was used to collect information on buildings containing one or more households during the preliminary round preceding survey night (March 3, 2013). The information collected related to: construction material of wall, roof and floor, whether it is a wholly or partly residential building, number of households within the building, name and sex of head of household and number of persons usually living in the household.

The Form B, which has five parts, was used for survey enumeration in the period closely following the reference time.

In Part I, information on usual members of the selected household present on survey night, visitors present as well as usual members absent on survey night, was collected.

Part II was used to collect information on each usual member of the household and each visitor present on survey night. The information collected included: full name, relationship to household head, sex, age, natural mother, child aged 0-14 living with own mother, marital status, age at first marriage, mother tongue, religion, place of birth, previous residence, duration of stay, reason for migration, literacy, full time education and economic characteristics.

Part III was used to collect information on females of reproductive age (15-49) as well as children born to these women.

The information collected in part IV related to household conditions and facilities: main source of light, main cooking fuel used, whether toilet facility is available, main source of drinking water and number of living rooms occupied by household.

Part V was used to record the following information in respect of deaths in the household within the last one year:- name of deceased, sex, relationship to head of household, age at death, whether the death has been registered with the civil authorities or not, the cause of death and maternal mortality information.

Cleaning operations

The completed records (Forms A, Form B, Form I, Form II, Map, and other Forms) were systematically collected from the provinces by NIS Survey Coordinators on the due date and submitted to the team receptionist at NIS. NIS Survey Coordinators formed into three teams of two persons were trained from March 7 to 10 to receive and arrange the completed forms and maps for processing after due checking form the field.

Control forms were prescribed by DUC to record every form without any omission. These records were carefully checked, registered and stored in the record room. Editing and coding of the questionnaires were done manually, after which the questionnaires were submitted to the computer section for further processing.

The instruction for editing and coding were revised and expanded. Training on editing and coding was conducted for senior staff, who in turn had to train other editors and coders. The purpose of the editing process was to remove matters of obvious inconsistency, incorrectness and incompleteness, and to improve the quality of data collected. Coding had to be done very carefully in respect of birthplace and previous place of residence by using the district and province codes, and occupation and industry by using the UN International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) and the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) respectively. For these purposes, NIS utilized staff with sound knowledge and experience of the survey and its concepts. Those who worked as trainers or supervisors were put on this job supplemented by well-trained and tested staff. Editing and Coding was done by two teams (each with six editors and one team leader); so that one of the editors who was trained specifically in occupation/industry coding should do that coding for columns 20 and 22 of part 2 household questionnaire. The work of team members was completely checked by the Team leaders. The training on editing and coding was done from 23 to 26 March. The manual processing commenced on March 29 and was completely done by the end of May 2013.

Response rate

Response rate is 95 per cent.

Sampling error estimates

Calculations of sampling errors have been made for some estimates of totals, means and proportions for variables in Form B (annex 3).

The software used for the calculations is STATA 8.0. For the calculations presented here we have assumed that stratification was done on provinces and urban/rural (an implicit57 stratification on province and urban/rural was used for the sample selection).

In seven of the 45 strata there are only one PSU (EA) selected. This causes a problem for the standard error calculations. It is not possible get standard errors in these strata. In these strata we have split the sole EA in two parts and defined the parts as two PSUs.

The standard errors are generally rather small for estimates for major domains like urban/rural and men/women. The coefficients of variation (CV)1 are below 1% in many cases. The coefficients of variation are substantially higher for provincial estimates, especially for provinces with a small sample (e.g. province19). Design effects (Deff) have been calculated for some estimates. They are, as expected, quite low for estimates of demographic characteristics. They are considerably higher for estimates of socio-economic characteristics like employment status (also as expected). For the demographic characteristics "age at first marriage" and "marital status" we find design effects below 5 for major domains like men/women and urban/rural. The socio-economic characteristics are typically more "clustered" than the demographic characteristics, this shows up in generally higher design effects. For the major domain estimates we find design effects up to 20 and occasionally very high values of 200 or more. These "freak" values occur when the sample in terms of number of PSUs is small and when the PSU averages (or proportions) show large variation. One example is the design effect of 285 for the estimate of proportion of government employees in urban areas. The proportion is varying substantially between the 102 PSUs in the domain, the range is from 0 % to75%.

非文盲率：成年男性：15岁及以上男性百分比在12-01-2022达88.130%，相较于12-01-2021的81.474%有所增长。非文盲率：成年男性：15岁及以上男性百分比数据按年更新，12-01-1998至12-01-2022期间平均值为85.000%，共8份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2022，达88.130%，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-1998，为79.000%。CEIC提供的非文盲率：成年男性：15岁及以上男性百分比数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于World Bank，数据归类于全球数据库的柬埔寨 – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Education Statistics。

Cambodge: Youth literacy rate, ages 15-24: Pour cet indicateur, UNESCO fournit des données pour la Cambodge de 1998 à 2022. La valeur moyenne pour Cambodge pendant cette période était de 86.02 pour cent avec un minimum de 76 pour cent en 1998 et un maximum de 95.97 pour cent en 2022.

Abstract

The Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey, 2004 was designed not only to obtain the much-needed demographic data following the census, but also to serve as a means to train the staff of the NIS and Provincial Planning Offices in demographic data collection.

There are plans to produce in-depth studies on fertility, mortality, migration, literacy and education, labour force, housing and household amenities, and population projections based on the results of the survey.

The Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2004 (CIPS) is a nationally representative sample survey taken between two censuses, the 1998 census and the proposed 2008 census, in order to update information on population size and growth and other population characteristics as well as household facilities and amenities. Due to the national elections and administrative issues, the CIPS was undertaken in March 2004 instead of 2003, which would have been the five-year midpoint between the 1998 and 2008 censuses.

The conduct of the CIPS 2004 is an important step in the creation of a continuous flow of data that will allow Cambodia to prepare plans and programmes supported by a strong database.

The Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2004 was conducted with the objective of providing information on the following indicators: - Sex, age and marital status - Births and Deaths - Migration status - Literacy/Educational level - Economic characteristics - Housing and household amenities - Other population and household information

These fresh data will allow for calculations and reliable projections of: - Population size and growth - Fertility - Mortality - Migration

The survey was also intended to train the national staff in sampling, data collection, data processing, analysis and dissemination.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Individual, Household

Universe

All Population and housing for all regular households in Cambodia excluding special settlements and institutional households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling design for the CIPS 2004 is a three-stage stratified cluster sampling design, it is a probability sample selection of 100 percent of the Cambodian villages coverage areas, the survey covered only regular households and excludes special settlements and institutional households.

The CIPS 2004 was conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 21,000 households within selected 700 villages (primary sampling units) out of 13,886 villages in Cambodia. The 700 villages were selected from updated frame (list of villages for Cambodia).

The General Population Census 1998 databases of the National Institute of Statistics together with the new updated list of villages that were excluded in the general population census of 1998 was used as the sampling frame for the sampling design of the CIPS 2004.

The frame has the following identification particulars: 1- Province code 2- Province name 3- District code 4- District name 5- Commune code 6- Commune name 7- Village Code 8- Village name 9- Size of village (number of households) 10- Area code (1 = Urban, 2 = Rural)

A three-stage sample design has been used for the CIPS. In the first stage a sample of villages was selected. The villages were implicitly stratified into 45 strata (21 provinces each with rural/urban strata i.e. 42 strata plus 3 provinces each totally urban, i.e. 3 urban strata). The villages were selected using linear systematic sampling with probabilities proportionate to size (PPS). The size measure used for the selection was number of households in the village according to the 1998 Census with estimation for a few additional villages not in the 1998 census frame.

In the second stage one Census Enumeration Area was selected randomly (in the head office) in each selected PSU. At the beginning of the fieldwork all households in the EA were listed. A systematic sample of 30 non-vacant households was selected as the third stage of selection.

The listing of households in the EA would become cumbersome if there are many households in the EA. This might be the case when the enumeration area had grown substantially since the census. When the EA was large (population wise) the interviewer was instructed to split the EA into two or more approximately equal-sized segments and to select one segment randomly. All households in the selected segment were listed. Out of the 700 Sample PSUs, 598 were from the rural super stratum and the remaining 102 were from the urban super stratum. For more information on sampling for the survey the general report at national level may be referred to.

Note: All provincial headquarters were treated as urban. In the case of Sihanoukville, Kep and Pailin, the entire province was treated as urban. In Phnom Penh province, the four districts of Doun Penh, Chamkar Mon, 7 Makara and Tuol Kouk were classified as urban. All the remaining areas of the country were rural. Further, urban and rural areas are being reclassified in Cambodia. While these reclassifications have already been drafted, they have not yet been approved by the Royal Government of Cambodia. Upon endorsement and adoption, the new classifications will be used in future census/surveys.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The draft questionnaires for the CIPS 2004 were more or less on the 1998 General Census pattern. Some modifications, however, were made by adding new questions on

(i) Whether children aged 0-14 living with own mother (ii) Whether a person's mother is alive and (iii) Details of deaths in households in the last one year with focus on maternal mortality.

Questions mentioned at (i) and (ii) were intended respectively to estimate fertility (by application of own child method) and mortality (by application of orphan hood method). The questions to be included were carefully considered by a Working Group of Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2004, whose members were mostly from Ministries, NGOs and International Agencies. The Questionnaires were tested twice in the field (both urban and rural) by NIS staff in November 2003. The purpose of the pre-test was to have a full-dressed rehearsal of the whole process and particularly to test the questions in the field so as to make corrections in wording or definitions and to estimate the time taken for enumeration area mapping, house listing, sampling and enumeration of selected household. Based on the pre-test experience the questionnaires were modified and finalized.

Two types of questionnaires were used in the CIPS 2004: Form A House-list and Form B Household Questionnaire.

The Form A was used to collect information on buildings containing one or more households during the preliminary round preceding survey night (March 3, 2004). The information collected related to: construction material of wall, roof and floor, whether it is a wholly or partly residential building, number of households within the building, name and sex of head of household and number of persons usually living in the household.

The Form B, which has five parts, was used for survey enumeration in the period closely following the reference time.

In Part I, information on usual members of the selected household present on survey night, visitors present as well as usual members absent on survey night, was collected.

Part II was used to collect information on each usual member of the household and each visitor present on survey night. The information collected included: full name, relationship to household head, sex, age, natural mother, child aged 0-14 living with own mother, marital status, age at first marriage, mother tongue, religion, place of birth, previous residence, duration of stay, reason for migration, literacy, full time education and economic characteristics.

Part III was used to collect information on females of reproductive age (15-49) as well as children born to these women.

The information collected in part IV related to household conditions and facilities: main source of light, main cooking fuel used, whether toilet facility is available, main source of drinking water and number of living rooms occupied by household.

Part V was used to record the following information in respect of deaths in the household within the last one year:- name of deceased, sex, relationship to head of household, age at death, whether the death has been registered with the civil authorities or not, the cause of death and maternal mortality information.

Cleaning operations

The completed records (Forms A, Form B, Form I, Form II, Map, and other Forms) were systematically collected from the provinces by NIS Survey Coordinators on the due date and submitted to the team receptionist at NIS. NIS Survey Coordinators formed into three teams of two persons were trained during March 7-10 to receive and arrange the completed forms and maps for processing after due checking form the field. Control forms were prescribed by DUC to record every form without any omission. These records were carefully checked, registered and stored in the record room. Editing and coding of the questionnaires were done manually, after which the questionnaires were submitted to the computer section for further processing. The instruction for editing and coding were revised and expanded. Training on editing and coding was conducted for senior staff, who in turn had to train other editors and coders.

The purpose of the editing process was to remove matters of obvious inconsistency, incorrectness and incompleteness, and to improve the quality of data collected. Coding had to be done very carefully in

Abstract

The Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey, 2004 was designed not only to obtain the much-needed demographic data following the census, but also to serve as a means to train the staff of the NIS and Provincial Planning Offices in demographic data collection.

There are plans to produce in-depth studies on fertility, mortality, migration, literacy and education, labour force, housing and household amenities, and population projections based on the results of the survey.

The Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2004 (CIPS) is a nationally representative sample survey taken between two censuses, the 1998 census and the proposed 2008 census, in order to update information on population size and growth and other population characteristics as well as household facilities and amenities. Due to the national elections and administrative issues, the CIPS was undertaken in March 2004 instead of 2003, which would have been the five-year midpoint between the 1998 and 2008 censuses.

The conduct of the CIPS 2004 is an important step in the creation of a continuous flow of data that will allow Cambodia to prepare plans and programmes supported by a strong database.

The Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2004 was conducted with the objective of providing information on the following indicators:

• Sex, age and marital status

• Births and Deaths

• Migration status

• Literacy/Educational level

• Economic characteristics

• Housing and household amenities

• Other population and household information

These fresh data will allow for calculations and reliable projections of:

• Population size and growth

• Fertility

• Mortality

• Migration

The survey was also intended to train the national staff in sampling, data collection, data processing, analysis and dissemination.

Geographic coverage

National

Urban/ Rural

Individual Provinces and Groups of Provinces

Analysis unit

Unit of Analysis:

1. Individual

2. Households

Universe

All Population and housing for all regular households in Cambodia excluding special settlements and institutional households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling design for the CIPS 2004 is a three-stage stratified cluster sampling design, it is a probability sample selection of 100 percent of the Cambodian villages coverage areas, the survey covered only regular households and excludes special settlements and institutional households.

The CIPS 2004 was conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 21,000 households within selected 700 villages (primary sampling units) out of 13,886 villages in Cambodia. The 700 villages were selected from updated frame (list of villages for Cambodia).

The General Population Census 1998 databases of the National Institute of Statistics together with the new updated list of villages that were excluded in the general population census of 1998 was used as the sampling frame for the sampling design of the CIPS 2004.

The frame has the following identification particulars:

1- Province code

2- Province name

3- District code

4- District name

5- Commune code

6- Commune name

7- Village Code

8- Village name

9- Size of village (number of households)

10- Area code (1 = Urban, 2 = Rural)

A three-stage sample design has been used for the CIPS. In the first stage a sample of villages was selected. The villages were implicitly stratified into 45 strata (21 provinces each with rural/urban strata i.e. 42 strata plus 3 provinces each totally urban, i.e. 3 urban strata). The villages were selected using linear systematic sampling with probabilities proportionate to size (PPS). The size measure used for the selection was number of households in the village according to the 1998 Census with estimation for a few additional villages not in the 1998 census frame.

In the second stage one Census Enumeration Area was selected randomly (in the head office) in each selected PSU. At the beginning of the fieldwork all households in the EA were listed. A systematic sample of 30 non-vacant households was selected as the third stage of selection.

The listing of households in the EA would become cumbersome if there are many households in the EA. This might be the case when the enumeration area had grown substantially since the census. When the EA was large (population wise) the interviewer was instructed to split the EA into two or more approximately equal-sized segments and to select one segment randomly. All households in the selected segment were listed. Out of the 700 Sample PSUs, 598 were from the rural super stratum and the remaining 102 were from the urban super stratum. For more information on sampling for the survey the general report at national level may be referred to.

Note: All provincial headquarters were treated as urban. In the case of Sihanoukville, Kep and Pailin, the entire province was treated as urban. In Phnom Penh province, the four districts of Doun Penh, Chamkar Mon, 7 Makara and Tuol Kouk were classified as urban. All the remaining areas of the country were rural. Further, urban and rural areas are being reclassified in Cambodia. While these reclassifications have already been drafted, they have not yet been approved by the Royal Government of Cambodia. Upon endorsement and adoption, the new classifications will be used in future census/surveys.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The draft questionnaires for the CIPS 2004 were more or less on the 1998 General Census pattern. Some modifications, however, were made by adding new questions on

(i) whether children aged 0-14 living with own mother

(ii) whether a person’s mother is alive and

(iii) details of deaths in households in the last one year with focus on maternal mortality.

Questions mentioned at (i) and (ii) were intended respectively to estimate fertility (by application of own child method) and mortality (by application of orphan hood method). The questions to be included were carefully considered by a Working Group of Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2004, whose members were mostly from Ministries, NGOs and International Agencies. The Questionnaires were tested twice in the field (both urban and rural) by NIS staff in November 2003. The purpose of the pre-test was to have a full-dressed rehearsal of the whole process and particularly to test the questions in the field so as to make corrections in wording or definitions and to estimate the time taken for enumeration area mapping, house listing, sampling and enumeration of selected household. Based on the

pre-test experience the questionnaires were modified and finalized.

Two types of questionnaires were used in the CIPS 2004: Form A House-list and Form B Household Questionnaire.

The Form A was used to collect information on buildings containing one or more households during the preliminary round preceding survey night (March 3, 2004). The information collected related to: construction material of wall, roof and floor, whether it is a wholly or partly residential building, number of households within the building, name and sex of head of household and number of persons usually living in the household.

The Form B, which has five parts, was used for survey enumeration in the period closely following the reference time.

In Part I, information on usual members of the selected household present on survey night, visitors present as well as usual members absent on survey night, was collected.

Part II was used to collect information on each usual member of the household and each visitor present on survey night. The information collected included: full name, relationship to household head, sex, age, natural mother, child aged 0-14 living with own mother, marital status, age at first marriage, mother tongue, religion, place of birth, previous residence, duration of stay, reason for migration, literacy, full time education and economic characteristics.

Part III was used to collect information on females of reproductive age (15-49) as well as children born to these women.

The information collected in part IV related to household conditions and facilities: main source of light, main cooking fuel used, whether toilet facility is available, main source of drinking water and number of living rooms occupied by household.

Part V was used to record the following information in respect of deaths in the household within the last one year:- name of deceased, sex, relationship to head of household, age at death, whether the death has been registered with the civil authorities or not, the cause of death and maternal mortality information.

Cleaning operations

The completed records (Forms A, Form B, Form I, Form II, Map, and other Forms) were systematically collected from the provinces by NIS Survey Coordinators on the due date and submitted to the team receptionist at NIS. NIS Survey Coordinators formed into three teams of two persons were trained during March 7-10 to receive and arrange the completed forms and maps for processing after due checking form the field. Control forms were prescribed by DUC to record every form without any omission. These records were carefully checked, registered and stored in the record room. Editing and coding of the questionnaires were done manually, after which the questionnaires were submitted to the computer section for further processing. The instruction for editing and coding were revised and expanded. Training on editing and coding was conducted for senior staff, who in turn had to train other editors and coders. The purpose of the editing process was to remove