As of 2021, India recorded a higher nationwide literacy rate among men than women, at respectively **** percent of male population and **** percent of female population. The gender literacy gap was more evident in rural India, with only ** percent of women aged between 15 and 49 years being literate, compared to over ** percent of their male counterparts in the region.

Literacy in India has been increasing as more and more people receive a better education, but it is still far from all-encompassing. In 2022, the degree of literacy in India was about 76.32 percent, with the majority of literate Indians being men. It is estimated that the global literacy rate for people aged 15 and above is about 86 percent. How to read a literacy rateIn order to identify potential for intellectual and educational progress, the literacy rate of a country covers the level of education and skills acquired by a country’s inhabitants. Literacy is an important indicator of a country’s economic progress and the standard of living – it shows how many people have access to education. However, the standards to measure literacy cannot be universally applied. Measures to identify and define illiterate and literate inhabitants vary from country to country: In some, illiteracy is equated with no schooling at all, for example. Writings on the wallGlobally speaking, more men are able to read and write than women, and this disparity is also reflected in the literacy rate in India – with scarcity of schools and education in rural areas being one factor, and poverty another. Especially in rural areas, women and girls are often not given proper access to formal education, and even if they are, many drop out. Today, India is already being surpassed in this area by other emerging economies, like Brazil, China, and even by most other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. To catch up, India now has to offer more educational programs to its rural population, not only on how to read and write, but also on traditional gender roles and rights.

India literacy rate for 2022 was 76.32%, a 7.02% increase from 2011.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>India literacy rate for 2011 was <strong>69.30%</strong>, a <strong>6.55% increase</strong> from 2006.</li>
<li>India literacy rate for 2006 was <strong>62.75%</strong>, a <strong>1.74% increase</strong> from 2001.</li>
<li>India literacy rate for 2001 was <strong>61.01%</strong>, a <strong>12.79% increase</strong> from 1991.</li>
</ul>Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

In 2021, India had a rank of 73 out of 120 countries for internet literacy. Internet literacy, according to research, assessed the level of education and preparedness to use the internet. In terms of sub-indices, web accessibility ranked highest.

Literacy Rate: Uttar Pradesh data was reported at 67.700 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 56.270 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Uttar Pradesh data is updated decadal, averaging 32.650 % from Dec 1951 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 67.700 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 12.020 % in 12-01-1951. Literacy Rate: Uttar Pradesh data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.

Literacy Rate: Tamil Nadu data was reported at 80.100 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 73.450 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Tamil Nadu data is updated decadal, averaging 58.525 % from Dec 1961 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 80.100 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 36.390 % in 12-01-1961. Literacy Rate: Tamil Nadu data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.

Documentation

Description and codebook for subset of harmonized variables:

Section 2

Guide to datasets:

Full Project Name: The Impact of Mother Literacy and Participation Programs on Child Learning in India

Unique ID: 458

PIs: Rukmini Banerji, James Berry, Marc Shotland

Location: Indian states of Bihar and Rajasthan

Sample: Around 9,000 households in 480 villages

Timeline: 2010 to 2012

Target Group: Children Parents Rural population Women and girls

Outcome of Interest: Employment, Student learning ,Women’s/girls’ decision-making, Gender attitudes and norms

Intervention Type: Early childhood development, Tracking and remedial education, Empowerment training

Associated publications: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20150390

More information: https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/impact-mother-literacy-and-participation-programs-child-learning-india

Dataverse: Banerji, Rukmini; Berry, James; Shotland, Marc, 2017, “The Impact of Maternal Literacy and Participation Programs: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in India”, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/19PPE7, Harvard Dataverse, V1

Section 3

Survey instrument:

Testing tools:

Section 4

Survey instrument:

Testing tools:

Section 5

No associated survey instrument

Section 6

This dataset was created on 2021-10-06 20:35:41.921 by merging multiple datasets together. The source datasets for this version were:

Maternal Literacy in India Baseline: Modified from ml_merged : contains data with variables only from baseline surveys

Maternal Literacy in India Endline: Modified from ml_merged : contains data with variables only from endline surveys

Maternal Literacy in India Raw Administrative Statistics: ml_admin_stats_raw: Contains administrative statistics from the 2011 census and aser surveys used in online Appendix Table 1 in the paper; this is merged with some of the survey data to create ml_admin_stats

Abstract

The National Family Health Survey 2019-21 (NFHS-5), the fifth in the NFHS series, provides information on population, health, and nutrition for India, each state/union territory (UT), and for 707 districts.

The primary objective of the 2019-21 round of National Family Health Surveys is to provide essential data on health and family welfare, as well as data on emerging issues in these areas, such as levels of fertility, infant and child mortality, maternal and child health, and other health and family welfare indicators by background characteristics at the national and state levels. Similar to NFHS-4, NFHS-5 also provides information on several emerging issues including perinatal mortality, high-risk sexual behaviour, safe injections, tuberculosis, noncommunicable diseases, and the use of emergency contraception.

The information collected through NFHS-5 is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in setting benchmarks and examining progress over time in India’s health sector. Besides providing evidence on the effectiveness of ongoing programmes, NFHS-5 data will help to identify the need for new programmes in specific health areas.

The clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical (CAB) component of NFHS-5 is designed to provide vital estimates of the prevalence of malnutrition, anaemia, hypertension, high blood glucose levels, and waist and hip circumference, Vitamin D3, HbA1c, and malaria parasites through a series of biomarker tests and measurements.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15 to 54

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, all men age 15-54, and all children aged 0-5 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A uniform sample design, which is representative at the national, state/union territory, and district level, was adopted in each round of the survey. Each district is stratified into urban and rural areas. Each rural stratum is sub-stratified into smaller substrata which are created considering the village population and the percentage of the population belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (SC/ST). Within each explicit rural sampling stratum, a sample of villages was selected as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs); before the PSU selection, PSUs were sorted according to the literacy rate of women age 6+ years. Within each urban sampling stratum, a sample of Census Enumeration Blocks (CEBs) was selected as PSUs. Before the PSU selection, PSUs were sorted according to the percentage of SC/ST population. In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 22 households per cluster was selected with an equal probability systematic selection from a newly created list of households in the selected PSUs. The list of households was created as a result of the mapping and household listing operation conducted in each selected PSU before the household selection in the second stage. In all, 30,456 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were selected across the country in NFHS-5 drawn from 707 districts as on March 31st 2017, of which fieldwork was completed in 30,198 PSUs.

For further details on sample design, see Section 1.2 of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Four survey schedules/questionnaires: Household, Woman, Man, and Biomarker were canvassed in 18 local languages using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI).

Cleaning operations

Electronic data collected in the 2019-21 National Family Health Survey were received on a daily basis via the SyncCloud system at the International Institute for Population Sciences, where the data were stored on a password-protected computer. Secondary editing of the data, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions, was conducted in the field by the Field Agencies and at the Field Agencies central office, and IIPS checked the secondary edits before the dataset was finalized.

Field-check tables were produced by IIPS and the Field Agencies on a regular basis to identify certain types of errors that might have occurred in eliciting information and recording question responses. Information from the field-check tables on the performance of each fieldwork team and individual investigator was promptly shared with the Field Agencies during the fieldwork so that the performance of the teams could be improved, if required.

Response rate

A total of 664,972 households were selected for the sample, of which 653,144 were occupied. Among the occupied households, 636,699 were successfully interviewed, for a response rate of 98 percent.

In the interviewed households, 747,176 eligible women age 15-49 were identified for individual women’s interviews. Interviews were completed with 724,115 women, for a response rate of 97 percent. In all, there were 111,179 eligible men age 15-54 in households selected for the state module. Interviews were completed with 101,839 men, for a response rate of 92 percent.

The average for 2021 based on 13 countries was 86.52 percent. The highest value was in Uzbekistan: 100 percent and the lowest value was in Afghanistan: 37 percent. The indicator is available from 1970 to 2023. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Literacy Rate: Sikkim data was reported at 81.400 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 68.810 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Sikkim data is updated decadal, averaging 56.940 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 81.400 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 17.740 % in 12-01-1971. Literacy Rate: Sikkim data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.

A survey conducted in India in 2021 found that some of the most important barriers for the survey respondents to use mobile internet are the affordability of mobile phone, and reading or writing difficulties. The lack of knowledge of how to access internet on a mobile device is also a very important obstacle for mobile internet access. The gender gap within categories of affordability of mobile device, and internet literacy is due to women’s lack of financial autonomy and resources, and lower literacy rate.

Literacy Rate: Delhi data was reported at 86.200 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 81.670 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Delhi data is updated decadal, averaging 73.615 % from Dec 1961 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 86.200 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 61.950 % in 12-01-1961. Literacy Rate: Delhi data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.

Literacy Rate: Lakshadweep data was reported at 91.800 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 86.660 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Lakshadweep data is updated decadal, averaging 68.420 % from Dec 1951 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 91.800 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 15.230 % in 12-01-1951. Literacy Rate: Lakshadweep data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.

As of 2021, India recorded a higher nationwide share of men with at least 10 years of schooling than that of women. Around half of the male population age between 15 and 49 years stayed in school for at least 10 years, compared to only 41 percent of their female counterparts. The gender education gap also remained evident in rural India, with only one out of three women in this region receiving at least 10 years of schooling.

During financial years 2021 and 2022, the share of enrollments in government schools increased by over six percent whereas the private unaided sector witnessed a decline of over seven percent. This was reversal in trend from financial year 2015 and 2020 where private unaided sector saw exponential growth in enrollments and government schools witnessed a decline in enrollments.

The statistic displays the literacy rate in Lakshadweep in India between 1991 and 2011, broken down by gender. In 2001, 93 percent of the male population in Lakshadweep knew how to read or write. India's literacy rate from 1981 through 2011 can be found here.

Literacy Rate: Karnataka data was reported at 75.400 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 66.640 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Karnataka data is updated decadal, averaging 51.125 % from Dec 1961 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 75.400 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 29.800 % in 12-01-1961. Literacy Rate: Karnataka data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.

Literacy Rate: Chhattisgarh data was reported at 70.300 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 64.660 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Chhattisgarh data is updated decadal, averaging 32.630 % from Dec 1951 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.300 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 9.410 % in 12-01-1951. Literacy Rate: Chhattisgarh data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.

Book Reading Apps Market Outlook

The global book reading apps market size was valued at $5.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach $12.8 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.4% during the forecast period. This market's growth is significantly driven by the increasing penetration of smartphones and the rising preference for digital content consumption. The proliferation of digital devices such as tablets and e-readers has also played a pivotal role in expanding the market for book reading apps. As more consumers opt for the convenience of carrying digital libraries in their pockets, the demand for book reading applications is anticipated to surge in the coming years.

One of the primary growth factors for the book reading apps market is the steady increase in smartphone and internet penetration globally. With over 4.9 billion people having access to the internet and more than 3.8 billion smartphone users as of 2021, the potential user base for book reading apps is enormous. Moreover, the affordability of smartphones and data plans has made it easier for consumers from various socioeconomic backgrounds to access these apps. This trend is particularly evident in emerging economies where digital literacy initiatives and affordable mobile technology are bridging the gap in information access.

Another significant growth driver is the evolving reading habits of consumers. The modern reader is increasingly inclined towards digital formats due to their inherent advantages such as portability, accessibility, and interactive features. Digital books, or eBooks, offer functionalities like adjustable fonts, backlighting, and built-in dictionaries that enhance the reading experience. Additionally, the environmental benefits of digital reading, such as reduced paper consumption, are resonating with eco-conscious consumers, further propelling the market forward.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also played a crucial role in accelerating the adoption of book reading apps. With lockdowns and social distancing measures in place, people turned to digital platforms for entertainment and education. Educational institutions adopted online teaching methods, and students relied on digital books and resources for learning. This sudden shift to digital platforms has induced a habit that is likely to persist post-pandemic, contributing to the sustained growth of the book reading apps market.

Regionally, North America dominates the book reading apps market, driven by high smartphone penetration, advanced technological infrastructure, and a large number of tech-savvy consumers. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Factors such as the rapid adoption of smartphones, increasing internet penetration, and a growing middle-class population are driving the growth in this region. Markets like China and India are witnessing substantial growth due to their large populations and increasing digital literacy rates.

In addition to book reading apps, the rise of News Apps has significantly transformed how users consume information. With the increasing reliance on smartphones, news apps provide instant access to current events, breaking news, and in-depth articles, catering to the fast-paced lifestyle of modern consumers. These apps offer personalized news feeds, allowing users to customize their reading experience based on their interests and preferences. The integration of multimedia elements such as videos and podcasts further enriches the user experience, making news consumption more engaging and interactive. As digital literacy continues to rise globally, news apps are becoming an essential tool for staying informed, complementing the growth of digital content consumption alongside book reading apps.

Platform Analysis

The book reading apps market is segmented by platform into iOS, Android, Windows, and Others. The iOS segment holds a significant share in the market due to the high number of iPhone and iPad users who prefer the seamless integration of AppleÂ’s ecosystem. The App StoreÂ’s stringent quality standards ensure that book reading apps on iOS are generally reliable and user-friendly. Popular iOS book reading apps include Apple Books and Kindle, which offer a wide range of features supporting various reading preferences and needs.

Android, however, leads the market in terms of the number of users, given its global reach and dominance in sm

Literacy Rate: Jharkhand data was reported at 66.400 % in 12-01-2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 53.560 % for 12-01-2001. Literacy Rate: Jharkhand data is updated decadal, averaging 35.030 % from Dec 1951 (Median) to 12-01-2011, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 66.400 % in 12-01-2011 and a record low of 12.930 % in 12-01-1951. Literacy Rate: Jharkhand data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Education Sector – Table IN.EDA001: Literacy Rate.