These statistics have been updated by the English indices of deprivation 2015.
This 2010 release updates the English indices of deprivation 2007.
The English indices of deprivation measure relative levels of deprivation in small areas of England called ‘lower layer super output areas’.
Most of the indicators used in these statistics are from 2008.
Key results from the report are:
We have also published guidance and a technical report to the English indices of deprivation 2010.
This analysis applies a novel spatial mediation framework to examine how food retail accessibility mediates the relationship between deprivation and depression at the local level. The methodological approach combines mediation analysis principles (Judd, C.M. & Kenny, D.A., 1981) with Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models, allowing relationships to vary spatially across Hampshire and the Isle of Wight rather than assuming uniform effects across the region. The spatial mediation analysis involved two key steps: Step 1 established the total effect of income deprivation on depression, whilst Step 2 examined the indirect effect by modelling both deprivation and food retail accessibility as simultaneous predictors of depression. Local coefficients were then compared at each location to identify areas where food retail accessibility serves as a mediating pathway in the deprivation-depression relationship. Statistical significance was assessed using local t-values with a threshold of ±1.96 (p < 0.05), ensuring robust identification of meaningful mediation effects across different geographical contexts. The analysis utilised QOF depression prevalence data (2022), Index of Multiple Deprivation measures (2019), and Department for Transport travel time statistics to retail food outlets (2019), representing spatial access to food supply chain endpoints across the study region. Data sources: In all analyses, we used the LSOA boundaries published by the Office for National Statistics: Office for National Statistics. Census 2011 geographies [Internet]. 2020. Available from: Lower layer Super Output Areas (December 2011) https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::lower-layer-super-output-areas-december-2011-boundaries-ew-bfc-v3/about Digital vector boundaries for Integrated Care Boards in England were those published by the Office for National Statistics: Integrated Care Boards (April 2023) EN BGC [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/d6bcd7d1-0143-4366-9622-62a99b362a5c/integrated-care-boards-april-2023-en-bgc Depression Prevalence 2022 - QOF depression prevalence: Daras, K., Rose, T., Tsimpida, D., & Barr, B. (2023). Quality and Outcomes Framework Indicators: Depression prevalence (QOF_4_12) [Dataset]. University of Liverpool. Available from: https://datacat.liverpool.ac.uk/2170/ Retail accessibility: DfT. (2021). Journey time statistics, England: 2019 [Dataset]. Department for Transport. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/journey-time-statistics-england-2019/journey-time-statistics-england-2019#official-statistics Deprivation: McLennan, D., Noble, S., Noble, M., Plunkett, E., Wright, G., & Gutacker, N. (2019). The English indices of deprivation 2019: Technical report. Available from:https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019 Longitudinal Depression: Tsimpida, D., Tsakiridi, A., Daras, K., Corcoran, R., & Gabbay, M. (2024). Unravelling the dynamics of mental health inequalities in England: A 12-year nationwide longitudinal spatial analysis of recorded depression prevalence. SSM - Population Health, 26, 101669. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101669
Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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BackgroundTreating Chronic Non-Cancer Pain (CNCP) with long-term, high dose and more potent opioids puts patients at increased risk of harm, whilst providing limited pain relief. Socially deprived areas mapped from Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) scores show higher rates of high dose, strong opioid prescribing compared to more affluent areas.ObjectiveTo explore if opioid prescribing is higher in more deprived areas of Liverpool (UK) and assess the incidence of high dose prescribing to improve clinical pathways for opioid weaning.Design and settingThis retrospective observational study used primary care practice and patient level opioid prescribing data for N = 30,474 CNCP patients across Liverpool Clinical Commissioning Group (LCCG) between August 2016 and August 2018.MethodA Defined Daily Dose (DDD) was calculated for each patient prescribed opioids. DDD was converted into a Morphine Equivalent Dose (MED) and patients stratified according to high (≥120mg) MED cut off. The association between prescribing and deprivation was analysed by linking GP practice codes and IMD scores across LCCG.Results3.5% of patients were prescribed an average dose above 120mg MED/day. Patients prescribed long-term, high dose, strong opioids were more likely to be female, aged 60+, prescribed three opioids and reside in the North of Liverpool where there is a higher density of areas in the IMD most deprived deciles.ConclusionA small but significant proportion of CNCP patients across Liverpool are currently prescribed opioids above the recommended dose threshold of 120mg MED. Identification of fentanyl as a contributor to high dose prescribing resulted in changes to prescribing practice, and reports from NHS pain clinics that fewer patients require tapering from fentanyl. In conclusion, higher rates of high dose opioid prescribing continue to be evident in more socially deprived areas further increasing health inequalities.
In 2023, London had a gross domestic product of over 569 billion British pounds, by far the most of any region of the United Kingdom. The region of South East England which surrounds London had the second-highest GDP in this year, at over 360 billion pounds. North West England, which includes the major cities of Manchester and Liverpool, had the third-largest GDP among UK regions, at almost 250 billion pounds. Levelling Up the UK London’s economic dominance of the UK can clearly be seen when compared to the other regions of the country. In terms of GDP per capita, the gap between London and the rest of the country is striking, standing at over 63,600 pounds per person in the UK capital, compared with just over 37,100 pounds in the rest of the country. To address the economic imbalance, successive UK governments have tried to implement "levelling-up policies", which aim to boost investment and productivity in neglected areas of the country. The success of these programs going forward may depend on their scale, as it will likely take high levels of investment to reverse economic neglect regions have faced in the recent past. Overall UK GDP The gross domestic product for the whole of the United Kingdom amounted to 2.56 trillion British pounds in 2024. During this year, GDP grew by 0.9 percent, following a growth rate of 0.4 percent in 2023. Due to the overall population of the UK growing faster than the economy, however, GDP per capita in the UK fell in both 2023 and 2024. Nevertheless, the UK remains one of the world’s biggest economies, with just five countries (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India) having larger economies. It is it likely that several other countries will overtake the UK economy in the coming years, with Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, and Mexico all expected to have larger economies than Britain by 2050.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Differences in health-related variables between participants with or without potential interactions.
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These statistics have been updated by the English indices of deprivation 2015.
This 2010 release updates the English indices of deprivation 2007.
The English indices of deprivation measure relative levels of deprivation in small areas of England called ‘lower layer super output areas’.
Most of the indicators used in these statistics are from 2008.
Key results from the report are:
We have also published guidance and a technical report to the English indices of deprivation 2010.