Of the most populous cities in the U.S., San Jose, California had the highest annual income requirement at ******* U.S. dollars annually for homeowners to have an affordable and comfortable life in 2024. This can be compared to Houston, Texas, where homeowners needed an annual income of ****** U.S. dollars in 2024.

Cost of living index for 578 cities - 2022

• Rank
• City
• Cost of living index
• Rent index
• Cost of living index plus rent index
• Groceries index
• Restaurant price index
• Local purchasing power index

There is more to housing affordability than the rent or mortgage you pay. Transportation costs are the second-biggest budget item for most families, but it can be difficult for people to fully factor transportation costs into decisions about where to live and work. The Location Affordability Index (LAI) is a user-friendly source of standardized data at the neighborhood (census tract) level on combined housing and transportation costs to help consumers, policymakers, and developers make more informed decisions about where to live, work, and invest. Compare eight household profiles (see table below) —which vary by household income, size, and number of commuters—and see the impact of the built environment on affordability in a given location while holding household demographics constant.*$11,880 for a single person household in 2016 according to US Dept. of Health and Human Services: https://aspe.hhs.gov/computations-2016-poverty-guidelinesThis layer is symbolized by the percentage of housing and transportation costs as a percentage of income for the Median-Income Family profile, but the costs as a percentage of income for all household profiles are listed in the pop-up:Also available is a gallery of 8 web maps (one for each household profile) all symbolized the same way for easy comparison: Median-Income Family, Very Low-Income Individual, Working Individual, Single Professional, Retired Couple, Single-Parent Family, Moderate-Income Family, and Dual-Professional Family.An accompanying story map provides side-by-side comparisons and additional context.--Variables used in HUD's calculations include 24 measures such as people per household, average number of rooms per housing unit, monthly housing costs (mortgage/rent as well as utility and maintenance expenses), average number of cars per household, median commute distance, vehicle miles traveled per year, percent of trips taken on transit, street connectivity and walkability (measured by block density), and many more.To learn more about the Location Affordability Index (v.3) visit: https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/location-affordability-index/. There you will find some background and an FAQ page, which includes the question:"Manhattan, San Francisco, and downtown Boston are some of the most expensive places to live in the country, yet the LAI shows them as affordable for the typical regional household. Why?" These areas have some of the lowest transportation costs in the country, which helps offset the high cost of housing. The area median income (AMI) in these regions is also high, so when costs are shown as a percent of income for the typical regional household these neighborhoods appear affordable; however, they are generally unaffordable to households earning less than the AMI.Date of Coverage: 2012-2016 Date Released: March 2019Date Downloaded from HUD Open Data: 4/18/19Further Documentation:LAI Version 3 Data and MethodologyLAI Version 3 Technical Documentation_**The documentation below is in reference to this items placement in the NM Supply Chain Data Hub. The documentation is of use to understanding the source of this item, and how to reproduce it for updates**

Title: Location Affordability Index - NMCDC Copy

Summary: This layer contains the Location Affordability Index from U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) - standardized household, housing, and transportation cost estimates by census tract for 8 household profiles.

Notes: This map is copied from source map: https://nmcdc.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=de341c1338c5447da400c4e8c51ae1f6, created by dianaclavery_uo, and identified in Living Atlas.

Prepared by: dianaclavery_uo, copied by EMcRae_NMCDC

Source: This map is copied from source map: https://nmcdc.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=de341c1338c5447da400c4e8c51ae1f6, created by dianaclavery_uo, and identified in Living Atlas. Check the source documentation or other details above for more information about data sources.

Feature Service: https://nmcdc.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=447a461f048845979f30a2478b9e65bb

UID: 73

Data Requested: Family income spent on basic need

Method of Acquisition: Search for Location Affordability Index in the Living Atlas. Make a copy of most recent map available. To update this map, copy the most recent map available. In a new tab, open the AGOL Assistant Portal tool and use the functions in the portal to copy the new maps JSON, and paste it over the old map (this map with item id

Date Acquired: Map copied on May 10, 2022

Priority rank as Identified in 2022 (scale of 1 being the highest priority, to 11 being the lowest priority): 6

Tags: PENDING

The average for 2021 based on 165 countries was 79.81 index points. The highest value was in Bermuda: 212.7 index points and the lowest value was in Syria: 33.25 index points. The indicator is available from 2017 to 2021. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

South Korea's capital Seoul had the highest cost of living among megacities in the Asia-Pacific region in 2024, with an index score of ****. Japan's capital Tokyo followed with a cost of living index score of ****. AffordabilityIn terms of housing affordability, Chinese megacity Shanghai had the highest rent index score in 2024. Affordability has become an issue in certain megacities across the Asia-Pacific region, with accommodation proving expensive. Next to Shanghai, Japanese capital Tokyo and South Korean capital Seoul boast some of the highest rent indices in the region. Increased opportunities in megacitiesAs the biggest region in the world, it is not surprising that the Asia-Pacific region is home to 28 megacities as of January 2024, with expectations that this number will dramatically increase by 2030. The growing number of megacities in the Asia-Pacific region can be attributed to raised levels of employment and living conditions. Cities such as Tokyo, Shanghai, and Beijing have become economic and industrial hubs. Subsequently, these cities have forged a reputation as being the in-trend places to live among the younger generations. This reputation has also pushed them to become enticing to tourists, with Tokyo displaying increased numbers of tourists throughout recent years, which in turn has created more job opportunities for inhabitants. As well as Tokyo, Shanghai has benefitted from the increased tourism, and has demonstrated an increasing population. A big factor in this population increase could be due to the migration of citizens to the city, seeking better employment possibilities.

In 2024, Singapore's cost of living index was at ****, compared to that of New York City as a base of 100. This meant that Singapore was about ** percent more affordable than New York City. With a local purchasing power index of ***, residents with an average salary in Singapore are able to afford more goods and services compared to the base city of New York City. In that year, Singapore had the highest cost of living index in Asia.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for St. Louis city, MO (MWACL29510) from 2009 to 2023 about St. Louis City, MO; St. Louis; adjusted; MO; average; wages; real; and USA.

Living Cost: Labour Force: Average per Month: NW: City of St Petersburg data was reported at 13,074.000 RUB in Dec 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 12,826.000 RUB for Sep 2020. Living Cost: Labour Force: Average per Month: NW: City of St Petersburg data is updated quarterly, averaging 6,800.000 RUB from Mar 2002 (Median) to Dec 2020, with 76 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13,074.000 RUB in Dec 2020 and a record low of 2,403.000 RUB in Mar 2002. Living Cost: Labour Force: Average per Month: NW: City of St Petersburg data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table RU.HF002: Living Cost: Labour Force.

Global Cost of Living Comparisons Market is segmented by Application (Expats_International Professionals_Students_Digital Nomads_Retirees), Type (City Cost of Living_Country Cost of Living_Expat Housing Costs_Rent and Utilities_Healthcare Expenses), and Geography (North America_ LATAM_ West Europe_Central & Eastern Europe_ Northern Europe_ Southern Europe_ East Asia_ Southeast Asia_ South Asia_ Central Asia_ Oceania_ MEA)

Living Cost: Average per Month: CF: City of Moscow data was reported at 17,740.000 RUB in Dec 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18,029.000 RUB for Sep 2020. Living Cost: Average per Month: CF: City of Moscow data is updated quarterly, averaging 9,158.000 RUB from Sep 2001 (Median) to Dec 2020, with 78 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18,029.000 RUB in Sep 2020 and a record low of 2,295.000 RUB in Sep 2001. Living Cost: Average per Month: CF: City of Moscow data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table RU.HF001: Living Cost.

Geneva stands out as Europe's most expensive city for apartment purchases in early 2025, with prices reaching a staggering 15,720 euros per square meter. This Swiss city's real estate market dwarfs even high-cost locations like Zurich and London, highlighting the extreme disparities in housing affordability across the continent. The stark contrast between Geneva and more affordable cities like Nantes, France, where the price was 3,700 euros per square meter, underscores the complex factors influencing urban property markets in Europe. Rental market dynamics and affordability challenges While purchase prices vary widely, rental markets across Europe also show significant differences. London maintained its position as the continent's priciest city for apartment rentals in 2023, with the average monthly costs for a rental apartment amounting to 36.1 euros per square meter. This figure is double the rent in Lisbon, Portugal or Madrid, Spain, and substantially higher than in other major capitals like Paris and Berlin. The disparity in rental costs reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the intricate balance of supply and demand in urban centers. Economic factors influencing housing costs The European housing market is influenced by various economic factors, including inflation and energy costs. As of April 2025, the European Union's inflation rate stood at 2.4 percent, with significant variations among member states. Romania experienced the highest inflation at 4.9 percent, while France and Cyprus maintained lower rates. These economic pressures, coupled with rising energy costs, contribute to the overall cost of living and housing affordability across Europe. The volatility in electricity prices, particularly in countries like Italy where rates are projected to reach 153.83 euros per megawatt hour by February 2025, further impacts housing-related expenses for both homeowners and renters.

Population with Income per Capita below Living Cost: % of Total: NW: City of St Petersburg data was reported at 3.500 % in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.400 % for 2023. Population with Income per Capita below Living Cost: % of Total: NW: City of St Petersburg data is updated yearly, averaging 9.250 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2024, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33.100 % in 1999 and a record low of 3.500 % in 2024. Population with Income per Capita below Living Cost: % of Total: NW: City of St Petersburg data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Demographic and Labour Market – Table RU.GA015: Population with Income per Capita below Living Cost.

Graph and download economic data for Estimated Mean Real Household Wages Adjusted by Cost of Living for Salt Lake County, UT (MWACL49035) from 2009 to 2023 about Salt Lake County, UT; Salt Lake City; UT; adjusted; average; wages; real; and USA.

Living Cost: Pensioners: Average per Month: SF: City of Sevastopol data was reported at 9,360.000 RUB in Dec 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 9,346.000 RUB for Sep 2020. Living Cost: Pensioners: Average per Month: SF: City of Sevastopol data is updated quarterly, averaging 8,253.000 RUB from Sep 2014 (Median) to Dec 2020, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9,514.000 RUB in Jun 2019 and a record low of 4,841.000 RUB in Sep 2014. Living Cost: Pensioners: Average per Month: SF: City of Sevastopol data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table RU.HF003: Living Cost: Pensioner.

The most expensive cities to live in were Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca as of April 2023. On average renting a studio apartment cost *** euros per month in both cities. It was followed by Brașov, Iași and Constanța, with Timișoara being the most affordable city to live in from the given list - *** euros for a one-room apartment.

Living Cost: Average per Month: FE: Sakhalin Region data was reported at 16,130.000 RUB in Dec 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16,408.000 RUB for Sep 2020. Living Cost: Average per Month: FE: Sakhalin Region data is updated quarterly, averaging 9,918.000 RUB from Mar 2002 (Median) to Dec 2020, with 76 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,408.000 RUB in Sep 2020 and a record low of 2,929.000 RUB in Mar 2002. Living Cost: Average per Month: FE: Sakhalin Region data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table RU.HF001: Living Cost.

Population with Income per Capita below Living Cost: % of Total: CF: City of Moscow data was reported at 4.100 % in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.500 % for 2023. Population with Income per Capita below Living Cost: % of Total: CF: City of Moscow data is updated yearly, averaging 10.150 % from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2024, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23.600 % in 2000 and a record low of 4.100 % in 2024. Population with Income per Capita below Living Cost: % of Total: CF: City of Moscow data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Demographic and Labour Market – Table RU.GA015: Population with Income per Capita below Living Cost.

Cost comparison table showing 2023 and 2024 median costs by location

Amsterdam is set to maintain its position as Europe's most expensive city for apartment rentals in 2025, with median costs reaching 2,500 euros per month for a furnished unit. This figure is double the rent in Prague and significantly higher than other major European capitals like Paris, Berlin, and Madrid. The stark difference in rental costs across European cities reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the complex interplay between supply and demand in urban centers. Factors driving rental costs across Europe The disparity in rental prices across European cities can be attributed to various factors. In countries like Switzerland, Germany, and Austria, a higher proportion of the population lives in rental housing. This trend contributes to increased demand and potentially higher living costs in these nations. Conversely, many Eastern and Southern European countries have homeownership rates exceeding 90 percent, which may help keep rental prices lower in those regions. Housing affordability and market dynamics The relationship between housing prices and rental rates varies significantly across Europe. As of 2024, countries like Turkey, Iceland, Portugal, and Hungary had the highest house price to rent ratio indices. This indicates a widening gap between property values and rental costs since 2015. The affordability of homeownership versus renting differs greatly among European nations, with some countries experiencing rapid increases in property values that outpace rental growth. These market dynamics influence rental costs and contribute to the diverse rental landscape observed across European cities.

This feature service contains data from the American Community Survey: 5-year Estimates Subject Tables for the greater Bozeman, MT area. The attributes come from the Financial Characteristics table (S2503). Processing Notes:Data was downloaded from the U.S. Census Bureau and imported into FME to create an AGOL Feature Service. Each attribute has been given an abbreviated alias name derived from the American Community Survey (ACS) categorical descriptions. The Data Dictionary below includes all given ACS attribute name aliases. For example: Rent_35kto50k_20to29pcnt is equal to the percentage of the population living in a renter-occupied household, with an annual household income of $35,000 to $50,000, spending between 20% to 29% of their income on housing costs in the past 12 months. Data DictionaryACS_EST_YR: American Community Survey 5-Year Estimate Subject Tables data yearGEO_ID: Census Bureau geographic identifierNAME: Specified geographyOwn: Percent of population living in an Owner-occupied householdRent: Percent of population living in a Renter-occupied householdAnnual Household Income20kto35k: Annual household income of $20,000 to $34,99935kto50k: Annual household income of $35,000 to $49,99950kto75k: Annual household income of $50,000 to $74,999Over75k: Annual household income of over $75,000Housing Cost BurdenUnder_20pcnt: Monthly housing costs under 20% of household income in the past 12 months20to29pcnt: Monthly housing costs of 20-29% of household income in the past 12 months30pcntOrMore: Monthly housing costs of over 30% of household income in the past 12 monthsDownload ACS Financial Characteristics data for the greater Bozeman, MT areaAdditional LinksU.S. Census BureauU.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS)About the American Community Survey