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Polygon feature class of London Borough Boundaries.Last updated:28/06/17;Mastermap Alignment:N/A
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TwitterA free mapping tool that allows you to create a thematic map of London without any specialist GIS skills or software - all you need is Microsoft Excel. Templates are available for London’s Boroughs and Wards. Full instructions are contained within the spreadsheets. Macros The tool works in any version of Excel. But the user MUST ENABLE MACROS, for the features to work. There a some restrictions on functionality in the ward maps in Excel 2003 and earlier - full instructions are included in the spreadsheet. To check whether the macros are enabled in Excel 2003 click Tools, Macro, Security and change the setting to Medium. Then you have to re-start Excel for the changes to take effect. When Excel starts up a prompt will ask if you want to enable macros - click yes. In Excel 2007 and later, it should be set by default to the correct setting, but if it has been changed, click on the Windows Office button in the top corner, then Excel options (at the bottom), Trust Centre, Trust Centre Settings, and make sure it is set to 'Disable all macros with notification'. Then when you open the spreadsheet, a prompt labelled 'Options' will appear at the top for you to enable macros. To create your own thematic borough maps in Excel using the ward map tool as a starting point, read these instructions. You will need to be a confident Excel user, and have access to your boundaries as a picture file from elsewhere. The mapping tools created here are all fully open access with no passwords. Copyright notice: If you publish these maps, a copyright notice must be included within the report saying: "Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database rights." NOTE: Excel 2003 users must 'ungroup' the map for it to work.
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A PDF map of the London boroughs as at December 2015. The map shows the London boroughs split into inner London and outer London. (File Size - 225 KB).
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TwitterA PDF map of the London boroughs as at December 2018. The map shows the London boroughs split into inner London and outer London. (File Size - 228 KB).
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TwitterOpen Government Licence 3.0http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
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The Zip folder contains a range of key GIS boundary files for ESRI and Map Info covering Greater London. The folder includes: - Output Area (OA) 2011, - Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) 2004 and 2011, - Middle Super Output Area (MSOA) 2004 and 2011, - London Wards (two files: City of London merged into single area and split into seperate wards). There is a separate download file for 2014 boundaries. - London Boroughs Note: The OA to MSOA boundaries have been generalised to reduce file size/loading time. On maps created using these boundaries the copyright must be stated. This is: "Contains National Statistics data © Crown copyright and database right [2015]" and "Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2015]" For more information about boundary data sharing read these Terms and Conditions of Supply.
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TwitterA free mapping tool that allows you to create a thematic map of London without any specialist GIS skills or software - all you need is Microsoft Excel. Templates are available for London’s Boroughs and Wards. Full instructions are contained within the spreadsheets. Macros The tool works in any version of Excel. But the user MUST ENABLE MACROS, for the features to work. There a some restrictions on functionality in the ward maps in Excel 2003 and earlier - full instructions are included in the spreadsheet. To check whether the macros are enabled in Excel 2003 click Tools, Macro, Security and change the setting to Medium. Then you have to re-start Excel for the changes to take effect. When Excel starts up a prompt will ask if you want to enable macros - click yes. In Excel 2007 and later, it should be set by default to the correct setting, but if it has been changed, click on the Windows Office button in the top corner, then Excel options (at the bottom), Trust Centre, Trust Centre Settings, and make sure it is set to 'Disable all macros with notification'. Then when you open the spreadsheet, a prompt labelled 'Options' will appear at the top for you to enable macros. To create your own thematic borough maps in Excel using the ward map tool as a starting point, read these instructions. You will need to be a confident Excel user, and have access to your boundaries as a picture file from elsewhere. The mapping tools created here are all fully open access with no passwords. Copyright notice: If you publish these maps, a copyright notice must be included within the report saying: "Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database rights." NOTE: Excel 2003 users must 'ungroup' the map for it to work.
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TwitterLondon Heat Map The London Heatmap is a map-based web application you can use to find and appraise opportunities for decentralised energy (DE) projects in London. The map covers the whole of Greater London, and provides very local information to help you identify and develop DE opportunities, including data such as: Locations of existing and proposed district heating networks Locations of potential heat supply sites The London Heat Map is used by a wide variety of people in numerous ways: London Boroughs can use the new map to help develop their energy master plans. Property developers can use the map to help them meet the decentralised energy policies in the London Plan. Energy consultants can use the map to gather initial data to inform feasibility studies. More information is available here, and an interactive map is available here. The Decentralised Energy Master planning programme (DEMaP) The Decentralised Energy Master planning programme (DEMaP), was completed in October 2010. It included a heat mapping support package for the London boroughs to enable them to carry out high resolution heat mapping for their area. To date, heat maps have been produced for 29 London boroughs with the remaining four boroughs carrying out their own data collection. All of the data collected through this process is provided below. Carbon Calculator Tool Arup have produced a Carbon Calculator Tool to assist projects in their early estimation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) savings which could be realised by a district heating scheme with different sources of heating. The calculator's estimates include the impact of a decarbonising the electrical grid over time, based on projections by the Department for Energy and Climate Change, as well as the Government's Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). The Excel-based tool can be downloaded below. Borough Heat Maps Data and Reports (2012) In March 2012, all London boroughs did a heat mapping exercise. The data from this includes the following and can be downloaded below: Heat Load for all boroughs Heat Supplies for all boroughs Heat Network LDD 2010 database Complete GIS London Heat Map Data The heat maps contain real heat consumption data for priority buildings such as hospitals, leisure centres and local authority buildings. As part of this work, each of the boroughs developed implementation plans to help them take the DE opportunities identified to the next stages. The implementation plans include barriers and opportunities, actions to be taken by the council, key dates, personnel responsible. These can be downloaded below. London Heat Network Manual London Heat Network Manual II
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TwitterLondon Heat Map The London Heat Map is a tool designed to help you identify areas of high heat demand, explore opportunities for new and expanding district heat networks and to draw potential heat networks and assess their financial feasibility. The new version of the London Heat Map was created for the Greater London Authority by the Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) in July 2019. The London Heat Map is regularly updated with new network data and other datasets. Background datasets such as building heat demand was last updated on 26/06/2023. The London Heatmap is a map-based web application you can use to find and appraise opportunities for decentralised energy (DE) projects in London. The map covers the whole of Greater London, and provides very local information to help you identify and develop DE opportunities, including data such as: Heat demand values for each building Locations of potential heat supply sites Locations of existing and proposed district heating networks A spatial heat demand density map layer The map also includes a user-friendly visual tool for heat network design. This is intended to support preliminary techno-economic appraisal of potential district heat networks. The London Heat Map is used by a wide variety of people in numerous ways: London Boroughs can use the new map to help develop their energy master plans. Property developers can use the map to help them meet the decentralised energy policies in the London Plan. Energy consultants can use the map to gather initial data to inform feasibility studies. More information is available here, and an interactive map is available here. Building-level estimated annual and peak heat demand data from the London Heat Map has been made available through the data extracts below. The data was last updated on 26/06/2023. The data contains Ordnance Survey mapping and the data is published under Ordnance Survey's 'presumption to publish'. © Crown copyright and database rights 2023. The Decentralised Energy Master planning programme (DEMaP) The Decentralised Energy Master planning programme (DEMaP), was completed in October 2010. It included a heat mapping support package for the London boroughs to enable them to carry out high resolution heat mapping for their area. To date, heat maps have been produced for 29 London boroughs with the remaining four boroughs carrying out their own data collection. All of the data collected through this process is provided below. Carbon Calculator Tool Arup have produced a Carbon Calculator Tool to assist projects in their early estimation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) savings which could be realised by a district heating scheme with different sources of heating. The calculator's estimates include the impact of a decarbonising the electrical grid over time, based on projections by the Department for Energy and Climate Change, as well as the Government's Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). The Excel-based tool can be downloaded below. Borough Heat Maps Data and Reports (2012) In March 2012, all London boroughs did a heat mapping exercise. The data from this includes the following and can be downloaded below: Heat Load for all boroughs Heat Supplies for all boroughs Heat Network LDD 2010 database Complete GIS London Heat Map Data The heat maps contain real heat consumption data for priority buildings such as hospitals, leisure centres and local authority buildings. As part of this work, each of the boroughs developed implementation plans to help them take the DE opportunities identified to the next stages. The implementation plans include barriers and opportunities, actions to be taken by the council, key dates, personnel responsible. These can be downloaded below. Other Useful Documents Other useful documents can be downloaded from the links below: Energy Masterplanning Manual Opportunities for Decentralised Energy in London - Vision Map London Heat Network Manual London Heat Network Manual II
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The London Schools Atlas is an innovative interactive online map of London providing a uniquely detailed and comprehensive picture of London schools, current patterns of attendance and potential future demand for school places across the capital. The Atlas is part of the Mayor's programme of initiatives aimed at driving up standards in education and ensuring there are enough good places for all children in the city. Covering primary and secondary provision, including academies and free schools, the London Schools Atlas for the first time uses data to illustrate current patterns of demand for school places at a pan-London level, rather than within boroughs alone. You can use the atlas at the link below: London Schools Atlas - homepage Download the Data: The files below contain the home location to school matrices used to create the catchment elements of the maps. Please ensure you read the notes page in each file before using the data. School location/attribute information has been sourced from the Edubase database. In addition to the datasets below, the following data sources that are used in the Atlas are also available in the London Datastore: Pan-London School Place Demand data DCLG Indices of Deprivation 2015 London Output Area Classification LOAC 2014 London Schools Atlas datasets can be downloaded from here (format: .zip, size: 5.41MB) 2015 London Schools Atlas datasets can be downloaded from here (format: .zip, size: 7.8 MB)
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The V1 ('flying bomb' or 'doodlebug') and V2 (a ballistic missile) were two new weapons developed by Nazi Germany. In 1944 and 1945 thousands were fired at London. They killed thousands of people and injured many more.
This dataset includes all impact sites for V1s and V2s within the London County Council boundary. These were manually compiled from bomb maps published in 'The London County Council Bomb Damage Maps 1939-1945' by Laurence Ward (Thames and Hudson, 2015). The original LCC Bomb Damage maps are held at the London Archives.
**Please note that this is not a comprehensive dataset of all V1s and V2s. Only those within the London County Council boundary are included.**
| File | Explanation |
| bomb_map.kml | Map layer downloaded from Google Maps in
Keyhole Markup Language (KML) format
|
| data-conversion.R | Script used to convert the KML file to tables of impacts. |
| V1-impacts.csv | Locations of V1 impact sites with page number (in Ward 2015), longitude, latitude, easting, northing. |
| V2-impacts.csv | Locations of V2 impact sites with page number (in Ward 2015), longitude, latitude, easting, northing. |
We previously analysed this dataset in 'The flying bomb and the actuary', Significance (2019). doi: 10.1111/j.1740-9713.2019.01315.x
The impact sites can also be viewed as a layer on Google Maps. Data is separated into two layers: V1 sites and V2 sites. Each point represents an impact site, with the closest street name (to help with possible cross-reference) and page number in the LCC Bomb Damage Maps: https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1VwyxV_e_LAwzbyJPCAF-C7aCRVNA5W7N&ll=51.509018493447314%2C-0.05324588962980492&z=14
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TwitterThis dataset includes the locations and species information for over 1,100,000 of London's public realm trees. It also includes additional information such as size and age for some of these trees. These are predominantly street trees and trees in parks and open spaces, but the dataset also includes some trees found in school grounds and on publicly maintained housing land. The data does not represent the entirety of the capital's urban forest - the London iTree report estimated that there are over eight million trees in London, which includes trees in woodlands, parks, streets, private gardens and more. The data includes tree inventory data from 30 of London's 32 boroughs, the City of London, Transport for London, the Royal Parks, the London Legacy Development Corporation (which manages Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park) and Quintain (which manages Wembley Park). As recognised in the London Urban Forest Plan (LUFP), collating data about London's urban forest is challenging due to the number of landowners and managers involved, as well as the limited resources available. Both the original LUFP and the associated 2025 update committed to undertaking regular updates to this map, and also, over time, to collating a London-wide inventory of publicly owned and managed trees, in line with emerging national standards. The data is used on the London Public Realm Tree Map. Notes on the data: This map was first published in 2016, based on data collected in 2014-15. A first update was issued in 2021, based on data collected in 2019-20. The latest update was released in May 2025, based on data collected in 2024-25. Where boroughs did not provide updated data in 2024-25, the 2019-20 data has been retained (e.g. Bromley). The data supplied for this map is a direct extract from London’s public realm tree managers’ individual tree inventories at that time. Trees may have been surveyed some time before it came to be shared for this map, therefore some records may be several years old. The map includes data from 30 of the London boroughs, the City of London and Transport for London (TfL), the Royal Parks, the London Legacy Development Corporation (which manages Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park) and Quintain (which manages Wembley Park). Data has not been received to date from three boroughs. We aim to add any additional data received to the Datastore and online map. Some large gaps on the map are due to large green spaces such as woodlands, reservoirs, or airports, as well as those boroughs where data is missing. The data received varies significantly by borough. Some boroughs have only included trees on highways, whilst others have included trees on housing land, in schools or in parks. In some cases trees were recorded only when work was carried out. There is not a consistent or agreed format for collecting or recording tree data across London. This presents a challenge in collating data across multiple boroughs. Many boroughs collect a range of information about their trees (e.g. age, height). However this varied by borough in terms of the information collected and categorisations used so we were not able to standardise this information. Tree species data has been standardised to allow for simplified common name to be used as filters display on the tree webmap (e. g. “Pear”). These are the common names for the 24 types of tree appearing most frequently in the data (which encompass 90% of all trees), with the remaining trees categorised as “Other”. We have also left the species name as provided by the borough in the data. The ‘tree ID’ number has been added to the data to help map it. This number is not linked to borough’s tree management systems. Warning: Large file size may result in a long download time
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The London Borough Profiles help paint a general picture of an area by presenting a range of headline indicator data in both spreadsheet and map form to help show statistics covering demographic, economic, social and environmental datasets for each borough, alongside relevant comparator areas. The London Borough Atlas does the same but provides further detailed breakdowns and time-series data for each borough. The full datasets and more information for each of the indicators are usually available on the London Datastore. A link to each of the datasets is contained in the spreadsheet and map. London Borough Profiles On opening the Microsoft Excel version, a simple drop down box allows you to choose which borough profile you are interested in. Selecting this will display data for that borough, plus either Inner or Outer London, London and a national comparator (usually England where data is available). To see the full set of data for all 33 local authorities in London plus the comparator areas in Excel, click the 'Data' worksheet. A chart and a map are also available to help visualise the data for all boroughs (macros must be enabled for the Excel map to function). The data is set out across 11 themes covering most of the key indicators relating to demographic, economic, social and environmental data. Sources are provided in the spreadsheet. Notes about the indicator are provided in comment boxes attached to the indicator names. For a geographical and bar chart representation of the profile data, choose the InstantAtlas version. Choose indicators from the left hand side. Click on the comparators to make them appear on the chart and map. Sources, links to data, and notes are all contained in the box in the bottom right hand corner. These profiles include data relating to: Population, Households (census), Demographics, Migrant population, Ethnicity, Language, Employment, NEET, DWP Benefits (client group), Housing Benefit, Qualifications, Earnings, Volunteering, Jobs density, Business Survival, Crime, Fires, House prices, New homes, Tenure, Greenspace, Recycling, Carbon Emissions, Cars, Public Transport Accessibility (PTAL), Indices of Multiple Deprivation, GCSE results, Children looked after, Children in out-of-work families, Life Expectancy, Teenage conceptions, Happiness levels, Political control, and Election turnout. London Borough Atlas To access even more data at local authority level, use the London Borough Atlas. It contains data about the same topics as the profiles but provides further detailed breakdowns and time-series data for each borough. There is also an InstantAtlas version available. The London boroughs are: City of London, Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston upon Thames, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Newham, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Southwark, Sutton, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Wandsworth, Westminster. You may also find our small area profiles useful - Ward, LSOA, and MSOA.
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This spatial dataset is an output of the Natural England County & City Natural Capital Atlas project (July 2020). It shows variation in ecosystem service flow for habitats across England, based on indicators identified by NE in the 2018 Natural Capital Indicators project. The dataset comprises a hexagonal grid which summarises indicator values across the country (each unit = 5km²).
Natural Capital is an important aspect of current environmental policy and management. This dataset, in combination with the other project outputs, will support understanding of Natural Capital in England and serve as a valuable engagement tool to communicate concepts of the Natural Capital approach to a wide variety of stakeholders.
For full methodology and user guide see documents ‘NCAtlas_Devon’ and ‘NC-Mapping-User-Guidance’ at http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6672365834731520.
For full metadata documentation see the data package download below.
Copyright statement: LCM2015 © NERC (CEH) 2011. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright 2007. © Defra. Contains Defra information © Defra - Project MB0102. © Environment Agency. © Forestry Commission. © Historic England [year]. © Joint Nature Conservation Committee. © Natural England copyright. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [year]. Contains data supplied by © NERC - Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. © Natural England copyright. Natural England Licence No. 2011/052 British Geological Survey © NERC, all rights reserved, © NSRI Cranfield University. Contains National Statistics data © Crown copyright and database right [year]. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [year]. Contains Rural Payments Agency. © Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council. © Bath & North East Somerset Council. © Bedford Borough Council. © London Borough of Bexley. © Birmingham City Council. © Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council. © Blackpool Council. © Bolton Council. © BCP Council. © Bracknell Forest Council. © City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council. © Brighton & Hove City Council. © Bristol City Council. © London Borough of Bromley. © Buckinghamshire County Council. © Bury Council. © Calderdale Council. © Cambridgeshire County Council. © Central Bedfordshire Council. © Cheshire East Council. © Cheshire West and Chester Council. © Cornwall Council. © Cumbria County Council. © Derbyshire County Council. © Devon County Council. © Doncaster Council. © Dorset Council. © Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council. © Durham County Council. © East Riding of Yorkshire Council. © East Sussex County Council. © Essex County Council. © Gateshead Council. © Gloucestershire County Council. © Hampshire County Council. © Herefordshire Council. © Hertfordshire County Council. © Hull City Council. © Isle of Anglesey County Council. © Isle of Wight Council. © Kent County Council. © Kirklees Council. © Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council. © Lake District National Park. © Lancashire County Council. © Leicester City Council. © Leicestershire County Council. © Lincolnshire County Council. © Manchester City Council. © Medway Council. © Norfolk County Council. © North Lincolnshire Council. © North Somerset Council. © North Yorkshire County Council. © Northamptonshire County Council. © Northumberland County Council. © Nottingham City Council. © Nottinghamshire County Council. © Oldham Council. © Oxfordshire County Council. © Peterborough City Council. © Plymouth City Council. © Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council. © Portsmouth City Council. © Reading Borough Council. © Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council. © Rochdale Borough Council. © Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council. © Rutland County Council. © Salford City Council. © Sefton Council. © Sheffield City Council. © Shropshire Council. © Slough Borough Council. © Somerset County Council. © South Gloucestershire Council. © Southampton City Council. © St Helens Council. © Staffordshire County Council. © Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. © Stockton Council. © Suffolk County Council. © Surrey County Council. © Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council. © Thurrock Council. © Torbay Council. © Trafford Council. © Wakefield Council. © Walsall Council. © Warrington Borough Council. © Warwickshire County Council. © West Berkshire Council. © West Sussex County Council. © Wigan Council. © Wiltshire Council. © Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council. © Wirral Council. © Wokingham Borough Council. © Worcestershire County Council. © City of York Council.
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TwitterUne carte PDF des arrondissements de Londres en décembre 2015. La carte montre les arrondissements de Londres divisés en l’intérieur de Londres et en dehors de Londres. (Taille du fichier — 225 KB).
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London Borough Council Elections - 6 May 2010 With the aim of making the democratic process as transparent as possible to the London electorate, this report includes a great deal of detail on every aspect of the 2010 London Borough council general elections. No other single volume presents the full results and election statistics from the 32 London boroughs enabling the reader to analyse and compare the results across London in one place. The report presents data for every candidate in every ward (excluding the City of London which operates on a different electoral model). Summaries are provided in the form of maps and tables, and to make comparisons easier, they mostly match those included in the 2006 report with a few useful additions. Results of all council by-elections between the general elections in 2006 and 2010, as well as details of the elections in the three boroughs that directly elect a mayor, are also presented here. This is the latest report in a long series of council election reports dating back to 1964. Find other election reports at http://data.london.gov.uk/elections/ REPORT: The report is available in PDF format. Hard copies are available from the Intelligence Unit for £20. Please contact intelligence@london.gov.uk or tel 020 7983 4922 (credit card or cheque accepted). DATA: All the data contained within the 'London Borough Council Elections 2010' report can be accessed in this spreadsheet. This contains results for each candidate standing in all 624 wards in the London boroughs (excluding the City of London which operates on a different electoral model). Also available in the following spreadsheets: ● Full results for every ward and every candidate from 2006 and 2010 ● A summary of the number of seats won by each party by borough including political control. ● Ward and borough turnout data. MOTION CHART: This motion chart shows the relationship, between share of votes and seats won by the major parties in elections since 1964 at borough level (requires Adobe Flash Player). MAP: ) These interactive ward maps help to geographically present election results from 2006 and 2010 and display results for each candidate (requires Adobe Flash Player). Data for the elections in the three boroughs that directly elect a mayor (Newham, Lewisham and Hackney) are not included in the map but are included in the Excel spreadsheet of results.
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This website provides interactive mapping of outstanding residential mortgage lending by postcode sector across Great Britain, as published by individual banks, via the Council of Mortgage Lenders. This first iteration of the website - published in January 2014 - uses the most recent bank lending data, which covers the period up to the end of June 2013. I hope to update the website with future data releases, if I have the time. The map is coloured so that there are roughly the same number of areas in each category displayed in the key to the right. It's important to remember that this data release covers only seven major lenders and about three quarters of the mortgage market - it is not the full story but it does give us interesting insights that were previously not possible. The release did not include mortgage lending data for Northern Ireland, so that's why it's not included here. I've included a large interactive map on the home page and if you click below that you can see a full screen map. I've also added in some tabs which show postcode sectors in and around London, Glasgow, Manchester and Cardiff but if you want to find somewhere else you can easily pan and zoom to it via the big map.
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TwitterEine PDF-Karte der Londoner Stadtteile per Dezember 2015. Die Karte zeigt die Londoner Stadtteile, die in das innere London und das äußere London aufgeteilt sind. (Dateigröße – 225 KB).
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TwitterOpen Government Licence 3.0http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
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Electoral Wards/Divisions are the key building blocks of UK administrative geography. They are the spatial units used to elect local government councillors in metropolitan and non-metropolitan districts, unitary authorities and the London boroughs in England; unitary authorities in Wales; council areas in Scotland; and district council areas in Northern Ireland.
The Wards and Electoral Divisions list contains 9,481 areas of the following constituent geographies:
Please visit ONS Beginner's Guide to UK Geography for more info.
The boundaries are available as either extent of the realm (usually this is the Mean Low Water mark but in some cases boundaries extend beyond this to include off shore islands) or
clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark).
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TwitterOpportunity areas or zones mapped as part of the Authority’s Local Development Framework
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TwitterMapa PDF dzielnic Londynu według stanu na grudzień 2015 r. Mapa pokazuje dzielnice Londynu podzielone na wewnętrzny Londyn i zewnętrzny Londyn. (Rozmiar pliku – 225 KB).
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Polygon feature class of London Borough Boundaries.Last updated:28/06/17;Mastermap Alignment:N/A