The annual number of rain days in the UK has fluctuated over the past three decades. In 2024, there were *** days in which * mm or more of rain fell. The year with the greatest number of rain days was 2000 when ***** days had at least * mm of rain. England is the driest country in the UK England is on average the driest country in the United Kingdom. In 2024, the country recorded an annual rainfall of **** mm. After England, Northern Ireland is the country that receives the least amount of rainfall across the UK. Wettest regions in Britain Despite Cardiff being the wettest city in the United Kingdom according to the Met Office, Scotland had received on average the largest volume of annual rainfall in the past 10 years. The northern and western regions of the UK – where rainfall is arriving from the Atlantic – tend to be the wettest in the country.

In March 2023, there were***** rain days in England. This was the greatest number of rain days recorded in a month during the period in consideration. For comparison, in March 2025, there were just *** rain days. February 2020 was also an especially wet month in the United Kingdom, with an average rainfall of ***** millimeters. The month with the fewest number of rain days during this period was May 2020, with just *** rain days.

There were around 15 rainy days in the United Kingdom in July 2024. A rainday is when one millimeter or more of rain occurs in a day. The highest number of rain days was recorded in December 2015, at 22.2 The fourth quarter was the wettestThe wettest periods of the year tend to be the start and the end. In 2023, the fourth quarter was the wettest, with an average of 419 mm of rainfall. October and December of that year recorded the highest monthly rainfall levels at 177 and 189 mm, respectively. Regional weatherDue to the United Kingdom’s geographical location and landscape, weather conditions can vary greatly. Scotland is, on average, the wettest country. Most rainfall is concentrated in the Scottish Highlands, as precipitation often occurs in mountainous regions. As rainfall comes in from the Atlantic, the northern and western parts of the UK are most susceptible to precipitation. This explains why England is the driest of all the regions, as rain deposits reduce as they move east.

Context

The dataset featured below was created by reconciling measurements from requests of individual weather attributes provided by the European Climate Assessment (ECA). The measurements of this particular dataset were recorded by a weather station near Heathrow airport in London, UK.

-> This weather dataset is a great addition to this London Energy Dataset. You can join both datasets on the 'date' attribute, after some preprocessing, and perform some interesting data analytics regarding how energy consumption was impacted by the weather in London.

Content

The size for the file featured within this Kaggle dataset is shown below — along with a list of attributes and their description summaries: - london_weather.csv - 15341 observations x 10 attributes

1. date - recorded date of measurement - (int)
2. cloud_cover - cloud cover measurement in oktas - (float)
3. sunshine - sunshine measurement in hours (hrs) - (float)
4. global_radiation - irradiance measurement in Watt per square meter (W/m2) - (float)
5. max_temp - maximum temperature recorded in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
6. mean_temp - mean temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
7. min_temp - minimum temperature recorded in degrees Celsius (°C) - (float)
8. precipitation - precipitation measurement in millimeters (mm) - (float)
9. pressure - pressure measurement in Pascals (Pa) - (float)
10. snow_depth - snow depth measurement in centimeters (cm) - (float)

Source

Weather Data - https://www.ecad.eu/dailydata/index.php

The wettest months in the United Kingdom tend to be at the start and end of the year. In the period of consideration, the greatest measurement of rainfall was nearly 217 millimeters, recorded in December 2015. The lowest level of rainfall was recorded in April 2021, at 20.6 millimeters. Rainy days The British Isles are known for their wet weather, and in 2024 there were approximately 164 rain days in the United Kingdom. A rainday is when more than one millimeter of rain falls within a day. Over the past 30 years, the greatest number of rain days was recorded in the year 2000. In that year, the average annual rainfall in the UK amounted to 1,242.1 millimeters. Climate change According to the Met Office, climate change in the United Kingdom has resulted in the weather getting warmer and wetter. In 2022, the annual average temperature in the country reached a new record high, surpassing 10 degrees Celsius for the first time. This represented an increase of nearly two degrees Celsius when compared to the annual average temperature recorded in 1910. In a recent survey conducted amongst UK residents, almost 80 percent of respondents had concerns about climate change.

Context

The idea is to have a very simple time series dataset to be used for experiments with easy but effective visualizations on actual data. It is amazing how much a single graph can comunicate syntehetically a lot of information.

Content

The dataset was downloaded from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), the data is in the public domain and can be used freely. If interested in generating a similar dataset from another station you can start from the Search Tool select Daily Summaries, the time range of interest, search for Cities and in the Search Term put the city you're looking for. When selected you need to add to Cart like an order but there is no charge for ordering data from Climate Data Online as explained in their FAQs.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to National Centers for Environmental Information for collecting and making available for free meteorological data from many stations all over the world. In case using the same dataset or generating a new one from NCEI you need to cite the origin.

Inspiration

Mostly to see how many different effective visualizations can be generated from a very simple dataset.

The United Kingdom experienced an average of ******* millimeters of rainfall in 2024, a decrease of *** percent in comparison to the previous year. While 2024 saw substantial rainfall, it did not surpass the thus-far peak of the century, with ***** millimeters of rain recorded in 2000. Regional variations and seasonal patterns Rainfall distribution across the UK is far from uniform, with Scotland and Wales consistently receiving the highest annual precipitation. In 2024, they recorded an average of ******* millimeters and ******* millimeters, respectively, significantly above the UK’s average. This disparity is largely due to both countries’ mountainous terrain, which is more susceptible to Atlantic weather systems. Seasonally, the wettest months in the UK typically occur in the winter, with the highest precipitation levels seen between November and February. Climate change impact on UK weather Climate change is influencing UK weather patterns, leading to warmer and wetter conditions overall. While annual rainfall fluctuates, there is a trend towards more extreme weather events. For example, 2020 and 2022 saw rain deviations from the long-term mean in the UK of more than 100 millimeters in February. As weather patterns continue to evolve, monitoring rainfall trends remains crucial for understanding and adapting to a changing climate.

Description

Context

This dataset provides a complete, day-by-day record of the weather at London Heathrow Airport (LHR) for the entire year of 2023. As one of the world's busiest travel hubs, LHR's weather data is a valuable resource for time-series analysis, feature engineering, and predictive modeling.

This dataset is clean, ready-to-use, and ideal for anyone looking to analyze seasonal patterns, weather trends, or (as in the original project) predict the best time to schedule a holiday.

Content

The dataset contains a single CSV file (export.csv) with 365 rows, one for each day from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023. The data is sourced directly from the Meteostat historical API for the London Heathrow station (ID: 03772).

Column Descriptions:

• date: The date of the observation.
• tavg: The average air temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
• tmin: The minimum air temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
• tmax: The maximum air temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
• prcp: The total precipitation in millimeters (mm).
• snow: The snow depth in millimeters (mm).
• wdir: The average wind direction in degrees (°). (Note: This column is empty in the 2023 data).
• wspd: The average wind speed in kilometers per hour (km/h).
• wpgt: The peak wind gust in kilometers per hour (km/h).
• pres: The average sea-level air pressure in hectopascals (hPa).
• tsun: The total sunshine duration in minutes (min).

Source

This data was collected from Meteostat, an open-access platform for historical weather and climate data.

• Station: London Heathrow (LHR), Station ID 03772
• Data URL: https://meteostat.net/en/station/03772?t=2023-01-01/2023-12-31

Areal rainfall is calculated at a daily timestep for 5 areal units which cover London using the Soil Moisture Model developed and run by the Environment Agency.

For each areal unit, the areal rainfall and soil moisture deficits (SMDs) are calculated.

• Areal rainfall – This is calculated using rainfall data collected at one or more rain gauges situated within each areal unit. This is then averaged and weighted across each areal unit.
• Soil moisture deficits (SMDs) are calculated using the areal rainfall data and the potential evaporation (PE) estimated for each unit.Realistically, the SMD would vary slightly during the day given showers/thunderstorms etc and the PE would also vary with the time of day and temperature.This sort of detail is not available and unnecessary for most water resources studies, so the SMD is referred to as the day end value.

All areal rainfall and SMD data provided by the Environment Agency use the best available data at the time of running the soil moisture model and is subject to periodic updates and verification.

For SMD, best practice is to refer to end-of-month values and compare with long term average end-of-month values (1961-90).

Between 2001 and 2024, the average rainfall in the United Kingdom varied greatly. In 2010, rainfall dropped to a low of 1,020 millimeters, which was a noticeable decrease when compared to the previous year. However, the following year, rainfall increased significantly to a peak of 1,889 millimeters. During the period in consideration, rainfall rarely rose above 1,500 millimeters. In 2024, the annual average rainfall in the UK surpassed 1,386 millimeters. Monthly rainfall On average, rainfall is most common at the start and end of the year. Between 2014 and 2024, monthly rainfall peaked in December 2015 at approximately 217 millimeters. This was the first of only two times during this period that the average monthly rainfall rose above 200 millimeters. This was a deviation from December’s long-term mean of some 134 millimeters. Rainfall highest in Scotland In the United Kingdom, rain is often concentrated around mountainous regions such as the Scottish Highlands, so it is no surprise to see that – on average – it is Scotland that receives the most rainfall annually. However, in 2024, Wales received the highest rainfall amounting to approximately 1,600 millimeters. Geographically, it is the north and west of the United Kingdom that receives the lion's share of rain, as it is more susceptible to rainfall coming in from the Atlantic.

The amount of monthly hours of sunshine in England follows a similar pattern each year, with the longest durations occurring in Spring and Summer. During the period in consideration, the highest amount of monthly sunshine hours was recorded in May 2020, at over *** hours. This was more hours of sunlight than the UK average. Overcast and rainyIn addition to low periods of sunshine, England is also susceptible to precipitation. Between 2015 and 2023, the greatest number of days in which more than 1mm of rain fell was **** days in March of the latter year. The driest month was May 2020, with just *** rain days. Europe’s gloomiest and sunniest citiesThe United Kingdom has some of Europe's cloudiest cities, such as Glasgow, London and Manchester. On the other hand, most of Europe’s sunniest cities are located in Spain, with Alicante taking the lead at *** hours of monthly average sunshine.

Context

Simple time series data for weather prediction time series projects.

Content

The data contains the following information from the UK Met Office location at London Heathrow Airport. The data runs from Jan 1948 to Oct 2020 and includes the following monthly data fields:

• yyyy = Year
• mm = Month
• tmax = Maximum temperature (Celsius)
• tmin = Minimum temperature (Celsius)
• af = Count of Air Frost days in the given month
• rain = Total rainfall (mm)
• sun = Sunshine duration (hrs)

Acknowledgements

Provided by the UK Met Office: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data Available under Open Government Licence: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

Example code

The following Python code will load into a Pandas DataFrame:

colspecs = [(3, 7), (9,11),(14,18),(22,26),(32,34),(37,42),(45,50)] data = pd.read_fwf('../input/heathrow-weather-data/heathrowdata.txt',colspecs=colspecs)

The following will remove the first few lines of text

data = data[3:].reset_index(drop=True) data.columns = data.iloc[1] data = data[3:].reset_index(drop=True)

These geospatial data sets were produced as part of a regional precipitation frequency analysis for Oklahoma. The data sets consist of surface grids of precipitation depths for seven frequencies (expressed as recurrence intervals of 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-years) and 12 durations (15-, 30-, and 60-minutes; 1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hours; and 1-, 3-, and 7-days). Eighty-four depth-duration-frequency surfaces were produced from precipitation-station data. Precipitation-station data from which the surfaces were interpolated and contour lines derived from each surface also are included. Contour intervals vary from 0.05 to 0.5 inch.

Data were used from precipitation gage stations with at least 10 years of record within Oklahoma and a zone extending about 50 kilometers into bordering states. Three different rain gage networks provided the data (15-minute, 1-hour, and 1-day). Precipitation annual maxima (depths) were determined from the station data for each duration for 110 15-minute, 141 hourly, and 413 daily stations. Statistical methods were used to estimate precipitation depths for each duration-frequency at each station. These station depth-duration-frequency estimates were interpolated to produce continuous grids with grid-cell spacing of 2,000 meters. Contour lines derived from these surfaces (grids) were used to produce the maps in the "Depth-Duration Frequency of Precipitation for Oklahoma," by R.L. Tortorelli, Alan Rea, and W.H. Asquith, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4232. The geospatial data sets are presented in digital form for use with geographic information systems. These geospatial data sets may be used to determine an interpolated value of depth-duration-frequency of precipitation for any point in Oklahoma.

[Summary provided by USGS.]

England's highest monthly mean air temperatures are typically recorded in July and August of each year. Since 2015, the warmest mean temperature was measured in July 2018 at 18.8 degrees Celsius. On the other hand, February of that same year registered the coolest temperature, at 2.6 degrees Celsius. In September 2025, the mean air temperature was 13.8 degrees Celsius, matching the figure recorded the same month the previous year. The English weather England is the warmest region in the United Kingdom and the driest. In 2024, the average annual temperature in England amounted to 10.73 degrees Celsius – around 1.1 degrees above the national mean. That same year, precipitation in England stood at about 1,020 millimeters. By contrast, Scotland – the wettest region in the UK – recorded over 1,500 millimeters of rainfall in 2024. Temperatures on the rise Throughout the last decades, the average temperature in the United Kingdom has seen an upward trend, reaching a record high in 2022. Global temperatures have experienced a similar pattern over the same period. This gradual increase in the Earth's average temperature is primarily due to various human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which lead to the emission of greenhouse gases. This phenomenon has severe consequences, including more frequent and intense weather events, rising sea levels, and adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Large amounts of rain fell on southern Maine from the afternoon of April 15, 2007, to the afternoon of April 16, 2007, causing substantial damage to houses, roads, and culverts. This report provides an estimate of the peak flows on two rivers in southern Maine - the Mousam River and the Little Ossipee River because of their severe flooding. The April 2007 estimated peak flow of 9,230 ft per second at the Mousam River near West Kennebunk had a recurrence interval between 100 and 500 years; 95-percent confidence limits for this flow ranged from 25 years to greater than 500 years. The April 2007 estimated peak flow of 8,220 ft per second at the Little Ossipee River near South Limington had a recurrence interval between 100 and 500 years; 95-percent confidence limits for this flow ranged from 50 years to greater than 500 years.

[Summary provided by the USGS.]

The highest average temperature recorded in 2024 until November was in August, at 16.8 degrees Celsius. Since 2015, the highest average daily temperature in the UK was registered in July 2018, at 18.7 degrees Celsius. The summer of 2018 was the joint hottest since institutions began recording temperatures in 1910. One noticeable anomaly during this period was in December 2015, when the average daily temperature reached 9.5 degrees Celsius. This month also experienced the highest monthly rainfall in the UK since before 2014, with England, Wales, and Scotland suffering widespread flooding. Daily hours of sunshine Unsurprisingly, the heat wave that spread across the British Isles in 2018 was the result of particularly sunny weather. July 2018 saw an average of 8.7 daily sun hours in the United Kingdom. This was more hours of sun than was recorded in July 2024, which only saw 5.8 hours of sun. Temperatures are on the rise Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in regional temperatures across the UK. Between 1961 and 1990, temperatures in England averaged nine degrees Celsius, and from 2013 to 2022, average temperatures in the country had increased to 10.3 degrees Celsius. Due to its relatively southern location, England continues to rank as the warmest country in the UK.

The overall goal of our research on Bear Lake is to create records of past climate change for the region, including changes in precipitation (rain and snow) patterns during the last 10,000 years and longer. As part of the project, we are attempting to determine how the size of Bear Lake has varied in the past in order to assess the possibility of future flooding and drought. We also seek to understand human influences on sediment deposition, chemistry, and life in the lake.

Evidence of past conditions comes from sediments deposited in the lake, so reconstructions of past conditions require accurate dating of the sediments. The study includes the upper Bear River watershed as well as Bear Lake. The Bear River is the largest river in the Great Basin and the source of the majority of water flowing into the Great Salt Lake. In this region, wet periods may produce flooding along the course of the Bear River and around Great Salt Lake, while dry periods, or droughts, may affect water availability for ecosystems, as well as for agricultural, industrial, and residential use.

Diatoms are one of the most sensitive indicators of environments in many lakes. In addition to species compositions and abundances (Moser and Kimball, 2005), total diatom productivity commonly varies considerably with changes in limnological conditions. Biogenic silica preserved in sediments is an index of total diatom productivity and, thus, is an indirect proxy for paleolimnology (for example, Colman and others, 1995; Johnson and others, 2001). In this paper, we present the results of biogenic silica analyses of two cores taken in Bear Lake, Utah, and discuss preliminary paleolimnologic conclusions based on these data.

[Summary provided by the USGS.]

JASON-1 is the follow-on to Topex/Poseidon, whose main features it has inherited (orbit, instruments, measurement accuracy, etc.). JASON-1 is the result of close international cooperation between space agencies (CNES and NASA), industry and data users working to accomplish a benchmark mission in terms of data quality and science and economic return. JASON-1 flies on the same orbit as TOPEX/POSEIDON to ensure a continuity and an optimal inter comparison for long term observations. The data processing is integrated to the CNES "SALP" (Systeme d'Altimetrie et de Localisation Precise) Ground Segment, which operates many other missions (TOPEX/POSEIDON, ENVISAT, GFO altimetry missions, JASON-2, SARAL...) whose data are distributed on AVISO web site. The level 2 data stored at CNES are those addressed in this description. JASON-1 is the follow-on to Topex/Poseidon, whose main features it has inherited (orbit, instruments, measurement accuracy, etc.). JASON-1 is the result of close international cooperation between space agencies (CNES and NASA), industry and data users working to accomplish a benchmark mission in terms of data quality and science and economic return. JASON-1 flies on the same orbit as TOPEX/POSEIDON to ensure a continuity and an optimal inter comparison for long term observations. The data processing is integrated to the CNES "SALP" (Systeme d'Altimetrie et de Localisation Precise) Ground Segment, which operates many other missions (TOPEX/POSEIDON, ENVISAT, GFO altimetry missions, JASON-2, SARAL...) whose data are distributed on AVISO web site.The level 2 data stored at CNES are those addressed in this description. [http://smsc.cnes.fr/JASON/index.htm] [http://smsc.cnes.fr/JASON/index.htm]