Key information about United Kingdom Long Term Interest Rate

• United Kingdom Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: United Kingdom: ECB Harmonised was reported at 4.52 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 4.67 % pa in the previous month.
• UK Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1993 to Feb 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 8.99 % pa in Sep 1994 and a record low of 0.15 % pa in Jul 2020.
• Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by CEIC Data.

The European Central Bank provides monthly Harmonised Long Term Interest Rate. The data reflects primary market yields.


Related information about United Kingdom Long Term Interest Rate

• In the latest reports, UK Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: ICE LIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 0.09 % pa in Apr 2021.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Base Rate) was set at 4.50 % pa in Feb 2025.
• UK Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.79 (USD/GBP) in Jun 2023.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United Kingdom (IRLTLT01GBQ156N) from Q1 1960 to Q4 2024 about long-term, 10-year, United Kingdom, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, and rate.

August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of 0.1 percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from 0.75 percent to 0.25 percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at 0.1 percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to 2.25 percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching 5.25 percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2024, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates in an effort to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

Mortgage rates increased at a record pace in 2022, with the 10-year fixed mortgage rate doubling between March 2022 and December 2022. With inflation increasing, the Bank of England introduced several bank rate hikes, resulting in higher mortgage rates. In September 2023, the average 10-year fixed rate interest rate reached 5.1 percent. As borrowing costs get higher, demand for housing is expected to decrease, leading to declining market sentiment and slower house price growth. How have the mortgage hikes affected the market? After surging in 2021, the number of residential properties sold declined in 2022, reaching close to 1.3 million. Despite the number of transactions falling, this figure was higher than the period before the COVID-10 pandemic. The falling transaction volume also impacted mortgage borrowing. Between the first quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the value of new mortgage loans fell year-on-year for fourth straight quarters in a row. How are higher mortgages affecting homebuyers? Homeowners with a mortgage loan usually lock in a fixed rate deal for two to ten years, meaning that after this period runs out, they need to renegotiate the terms of the loan. Many of the mortgages outstanding were taken out during the period of record-low mortgage rates and have since faced notable increases in their monthly repayment. About five million homeowners are projected to see their deal expire by the end of 2026. About two million of these loans are projected to experience a monthly payment increase of up to 199 British pounds by 2026.

Policy interest rates in the U.S. and Europe are forecasted to decrease gradually between 2024 and 2027, following exceptional increases triggered by soaring inflation between 2021 and 2023. The U.S. federal funds rate stood at 5.38 percent at the end of 2023, the European Central Bank deposit rate at four percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate at 1.75 percent. With inflationary pressures stabilizing, policy interest rates are forecast to decrease in each observed region. The U.S. federal funds rate is expected to decrease to 3.5 percent, the ECB refi rate to 2.65 percent, the Bank of England bank rate to 3.33 percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate to 0.75 percent by 2025. An interesting aspect to note is the impact of these interest rate changes on various economic factors such as growth, employment, and inflation. The impact of central bank policy rates The U.S. federal funds effective rate, crucial in determining the interest rate paid by depository institutions, experienced drastic changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent slight changes in the effective rate reflected the efforts to stimulate the economy and manage economic factors such as inflation. Such fluctuations in the federal funds rate have had a significant impact on the overall economy. The European Central Bank's decision to cut its fixed interest rate in June 2024 for the first time since 2016 marked a significant shift in attitude towards economic conditions. The reasons behind the fluctuations in the ECB's interest rate reflect its mandate to ensure price stability and manage inflation, shedding light on the complex interplay between interest rates and economic factors. Inflation and real interest rates The relationship between inflation and interest rates is critical in understanding the actions of central banks. Central banks' efforts to manage inflation through interest rate adjustments reveal the intricate balance between economic growth and inflation. Additionally, the concept of real interest rates, adjusted for inflation, provides valuable insights into the impact of inflation on the economy.

Historical dataset of the 12 month LIBOR rate back to 1986. The London Interbank Offered Rate is the average interest rate at which leading banks borrow funds from other banks in the London market. LIBOR is the most widely used global "benchmark" or reference rate for short term interest rates.

Key information about United Kingdom Exchange Rate against USD

• United Kingdom Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.801 (USD/GBP) in May 2023, compared with 0.803 USD/GBP in the previous month.
• UK Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 0.915 in Feb 1985 and a record low of 0.357 in Nov 1967.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Federal Reserve Board provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1971 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about United Kingdom Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, UK Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: ICE LIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 0.088 % pa in Apr 2021.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: United Kingdom: ECB Harmonised ) was reported at 3.950 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Base Rate) was set at 4.500 % pa in May 2023.

The average yearly yield of UK 10-year government bonds has shown a significant downward trend from 1990 to 2023. Starting at nearly 12 percent in 1990, yields steadily declined, with slight fluctuations, reaching a low of 0.37 percent in 2020. After 2020, yields began to rise again, reflecting recent increases in interest rates and inflation expectations. This long-term decline indicates decreasing inflation and interest rates in Australia over the past decades, with recent economic conditions prompting a reversal in bond yields.

Between January 2018 and February 2025, the United Kingdom's consumer price inflation rate showed notable volatility. The rate hit its lowest point at 0.5 percent in August 2020 and peaked at 9.6 percent in October 2022. By September 2024, inflation had moderated to 2.6 percent, but the following months saw inflation increase again. The Bank of England's interest rate policy closely tracked these inflationary trends. Rates remained low at 0.5-0.75 percent until April 2020, when they were reduced to 0.1 percent in response to economic challenges. A series of rate increases followed, reaching a peak of 5.25 percent from August 2023 to July 2024. The central bank then initiated rate cuts in August and November 2024, lowering the rate to 4.75 percent, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. In February 2025, the Bank of England implemented another rate cut, setting the bank rate at 4.5 percent. Global context of inflation and interest rates The UK's experience reflects a broader international trend of rising inflation and subsequent central bank responses. From January 2022 to July 2024, advanced and emerging economies alike increased their policy rates to counter inflationary pressures. However, a shift began in late 2024, with many countries, including the UK, starting to lower rates. This change suggests a potential new phase in the global economic cycle and monetary policy approach. Comparison with other major economies The UK's monetary policy decisions align closely with those of other major economies. The United States, for instance, saw its federal funds rate peak at 5.33 percent in August 2023, mirroring the UK's rate trajectory. Similarly, central bank rates in the EU all increased drastically between 2022 and 2024. These synchronized movements reflect the global nature of inflationary pressures and the coordinated efforts of central banks to maintain economic stability. As with the UK, both the U.S. and EU began considering rate cuts in late 2024, signaling a potential shift in the global economic landscape.

Unemployment Rate in the United Kingdom remained unchanged at 4.40 percent in January. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United Kingdom Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented another cut in early 2025, setting the rate at 2.9 percent. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

United Kingdom 10Y Bond Yield was 4.81 percent on Thursday March 27, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. UK 10 Year Gilt Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

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Personal Loans Market Size 2025-2029

The personal loans market size is forecast to increase by USD 803.4 billion, at a CAGR of 15.2% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is witnessing significant growth, driven by the adoption of advanced technologies in loan processing and the rise in the use of cloud-based personal loan servicing software offerings. These technological advancements enable faster loan processing, improved customer experience, and enhanced security. However, the market faces challenges related to regulatory compliance, with increasing regulations and scrutiny from regulatory bodies. Lenders must ensure they adhere to these regulations to maintain trust and transparency with their customers. Digitalization, including cloud computing, chatbots, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence, has transformed the market. Additionally, the market is witnessing an increase in competition, with new players entering the market and existing players offering innovative products to attract customers. Overall, the market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, driven by technological advancements and the need for flexible financing solutions.

What will be the Size of the Personal Loans Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market encompasses short-term financing solutions designed for individuals to meet their various financial needs. Employment status and credit history significantly influence borrowing limits and interest rates in this sector. Traditional balance sheet lending institutions, such as credit unions, have long dominated the market, but online loan providers have gained traction due to quick lending processes and digitalized business operations. Interest rates and borrowing limits continue to be key market drivers, with competitive insights from credit unions and online providers shaping the landscape. Employment instability and economic uncertainty have increased demand for personal loans, particularly among those with less-than-ideal credit histories.
Digitalization, including cloud computing, chatbots, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence, have transformed the market. These technologies streamline loan assessments, enabling faster approval processes and more personalized customer experiences. However, the rise of digital credit platforms also presents challenges, such as increased competition, potential bad debts, and penalties for late payments. Collateral is less common in personal loans compared to other types of loans, but awareness of digitalization and automation continues to grow. Credit cards serve as a competitive alternative for some consumers, but personal loans offer more flexibility and potentially lower interest rates for larger borrowing needs.

How is this Personal Loans Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The personal loans industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Application

  Short term loans
  Medium term loans
  Long term loans


Type

  P2P marketplace lending
  Balance sheet lending


Channel

  Banks
  Credit union
  Online lenders


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Italy


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Middle East and Africa

By Application Insights

The short term loans segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Personal loans have gained popularity as a flexible financing solution for individuals, particularly In the form of short-term loans. These loans cater to urgent needs, such as medical emergencies or car repairs, offering quick access to funds with shorter repayment periods, typically within a year. Unlike home or gold loans, personal loans do not require collateral, making them an accessible option for borrowers. Employment status, credit history, and borrowing limits are key factors in determining eligibility and loan amounts. The market is undergoing digital transformation, with cloud computing, chatbots, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence streamlining business operations. Fintech companies and online loan providers are disrupting traditional financial institutions, such as banks and credit unions, by offering instantaneous loan approvals and digital credit platforms.

However, challenges persist, including regulatory compliance, competition, and managing bad debts and penalties. In the competitive environment, Zopa, Startups, and other fintech companies are leveraging automation, AI technology, and credit history assessments to provide personalized loan solutions. Economic uncertainty and the increasing use of the Internet of Things have heightened aware

Os dados de Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo do Reino Unido foram registrados em 4.52 % pa em 2025-02. Este registro de uma queda com relação aos números anteriores de 4.67 % pa em 2025-01. Os dados de Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo do Reino Unido são atualizados por mês, com uma média de 4.25 % pa em 1993-01 até 2025-02, com 386 observações. Os dados alcançaram um alto recorde de 8.99 % pa em 1994-09 e um baixo recorde de 0.15 % pa em 2020-07. Os dados de Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo do Reino Unido permanecem com status ativo na CEIC e são reportados pela fonte: CEIC Data. Os dados são classificados sob o World Trend Plus’ Global Economic Monitor – Table: Long Term Interest Rate: Monthly.

In January 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 21 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at 0.5 percent in January 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.9 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Key information about UK Real Effective Exchange Rate

• United Kingdom Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER: 2005=100: Month Avg: United Kingdom) was 87.7 in Jan 2025, compared with the number of 89.4 in the previous month.
• UK Real Effective Exchange Rate data is updated monthly and averaged 107.9 from Jan 1994 to Jan 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 107.9 in Apr 2000 and a record low of 75.2 in Oct 2016.

CEIC generates Real Effective Exchange Rate Index with base 2005=100. Bank for International Settlements provides Real Effective Exchange Rate Index with base 2020=100. CPI is used as a deflator. An increase in REER indicates reduced competitiveness for the reporting economy.


Related information about UK Real Effective Exchange Rate

• In the latest reports, UK Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: ICE LIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 0.1 % pa in Apr 2021.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Base Rate) was set at 4.8 % pa in Jan 2025.
• UK Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.8 (USD/GBP) in Jun 2023.

Graph and download economic data for 5-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate (T5YIE) from 2003-01-02 to 2025-03-26 about spread, interest rate, interest, 5-year, inflation, rate, and USA.

Home Ownership Rate in the United Kingdom decreased to 64.50 percent in 2023 from 64.70 percent in 2022. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United Kingdom Home Ownership Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In the aftermath of the shock win for leave in the UK’s referendum on EU membership, there has been considerable uncertainty over the short- and long-term impacts on the UK economy. This report provides an overview of the impact Brexit has had on key economic indicators such as GDP, interest rates, unemployment and the housing market, and the subsequent impact on consumer confidence and retail growth and projections. Read More

As of December 2024, all United Kingdom government debt securities were returning positive yields, regardless of maturity. This places the yield of both UK short term bonds and long term bonds above that of major countries like Germany, France and Japan, but lower than the United States. What are government bonds? Government bonds are debt instruments where a certain amount of money is given to the issuer, in exchange for regular payments of interest over a fixed period. At the end of this period the issuer then returns the amount in full. Bonds differ from a regular loan through how they can be traded on financial markets once issued. This ability to trade bonds makes it more complex to measure the return investors receive from bonds, as the price they buy a bond for on the market may differ from the price the same bond was initially issued at. The yield is therefore calculated as what investors can expect to receive based on current market prices paid for the bond, not the value it was issued at. In total, UK government debt amounted to over 2.4 trillion British pounds in 2023 – with the majority being comprised of different types of UK government bonds. Why are inverted yield curves important? UK government bond yields over recent years have taken on a typical shape, with short term bonds having a lower yield than bonds with a maturity of 10 to 20 years. The higher yield of longer-term bonds compensates investors for the higher level of uncertainty in the future. However, if investors are sufficiently worried about both a short term economic decline, and low long term growth, they may prefer to purchase short term bonds in order to secure assets with regular interest payments in the here and now (as opposed to shares, which can lose a lot of value in a short time). This can lead to an inverted yield curve, where shorter term debt has a higher yield. Inverted yield curves are generally seen as a reliable indicator of a recession, with inverted yields occurring before most recent U.S. recessions. The major exception to this is the recession from the coronavirus pandemic – but even then, U.S. yield curves came perilously close to being inverted in mid-2019.