The turnover from the United Kingdom's Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy (LCREE) increased ** percent between 2015 and 2022, to **** billion GBP. The UK's low carbon electricity segment generated the most turnover in 2022, at ** billion GBP. Meanwhile, turnover from low emission vehicles and infrastructure more than doubled between 2015 and 2022, to just under ** billion GBP.

This release includes annual estimates of low carbon and renewable energy economy activity in the UK and constituent countries: turnover, employment, exports, imports, acquisitions, disposals and number of businesses.

Experimental estimates of turnover and employment in the Low carbon and renewable energy economy (LCREE) in the UK, its constituent countries and regions of England using data from the LCREE Survey and the Inter-Departmental Business Register.

Turnover from the United Kingdom's Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy (LCREE) was estimated at **** billion GBP in 2022. The biggest overall contributor to this total was the energy efficient products segment, with almost ** billion GDP. Within the low carbon electricity segment, offshore and onshore wind generated the most turnover, at approximately **** and *** billion GBP, respectively.

The Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey (LCRES) is an annual survey designed to collect information from businesses working within the green economy, including low carbon and renewable energy activities. UK government departments and devolved administrations will use this information to assess and develop policies relating to green job creation, potential growth and investment opportunities both nationally and regionally. The LCRES was conducted for the first time in 2015, for the reporting year 2014. Continuity between the first and second year of the survey was ensured with minimal changes made to the questionnaire in the second year.

The survey provides a number of high-level indicators of Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy (LCREE) activity such as turnover, number of businesses, imports, exports, employees and capital assets. Results from the LCRES can be used to show business activity in 17 specific sectors which can be aggregated into 6 LCREE groups.

All businesses with an employment of 250 or above are selected, together with a random sample of businesses from each of the other strata, defined by 2-digit SIC 2007 industry classification, country and employment size-band. Businesses that are randomly sampled are generally expected to remain in the sample for 2 years.

Further information about the LCRES is available on the ONS web pages.

Linking to other business studies
These data contain Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) reference numbers. These are anonymous but unique reference numbers assigned to business organisations. Their inclusion allows researchers to combine different business survey sources together. Researchers may consider applying for other business data to assist their research.

For Secure Lab projects applying for access to this study as well as to SN 6697 Business Structure Database and/or SN 7683 Business Structure Database Longitudinal, only postcode-free versions of the data will be made available.

Latest Edition Information

For the tenth edition (September 2025), the 2020, 2021and 2022 Output Areas data have been updated, along with the Excel data dictionaries file covering 2018-2020.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey (LCRES) is an annual survey designed to collect information from businesses working within the green economy, including low carbon and renewable energy activities. UK government departments and devolved administrations will use this information to assess and develop policies relating to green job creation, potential growth and investment opportunities both nationally and regionally. The LCRES was conducted for the first time in 2015, for the reporting year 2014. Continuity between the first and second year of the survey was ensured with minimal changes made to the questionnaire in the second year. The survey provides a number of high-level indicators of Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy (LCREE) activity such as turnover, number of businesses, imports, exports, employees and capital assets. Results from the LCRES can be used to show business activity in 17 specific sectors which can be aggregated into 6 LCREE groups. All businesses with an employment of 250 or above are selected, together with a random sample of businesses from each of the other strata, defined by 2-digit SIC 2007 industry classification, country and employment size-band. Businesses that are randomly sampled are generally expected to remain in the sample for 2 years. Further information about the LCRES is available on the ONS web pages.Linking to other business studies These data contain Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) reference numbers. These are anonymous but unique reference numbers assigned to business organisations. Their inclusion allows researchers to combine different business survey sources together. Researchers may consider applying for other business data to assist their research.For Secure Lab projects applying for access to this study as well as to SN 6697 Business Structure Database and/or SN 7683 Business Structure Database Longitudinal, only postcode-free versions of the data will be made available.Latest Edition Information For the ninth edition (September 2024), the 2022 data have been added to the study, and the 2020 and 2021 data have been updated, along with the User Guide and ONS data dictionaries. Main Topics: The dataset is produced from the results of the annual LCREE survey and allows for UK and country level estimates of turnover, employment, imports, exports, acquisitions and disposals from this part of the UK economy, broken down by seventeen sectors that make up the UK LCRES (onshore wind, offshore wind, solar, hydropower, other renewable electricity, bioenergy, alternative fuels, renewable heat, renewable combined heat and power, energy efficient lighting, energy efficient products, energy monitoring, saving or control systems, low carbon consultancy financial and advisory services, low emission vehicles and infrastructure, carbon capture and storage, nuclear power, fuel cells and energy storage system).

Annual estimates of Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy (LCREE) direct, indirect, and total turnover and employment in the UK, by sector and group. These are official statistics in development.

This statistic shows the total turnover of the low carbon economy and supply chain in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2013. The largest turnover volume was generated by the waste processing sector, which generated **** billion British pounds, approximately ** percent of the total amount.

Underlying data from Low Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services (LCEGS) reports. Quantifies the low carbon and environmental goods and services sector with data on UK and international markets as well as forecast areas of growth for the UK. Covers estimates for UK and global turnover, employment, company numbers and international trade LCEGS.

First estimates at UK and UK country level for 2014 on number of Low Carbon businesses, turnover and employee.

Large urban transit, monthly total revenue and total number of passenger trips, for the 10 major Canadian urban transit operators.

Days-of-Inventory-On-Hand-Turnover Time Series for Repsol. Repsol, S.A. operates as a multi-e energy company in Spain, Peru, the United States, Portugal, and internationally. The company operates through Upstream, Industrial, Customer, and Low-Carbon Generation segments. Its Upstream segment engages in the exploration, development, and production of crude oil and natural gas reserves, as well as develops low-carbon geological solutions. The company's Industrial segment is involved in refining activities and petrochemicals business; the trading, transport, and sale of crude oil, natural gas, and fuels; and development of hydrogen, sustainable biofuels, and synthetic fuels. Its Customer segment involved in mobility; and sale of fuel products, electricity and gas, lubricants, and other specialties. The company's Low-Carbon Generation segment engages in the low-emissions electricity generation and renewable sources. It also provides asphalt products; installs, operates, and manages service stations; provides maritime services; constructs and operates oil refineries; explores and produces hydrocarbons; offers human resource; distributes and supplies electricity; and develops new energy projects, solar, and wind projects, as well as produces and sells chemical products and lubricants. In addition, the company involved in fuel and special products sale, research, trading and transport, insurance and reinsurance, safety, and financing activities; development of production processes, storage, transport, use, consumption, and transformation of hydrogen; decarbonization activities; and promotion, design, construction, and operation of molecular recycling facilities. Further, the company produces synthetic oil cloths; and invests in liquefaction plant project. The company was formerly known as Repsol YPF, S.A. and changed its name to Repsol, S.A. in May 2012. Repsol, S.A. was founded in 1927 and is headquartered in Madrid, Spain.

Groundwater ecosystems are typically poor in organic carbon and productivity sustaining a low standing stock of microbial biomass. In consequence, microbial food webs in oligotrophic groundwater are hypothesized to be bottom-up controlled. To date, quantitative information on groundwater microbial communities, food web interactions, and carbon flow is relatively lacking in comparison to that of surface waters. Studying a shallow, porous alpine aquifer we collected data on the numbers of prokaryotes, virus-like particles and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNFs), the concentration of dissolved (DOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC), bacterial carbon production (BCP), and physical-chemical conditions for a 1 year hydrological cycle. The potential effects of protozoan grazing and viral lysis onto the prokaryotic biomass was tested. Flow of organic carbon through the microbial food web was estimated based on data from the literature. The abundance of prokaryotes in groundwater was low with 6.1 ± 6.9 × 104 cells mL–1, seasonally influenced by the hydrological dynamics, with higher densities coinciding with a lower groundwater table. Overall, the variability in cell numbers was moderate, and so it was for HNFs (179 ± 103 HNFs mL–1) and virus-like particles (9.6 ± 5.7 × 105 VLPs mL–1). The virus to prokaryotes and prokaryote to HNF ratios ranged between 2–230 and 33–2,084, respectively. We found no evidence for a viral control of prokaryotic biomass, and the biomass of HNFs being bottom-up controlled. First estimations point at carbon use efficiencies of 0.2–4.2% with prokaryotic production, and carbon consumed and recycled by HNFs and phages to be of minor importance. This first groundwater microbial food web analysis strongly hints at a bottom-up control on productivity and standing stock in oligotrophic groundwater ecosystems. However, direct measurement of protozoan grazing and phage mediated lysis rates of prokaryotic cells are urgently needed to deepen our mechanistic understanding. The effect of microbial diversity on the population dynamics still needs to be addressed.

China has launched seven regional pilots of emission trading scheme (ETS) to limit its carbon emissions. Taking advantage of the variations in the regional ETS pilots across regions and sectors and over time, we employ a difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) approach to evaluate the effect of ETS on low-carbon innovation at the firm level. Using patent application data of publicly-listed firms in China between 2003 and 2015, we find that the ETS pilots induced innovation in low-carbon technologies. The more active pilots—measured by carbon price and turnover rate of allowance trading—are associated with more intense low-carbon innovation.

δ13C values (‰, mean ± SD) and diet tissue discrimination factors (Δ13C) for freshwater snails (muscle and gonad) and their dietsa.

Using data from 50 long-term permanent plots from across Venezuelan forests in northern South America, we explored large-scale patterns of stem turnover, aboveground biomass (AGB) and woody productivity (AGWP), and the relationships between them and with potential climatic drivers. We used principal component analysis coupled with generalized least squares models to analyze the relationship between climate, forest structure and stem dynamics. Two major axes associated with orthogonal temperature and moisture gradients effectively described more than 90% of the environmental variability in the dataset. Average turnover was 1.91 ± 0.10% year-1 with mortality and recruitment being almost identical, and close to average rates for other mature tropical forests. Turnover rates were significantly different among regions (p < 0.001), with the lowland forests in Western alluvial plains being the most dynamic, and Guiana Shield forests showing the lowest turnover rates. We found a weak positive relationship between AGB and AGWP, with Guiana Shield forests having the highest values for both variables (204.8 ± 14.3 Mg C ha-1 and 3.27 ± 0.27 Mg C ha-1 year-1 respectively), but AGB was much more strongly and negatively related to stem turnover. Our data suggest that moisture is a key driver of turnover, with longer dry seasons favoring greater rates of tree turnover and thus lower biomass, having important implications in the context of climate change, given the increases in drought frequency in many tropical forests. Regional variation in AGWP among Venezuelan forests strongly reflects the effects of climate, with greatest woody productivity where both precipitation and temperatures are high. Overall, forests in wet, low elevation sites and with slow turnover stored the greatest amounts of biomass. Although faster stand dynamics are closely associated with lower carbon storage, stem-level turnover rates and woody productivity did not show any correlation, indicating that stem dynamics and carbon dynamics are largely decoupled from one another.

In 2023, hydrocarbons contributed to 67 percent of the government revenue of Saudi Arabia. This is largely attributable to oil and gas production in the country. In comparison, hydrocarbons accounted for 42 percent of the Russian government's revenue that same year.

Executive Summary of Lower Carbon Cements Market The global Lower Carbon Cements market is experiencing rapid growth, driven by the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions from the construction industry, coupled with increasing demand for sustainable building materials and supportive environmental regulations. Valued at $1328.8 Million in 2021, it is projected to reach $2042.7 Million by 2025 and a substantial $4827.2 Million by 2033, demonstrating a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.349% from 2021 to 2033. Lower carbon cements, including blended cements and alternative binders, offer significant environmental benefits by reducing the carbon footprint of concrete production. The market is trending towards innovative clinker substitutes, carbon capture technologies, and digitalization for optimized production, despite challenges from high R&D costs and traditional industry inertia.

Key strategic insights from our comprehensive analysis reveal:

The escalating global focus on decarbonization and climate change mitigation is the primary driver, compelling the construction industry to adopt lower carbon alternatives.

Stringent environmental regulations and green building certifications are significantly boosting market adoption and driving innovation in cement production.

Technological advancements in alternative raw materials, clinker substitution, and carbon capture utilization & storage (CCUS) are key trends shaping the future of cement manufacturing.

Global Lower Carbon Cements Market Overview & Dynamics

The global Lower Carbon Cements market focuses on cement products designed to significantly reduce the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions associated with their production, particularly during the clinkering process. This includes various types of blended cements (e.g., Portland limestone cement - PLC, slag cement, fly ash cement), calcined clay cements (LC3), and innovative alternative binders. These cements are crucial for achieving sustainability goals in the construction industry, offering comparable performance to traditional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) but with a lower environmental footprint.

Global Lower Carbon Cements Market Drivers

Urgent Need for Decarbonization in Construction: The cement industry is a major emitter of CO 2 ?The global imperative to achieve net-zero emissions drives intense pressure on cement manufacturers to develop and adopt lower carbon alternatives.

Stringent Environmental Regulations and Green Building Initiatives: Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are implementing stricter emission standards and promoting green building certifications (e.g., LEED, BREEAM), which incentivize the use of sustainable construction materials like lower carbon cements.

Increasing Demand for Sustainable Infrastructure: Growing public and private investments in sustainable infrastructure projects (e.g., green buildings, eco-cities) are fueling the demand for building materials with a reduced environmental impact, including lower carbon cements.

Global Lower Carbon Cements Market Trends

Development of Innovative Clinker Substitutes: There is a strong trend towards increasing the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like calcined clay (LC3), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and fly ash to reduce the clinker content in cement, thereby lowering CO2 emissions.

Integration of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies: Cement manufacturers are investing in and piloting CCUS technologies to capture CO2 emissions directly from cement kilns, with a focus on utilizing the captured carbon in other industrial processes or for permanent storage.

Digitalization and Process Optimization: The market is witnessing increasing adoption of digital technologies, AI, and advanced process control systems to optimize cement production, reduce energy consumption, and improve the efficiency of blending and clinkering processes for lower carbon output.

Global Lower Carbon Cements Market Restraints

High Research & Development and Capital Costs: Developing and scaling up new lower carbon cement technologies and implementing CCUS solutions require significant R&D investments and high capital expenditure, which can be a barrier for manufacturers.

Technical Challenges and Performance Concerns: Ensuring consistent performance, durability, and workability of new lower carbon ceme...

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots Market size will be USD 4592.4 million in 2025. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.60% from 2025 to 2033.

North America held the major market share for more than 37% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1699.19 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% from 2025 to 2033.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 29% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1331.80 million.
APAC held a market share of around 24% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1102.18 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.6% from 2025 to 2033.
South America has a market share of more than 3.8% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 174.51 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.6% from 2025 to 2033.
Middle East had a market share of around 4.00% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 183.70 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.9% from 2025 to 2033.
Africa had a market share of around 2.20% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 101.03 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3% from 2025 to 2033.
N-type Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots category is the fastest growing segment of the Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots industry.

Market Dynamics of Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots Market

Key Drivers for Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots Market

Growing Demand for Renewable Energy Sources to Boost Market Growth

An important factor propelling the Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots Market Industry's expansion is the move to renewable energy sources. Many nations are making significant investments in solar power technologies as a result of growing worries about climate change and the need for sustainable energy options. A key component in the production of solar cells is monocrystalline silicon, which is renowned for its exceptional performance and efficiency. To encourage the use of solar energy, governments everywhere are putting in place a number of laws and incentives, such as tax breaks for renewable energy projects and subsidies for the installation of solar panels. The decreasing costs of solar technologies, which make them more affordable for both enterprises and people, support this trend even more. Consequently, it is anticipated that the market would see significant growth potential as the demand for premium low carbon monocrystalline silicon ingots rises. Further increasing the demand for superior materials like low carbon monocrystalline silicon is the continuous improvement in solar panel efficiency brought about by developments in production technology. These variables working together should drive the market forward and make low carbon monocrystalline silicon ingots a key component of the renewable energy future.

Increasing Technological Advancements in Production Processes to Boosts the Need for Advanced Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots to Boost Market Growth

One major factor propelling the Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots Market Industry is technological developments in the procedures used to produce monocrystalline silicon ingots. The efficiency of producing silicon ingots is being increased by advancements in manufacturing techniques, which are simultaneously lowering the carbon footprint of these operations. Innovations that improve the production and quality of silicon ingots include the Czochralski technique, which enables high-quality single crystal growth. It is becoming more practical and profitable to produce low carbon silicon ingots, which will increase supply capacity to meet growing demand as manufacturers keep investing in R&D to build more efficient manufacturing technique.

Restraint Factor for the Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots Market

High raw material costs of Low Carbon Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots, Will Limit Market Growth

The market for solar silicon wafers is severely constrained by the high cost of raw materials. The main component needed to make wafers, silicon, has seen price volatility as a result of supply chain interruptions, rising semiconductor industry demand, and a shortage of high-purity silicon. The ado...

China Graphite & Carbon Product: Current Asset Turnover Ratio data was reported at 2.616 Times in Oct 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.610 Times for Sep 2015. China Graphite & Carbon Product: Current Asset Turnover Ratio data is updated monthly, averaging 2.516 Times from Dec 2006 (Median) to Oct 2015, with 83 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.461 Times in Dec 2011 and a record low of 0.159 Times in Nov 2011. China Graphite & Carbon Product: Current Asset Turnover Ratio data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Industrial Sector – Table CN.BHS: Graphite and Other Non Metallic Mineral Product: Graphite and Carbon Product.