The COVID-19 pandemic hit many industries hard. Lots of people lost their jobs or were forced to reduce their employment radically throughout 2020. As a result, *** million more people globally were classified as poor, meaning that they lived on * U.S. dollars or less daily.

In many high-income economies, the recession caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented declines in women’s employment. We examine how the forces that underlie this observation play out in developing countries, with a specific focus on Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa. A force affecting high- and low-income countries alike are increased childcare needs during school closures; in Nigeria, mothers of school-age children experience the largest declines in employment during the pandemic, just as in high-income countries. A key difference is the role of the sectoral distribution of employment: whereas in high-income economies reduced employment in contact-intensive services had a large impact on women, this sector plays a minor role in low-income countries. Another difference is that women’s employment rebounded much more quickly in low-income countries. We conjecture that large income losses without offsetting government transfers drive up labor supply in low-income countries during the recovery.

IntroductionOur study explores how New York City (NYC) communities of various socioeconomic strata were uniquely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsNew York City ZIP codes were stratified into three bins by median income: high-income, middle-income, and low-income. Case, hospitalization, and death rates obtained from NYCHealth were compared for the period between March 2020 and April 2022.ResultsCOVID-19 transmission rates among high-income populations during off-peak waves were higher than transmission rates among low-income populations. Hospitalization rates among low-income populations were higher during off-peak waves despite a lower transmission rate. Death rates during both off-peak and peak waves were higher for low-income ZIP codes.DiscussionThis study presents evidence that while high-income areas had higher transmission rates during off-peak periods, low-income areas suffered greater adverse outcomes in terms of hospitalization and death rates. The importance of this study is that it focuses on the social inequalities that were amplified by the pandemic.

Supplementary files for article "Changes and correlates of household food insecurity during COVID-19: a repeated cross-sectional survey of low-income households in peri-urban Peru"National lockdowns and containment measures to control the spread of COVID-19 led to increased unemployment, lower household incomes and reduced access to affordable and nutritious foods globally. This study aimed to examine changes and correlates of household food insecurity experience and mitigation strategies adopted in peri-urban Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Low income households with children age < 2 years in Lima and Huánuco participated in three repeated cross-sectional surveys from 2020 to 2022 (n = 759). We assessed changes in household food insecurity experience using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. Correlates of moderate-severe food insecurity were analysed using univariate and multivariable linear mixed-effect regressions. We also assessed perceived impacts of the pandemic on livelihoods, coping strategies and receipt of financial or food assistance. Moderate-severe food insecurity was 47.0% in 2020 (survey 1) decreasing to 31.1% in 2022 (survey 3). In adjusted analyses, food insecurity was higher in households with perceived reduced income (β = 12.69 [6.82; 18.56]); in the lower socio-economic status (SES) tertiles (compared to the relatively highest SES tertile; middle tertile (β = 20.91 [9.89; 31.93]), lowest tertile (β = 39.37 [28.35; 50.40]); in households with ≥ 2 children < 5 years (β = 8.78 [2.05; 15.50]); and in Lima (compared to Huánuco; β = 10.47 [1.27; 19.67]). Food insecurity improved more among the relatively lowest SES compared to the relatively highest SES households between survey 1 and 3 (interaction p = 0.007). In conclusion, almost half of households experienced moderate-severe food insecurity mid-pandemic with greater risk observed in the most socio-economically disadvantaged households. The inequality gap in food insecurity associated with SES narrowed over time likely due to household coping strategies and reduced poverty.©The Authors, CC BY 4.0

Objective:Â To investigate the frequency of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMSs) living in a high socioeconomic vulnerability area in Chile.

Methods:Â In this prospective cohort study, we compared the frequency of COVID-19 in 52 Chilean pwMSs on disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), living in urban municipalities with low-income/high-poverty levels, with that previously reported in pwMSs living in municipalities with high-income/low-poverty rates in Santiago, Chile. Demographic and clinical features of the pwMSs were obtained from their last consultation between March 3, 2020, and August 29, 2020.

Results:Â In the low-income pwMSs, the mean patient age was 34 years, 69% were women, mean disease duration was 3 years, and mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score was 1.6. Of these, 61.5% pwMSs (32/52) underwent quarantine during the study period. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in five patients...

These files contain the replication codes and data files for the RCFS paper “Local Financial Structure and the Pandemic’s Effect on the Distribution of Employment”, by Ross Levine, Chen Lin, and Wensi Xie.

As of April 21, 2020, 71 percent of lower-income respondents indicated that they will spend their COVID-19 relief check on bills or for something essential they or their family needs. These COVID-19 checks were sent out to American adults to aid the financial damage caused by the COVID-19 outbreak.

In a survey about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of unemployed people, low-income population and severely impacted business owners conducted in Thailand in 2021, **** percent of the respondents reported a risk to depression, while **** percent stated that they were suffering from high stress. A share of **** percent of the surveyed had thoughts of suicide.

According to a poll conducted in October 2021, Americans with lower incomes have been harder hit by the COVID-19 outbreak, with ** percent of respondents with an income of less than ****** U.S. dollars reporting that they have personally lost a job due to the pandemic, and a further ** percent reporting a family member has lost a job.

The majority of Romanians stated that the main consequence of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Romania was that they either lost their job or had a lower income. Only one percent of respondents admitted to having been infected with COVID-19.

Background: After a COVID-19 diagnosis, vulnerable populations face considerable logistical and financial challenges to isolate and quarantine. We developed and evaluated a novel, community-based approach (‘Test-to-Care’ Model) designed to address these barriers for socioeconomically vulnerable Latinx individuals with newly diagnosed COVID-19 and their households.

Methods: This three-week demonstration project was nested within an epidemiologic surveillance study in a primarily Latinx neighborhood in the Mission district of San Francisco, California. The Test-to-Care model was developed with input from community members and public health leaders. Key components included: (1) provision of COVID-19-related education and information about available community resources, (2) home deliveries of material goods to facilitate safe isolation and quarantine (groceries, personal protective equipment and cleaning supplies), and (3) longitudinal clinical and social support. Newly SARS-CoV-2 PCR-po...

Title: Reproducibility and implementation of a rapid, community-based COVID-19 “test and respond” model in low-income, majority-Latino communities in Northern California

Replication data for loading data, cleaning data, and running regression analysis for "Sociodemographic disparities in energy insecurity among low-income households before and during the COVID-19 pandemic"

Time in nature is associated with a range of physical and psychological benefits. These benefits tend to be unevenly distributed, with non-white and low-income communities often having lower access to nature than richer, more white neighborhoods. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United States in Spring 2020, changes in daily routines, restrictions on public nature access, and risk perceptions may have affected whether and how much people spent time in nature. We explore how nature access changed during the COVID-19 pandemic and how those changes were experienced by different demographic groups. We surveyed representative samples of California and New York residents (n = 2,036) in May and June of 2020 and examined differences in nature access and nature-related COVID restrictions and risks by gender, income and race. We find that, on average, the pandemic was associated with reductions in frequency of nature access and less time in nature for all respondents. However, these trends were greatest for women, people of color and people who are low-income. Moreover, the pandemic seems to have widened prior inequalities: low-income and non-white people accessed nature even less frequently and had fewer nature access options than they did prior to the pandemic. Given the disparities in broader pandemic impacts by gender, income, and race, these results further demonstrate the inequalities laid bare by COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic that first hit Italy in late February 2020 had a massive impact on life in the country. The measures adopted by the Italian government to control the contagion pushed many businesses to stop or radically scale down their activities. According to a survey conducted in April 2021, around **** percent of Italian workers saw their income decreasing during the pandemic. When taking into account only people with an already low income, this figure jumped to **** percent.

This crosswalk weighs communities down to the census tract with COVID-19 data, considering disease morbidity and mortality, as well as social and economic contextual data. To do this, this spreadsheet crosswalks four key open datasets: Hardest Hit Area, Low Income Area, Tribal Community, and Rural Community, and uses the FCC's scoring methodology to weigh them to provide an evaluation of the most vulnerable communities in the country.

In the context of COVID-19, RAND and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation have partnered to build from the National Survey of Health Attitudes to implement a longitudinal survey to understand how health views and values have been affected by the experience of the pandemic, with particular focus on populations deemed vulnerable or underserved, including people of color and those from low-to moderate-income backgrounds.Questions in this COVID-19 survey focused specifically on experiences related to the pandemic (e.g., financial, physical, emotional), how respondents viewed the disproportionate impacts of the pandemic, whether and how respondents' views and priorities regarding health actions and investments are changing (including the roles of government and the private sector), and how general values about such issues as freedom and racism may be related to pandemic views and response expectations.This study includes the results for Wave 1 for the general population.Demographic information includes sex, marital status, household size, race and ethnicity, family income, employment status, age, and census region.

In the context of COVID-19, RAND and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation partnered again to build from the National Survey of Health Attitudes to implement a longitudinal survey to understand how these health views and values have been affected by the experience of the pandemic, with particular focus on populations deemed vulnerable or underserved, including people of color and those from low- to moderate-income backgrounds. The questions in this COVID-19 survey focused specifically on experiences related to the pandemic (e.g., financial, physical, emotional), how respondents viewed the disproportionate impacts of the pandemic, whether and how respondents' views and priorities regarding health actions and investments are changing (including the roles of government and the private sector), and how general values about such issues as freedom and racism may be related to pandemic views and response expectations. This study includes the results for Wave 4 for the general population. Demographic information includes sex, marital status, household size, race and ethnicity, family income, employment status, age, and census region.

The economic shutdown, soaring incidence of unemployment, and collapse of equity markets associated with the spread of the Coronavirus have placed an increasing number of American households in financial jeopardy. For low and middle income households, the increase in financial fragility threatens their ability to meet current expenses and avoid large increases in personal debt. The analysis will examine how the corona pandemic has altered the financial status of households using a nationally representative survey conducted in spring 2020 during the heart of the virus crisis. The study will focus on the role of financial literacy and knowledge on how households respond to the dramatic and unanticipated changes in their income and wealth. In addition, we will assess the impact of government transfers on financial fragility and the economic wellbeing of low and middle income households.

This study focuses on identifying COVID-19 related exposure, stress, and mental health concerns in the larger Charlotte, North Carolina region, an area with many low-income and under resourced communities. A community-academic partnership conducted a regional COVID-19 needs assessment. Low-income adults (N = 156) completed an online-administered survey of demographic information, COVID-19 exposure, stress, coping-related factors, and mental health. Frequency data showed that common COVID-19 related stressors included job exposure, lost job/income, and increased home responsibilities. Frequency data further showed elevated screening risk rates for mental health concerns were observed for post-traumatic stress (83.3%), depression (52.2%), problematic drinking (50.0%), generalized anxiety (43.0%), and suicide (40.4%). Bivariate correlation and multivariate regression models identified robust mental health risk factors including COVID-19 related stress affecting close persons, fear/worry reaction to the pandemic, and use of venting as a coping strategy; protective factors included active coping and problem-focused coping beliefs. Findings are discussed with respect to informing regional public health efforts during the pandemic.