Middle-income trap refers to the economic growth strategies that transition low-income countries into middle-income ones but fail to transition the middle-income countries into high-income countries. We observe the existence of a middle-income trap for upper-middle- and lower middle-income countries. We examine the reasons for the middle-income trap using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and generalized method of moments (GMM). We also explore the transformation of middle-income economies into high-income economies using logistic, probit and Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) regression analyses. Random forest analysis is also used to check the robustness of the findings. BMA analysis shows that education plays an enabling role in high-income countries in determining economic growth, whereas the full poten tial of education is not fully utilized in middle-income countries. GMM estimations show that the education coefficient is positive and significant for high-income and middle-income countries. This implies that education plays a decisive positive role in achieving economic growth and gives a path to escape from the middle-income trap. However, the education coefficient for middle-income countries is approximately half that of high-income countries. Therefore, the findings of this study call for additional investment and focused strategies relating to human capital endowments

Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 0.276 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.256 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 0.307 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.767 % in 1963 and a record low of 0.015 % in 1978. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Key information about Australia Household Income per Capita

• Australia Annual Household Income per Capita reached 30,914.027 USD in Jun 2020, compared with the previous value of 34,767.371 USD in Jun 2018.
• Australia Annual Household Income per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Jun 1995 to Jun 2020, with an averaged value of 25,207.153 USD.
• The data reached an all-time high of 43,819.349 USD in Jun 2012 and a record low of 15,753.318 USD in Jun 2001.
• In the latest reports, Retail Sales of Australia grew 4.217 % YoY in May 2023.

CEIC calculates Annual Household Income per Capita from annual Weekly Average Household Income multiplied by 52, annual Number of Household and quarterly Total Population and converts it into USD. The Australian Bureau of Statistics provides Average Household Income in local currency, Number of Household and Total Population. Federal Reserve Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Household Income per Capita is in annual frequency, ending in June of each year. Household Income per Capita prior to 2008 based on 2017-2018 price.

Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data was reported at 0.742 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.860 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 0.988 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.421 % in 2012 and a record low of 0.231 % in 1992. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports) in Australia was reported at 6.0179 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise imports from developing economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey is a household-based panel study which began in 2001. The survey is conducted for the (Federal) Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA). The Nielsen Company conducted the fieldwork from 2001 to 2008; Roy Morgan Research 2009-. The primary objective of HILDA is to support questions falling into three broad areas: -Income dynamics - focusing on how households respond to policy changes aimed at improving financial incentives, and interactions between changes in family status and poverty. -Labour market dynamics - focusing on low-to-middle income households, female participation, and work to retirement transitions; and -Family dynamics - focusing on family formation, well-being and separation, along with post-separation arrangements for children, and on links between income support and family formation and breakdown. HILDA has the following key features: -It collects information about economic and subjective well-being, labour market dynamics and family dynamics. -Special questionnaire modules are included each wave. -The wave 1 panel consisted of 7,682 households and 19,914 individuals. -Interviews are conducted annually with all adult members of each household. -The panel members are followed over time. -The funding has been guaranteed for twelve waves, though the survey is designed to continue for longer than this. -Academic and other researchers can apply to use the General Release datasets for their research (see Access conditions). As of October 2011 nine waves of data are available to researchers. User Manuals at http://melbourneinstitute.com/hilda/doc/doc_hildamanual.html

Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data was reported at 46.863 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 39.930 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data is updated yearly, averaging 14.118 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 46.863 % in 2023 and a record low of 5.705 % in 1960. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 7.201 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies outside region (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data was reported at 2.749 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.010 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 1.131 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.855 % in 1961 and a record low of 0.759 % in 1985. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) in Australia was reported at 0.27805 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise imports from developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data was reported at 5.176 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.545 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 2.851 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.224 % in 2009 and a record low of 1.103 % in 1973. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 0.44017 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data was reported at 0.702 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.750 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data is updated yearly, averaging 0.911 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.720 % in 1975 and a record low of 0.384 % in 2020. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Latin America & The Caribbean data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America and the Caribbean are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Latin America and the Caribbean region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Sydney had the highest median house value compared to other capital cities in Australia as of April 2025, with a value of over **** million Australian dollars. Brisbane similarly had relatively high average residential housing values, passing Canberra and Melbourne to top the pricing markets for real estate across the country alongside Sydney. Housing affordability in Australia Throughout 2024, the average price of residential dwellings remained high across Australia, with several capital cities breaking price records. Rising house prices continue to be an issue for potential homeowners, with many low- and middle-income earners priced out of the market. In the fourth quarter of 2024, Australia’s house price-to-income ratio declined slightly to ***** index points. With the share of household income spent on mortgage repayments increasing alongside the disparity in supply and demand, inflating construction costs, and low borrowing capacity, the homeownership dream has become an unattainable prospect for the average person in Australia. Does the rental market offer better prospects? Renting for prolonged periods has become inevitable for many Australians due to the country’s largely inaccessible property ladder. However, record low vacancy rates and elevated median weekly house and unit rent prices within Australia’s rental market are making renting a less appealing prospect. In financial year 2024, households in the Greater Sydney metropolitan area reported spending around ** percent of their household income on rent.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise imports) in Australia was reported at 1.7825 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise imports from developing economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Outside Region data was reported at 7.201 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.599 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Outside Region data is updated yearly, averaging 7.626 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.008 % in 2009 and a record low of 4.833 % in 1973. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Outside Region data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to other low- and middle-income economies in other World Bank regions according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 5.1762 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Latin America & The Caribbean data was reported at 1.783 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.789 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Latin America & The Caribbean data is updated yearly, averaging 1.010 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.912 % in 2017 and a record low of 0.347 % in 1969. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Latin America & The Caribbean data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Latin America and the Caribbean are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Latin America and the Caribbean region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

オーストラリアのサハラ以南アフリカの低・中所得国からの商品輸入の割合の統計データです。最新の2023年の数値「0.74%」を含む1960～2023年までの推移表や他国との比較情報を無料で公開しています。csv形式でのダウンロードも可能でEXCELでも開けますので、研究や分析レポートにお役立て下さい。

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 0.27606 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.