In 2016, there were around *** million aspiring middle class, with an average monthly spending between *** to *********** Indonesian rupiah, recorded in Indonesia. Meanwhile, there were about ** million Indonesians, who were still living below poverty line. The growing middle class signifies that the economy in Indonesia is heading in a better direction.

Background: Breast cancer has become a public health concern in Indonesia. Regular breast self-examination (BSE) is considered an important first step for its early detection, especially in countries with limited healthcare access, as it is the case in Indonesia. This study aimed to confirm and assess the psychosocial determinants of intention to perform BSE and BSE performance. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 204 women aged 18–65 years in Surabaya, Indonesia. A 64-item survey was conducted, included variables from the Reasoned Action Approach, and the Health Belief Model, presented questions about demographics, breast cancer knowledge, and behavior related to BSE. Results: Most women (72.5%) expressed intention to perform BSE; however, only 7.8% and 2.9% performed BSE per week and per month, respectively, in the past year. Breast cancer knowledge and attitudes towards BSE were uniquely associated with BSE performance. Perceived behavioral control (PBC) and BSE attitudes were unique correlates of intention. Perceived benefits and barriers and subjective norms were significantly associated with intention and BSE behavior in bivariate analyses. Conclusions: Breast screening education should incorporate strategies for improving attitudes towards BSE, PBC, and breast cancer knowledge with perceived benefits and barriers and subjective norms as relevant targets.

In 2023, the majority of households in Indonesia consisted of four to five members, accounting for about **** percent of households. Furthermore, around ** percent of households had two to three members, indicating a stable trend over the past decade for smaller household structures. Meanwhile, the share of households with more than five members has slightly declined in recent years. Household consumption Per capita household consumption in Indonesia amounted to approximately ***** U.S. dollars, with almost half of this expenditure allocated to food as the most basic need. In recent years, the rising prices of essential goods such as rice, beef, and electricity rates have added economic pressure, especially for lower-middle-income households. This remains a concern for many households in Indonesia as they struggle to tighten their budgets and cope with the continuously increasing cost of living. Living conditions of Indonesian households Despite high rates of homeownership, many Indonesian households still face inadequate living conditions. As of 2023, around ***** percent of households still lived in slums, while around one in ***** households lived in insufficient housing space per capita. In addition, Indonesia has a persistent housing backlog of millions of units, reflecting the number of households that are still struggling to secure homeownership. With the increasing number of households in Indonesia, it is crucial to address this issue to improve living standards across the country.

In 2019, the median wealth per person increased to a ******** high of about **** thousand U.S. dollars. In that year, about ** percent of the Indonesian adult population had wealth under ************ U.S. dollars. Indonesia was ranked amongst the lower middle income group of countries in that year.

A survey on e-commerce found that approximately ** percent of upper class Indonesian respondents preferred to shop online as of the fourth quarter of 2020. Meanwhile, the preference to shop online among lower-middle class respondents was approximately ***** percent lower.