In 2023, some 21.5 percent of 12th graders in the United States stated they felt it was “fairly easy” or “very easy” to obtain LSD. This is a significant decrease from 54 percent of 12th graders who perceived the drug to be easy to obtain in the year 1995. LSD is a hallucinogenic drug that can alter the user’s thoughts, feelings, and perception of reality.

Teen drug availability

Similar to LSD, around 18 percent of 12th graders in the U.S. also perceived it easy to obtain cocaine. Perceived availability of cocaine among this group has decreased since the year 2007, in which 47 percent felt it was easy to obtain. Marijuana is the most used illicit drug among 12th graders, so it is unsurprising that perceived availability is high. In 2022, around 70 percent of 12th graders stated it was easy to obtain marijuana.

Drug use

Marijuana is the most popular illicit drug in the United States, with over 52 million people using this drug in the past year as of 2021. Cocaine is the second most commonly used illicit drug, followed by methamphetamine and LSD. In total, around 29.5 million people in the U.S. have used LSD in their lifetime.

Rest1 and Rest3 are resting state Rest2 is music, three subjects had technical problems with the music and should not be used (S03, S12, S15) ratings: subjects rated the questions with a VAS after each scan. The 11D-ASC was rated at the end of the scanning day.

LSD, BOLD Pre-processing
Four different but complementary imaging software packages were used to analyse the fMRI data. Specifically, FMRIB Software Library (FSL), AFNI , Freesurfer and Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTS) were used. One subject did not complete the BOLD scans due to anxiety and an expressed desire to exit the scanner and four others were discarded from the group analyses due to excessive head movement. Principally, motion was measured using frame-wise displacement (FD) (Power et al., 2014). The criterion for exclusion was subjects with >15% scrubbed volumes when the scrubbing threshold is FD = 0.5. After discarding these subjects we reduced the threshold to FD = 0.4. The between-condition difference in mean FD for the 4 subjects that were discarded was 0.323±0.254 and for the 15 subjects that were used in the analysis the difference in mean FD was 0.046 ±0.032. The following pre-processing stages were performed: 1) removal of the first three volumes; 2) de-spiking (3dDespike, AFNI); 3) slice time correction (3dTshift, AFNI); 4) motion correction (3dvolreg, AFNI) by registering each volume to the volume most similar, in the least squares sense, to all others (in-house code); 5) brain extraction (BET, FSL); 6) rigid body registration to anatomical scans (twelve subjects with FSL’s BBR, one subject with Freesurfer’s bbregister and two subjects manually); 7) non-linear registration to 2mm MNI brain (Symmetric Normalization (SyN), ANTS); 8) scrubbing (Power et al., 2012) - using an FD threshold of 0.4 (the mean percentage of volumes scrubbed for placebo and LSD was 0.4 ±0.8% and 1.7 ±2.3%, respectively). The maximum number of scrubbed volumes per scan was 7.1%) and scrubbed volumes were replaced with the mean of the surrounding volumes. Additional pre-processing steps included: 9) spatial smoothing (FWHM) of 6mm (3dBlurInMask, AFNI); 10) band-pass filtering between 0.01 to 0.08 Hz (3dFourier, AFNI); 11) linear and quadratic de-trending (3dDetrend, AFNI); 12) regressing out 9 nuisance regressors (all nuisance regressors were bandpassed filtered with the same filter as in step 10): out of these, 6 were motion-related (3 translations, 3 rotations) and 3 were anatomically-related (not smoothed). Specifically, the anatomical nuisance regressors were: 1) ventricles (Freesurfer, eroded in 2mm space), 2) draining veins (DV) (FSL’s CSF minus Freesurfer’s Ventricles, eroded in 1mm space) and 3) local white matter (WM) (FSL’s WM minus Freesurfer’s subcortical grey matter (GM) structures, eroded in 2mm space). Regarding WM regression, AFNI’s 3dLocalstat was used to calculate the mean local WM time-series for each voxel, using a 25mm radius sphere centred on each voxel (Jo et al., 2010).

fMRI motion correction After discarding four subjects due to head motion, fifteen were left for the BOLD analysis. There was still a significant between-condition difference in motion for these subjects however (mean FD of placebo = 0.074 ±0.032, mean FD of LSD = 0.12 ±0.05, p = 0.0002). RSFC analysis is extremely sensitive to head motion (Power et al., 2012) and therefore special consideration was given to the pre-processing pipeline to account for motion. This section goes into more detail about the pre-processing steps that were performed to reduce artefacts associated with motion as well as other non-neural sources of noise. De-spiking has been shown to improve motion-correction and create more accurate FD values (Jo et al., 2013) and low-pass filtering at 0.08 Hz has been shown to perform well in removing high frequency motion (Satterthwaite et al., 2013). Six motion regressors were used as covariates in linear regression. It was decided that using more than six (e.g., “Friston 24-parameter motion regression” (Friston et al., 1996)) would be redundant and may impinge on neural signal (Bright and Murphy, 2015) (especially when other rigorous processes such as scrubbing (Power et al., 2012) and local WM were applied (Jo et al., 2010)) . Using anatomical regressors is also a common step to clean noise and ventricles, DV and local WM were used in the pipeline employed in the present analyses. local WM regression has been suggested to perform better than global WM regression (Jo et al., 2013). It has previously been shown that head motion biases functional connectivity results in a distance-dependant manner (Power et al., 2014). Therefore, as a quality control step, at the end of the pre-processing procedure, cloud plots were constructed to test for relationships between inter-node Euclidian distance and correlations between FD and RSFC across subjects. In cases in which motion is affecting the results, proximal nodes will have high FD-RSFC correlations and distal nodes will have low FD-RSFC correlations. This would result in a negative correlation between distance and FD-RSFC correlation. In the present dataset, the distance to FD-RSFC correlation was very close to zero for both the placebo and LSD conditions (Fig. S7), suggesting that the extensive pre-processing measures had successfully controlled for distance-related motion artefacts. The final quality control step was to correlate the results with mean FD across subjects (Table S6). Reassuringly, very few results correlated with mean motion (FD) and these were: vmPFC-PCC (r = -0.48, p = 0.035), V1-bilateral angular gyrus (r = 0.56, p=0.015). The significant correlation between changes in vmPFC-PCC RSFC and FD is also mentioned in (Power et al., 2012) and (Van Dijk et al., 2012); therefore, we decided not to elaborate on this result in the manuscript as it may have been an artifact of motion.

Fig. S7. Correlation between inter-node Euclidian distance (mm) and FD-RSFC correlation (r) for both LSD (a) and placebo (b). Nodes were defined using the Craddock atlas with 240 parcellations, excluding supplementary motor and motor areas. For each pair of nodes, RSFC was calculated with pearson’s r and transformed into z using fisher transformation. For each pair of nodes, a correlation across subjects was calculated between mean FD and RSFC (r) and transformed into z using fisher’s transformation. This correlation is plotted against the distance between nodes (mm). The correlations for LSD and placebo were r = -0.0009 (p = 0.089) and r = -0.025 (p < 0.001), respectively, suggesting that motion did not affect RSFC in a distant dependant manner after pre-processing.

REFERENCES Bright MG, Murphy K (2015) Is fMRI “noise” really noise? Resting state nuisance regressors remove variance with network structure. NeuroImage 114:158-169. Friston KJ, Williams S, Howard R, Frackowiak RS, Turner R (1996) Movement‐related effects in fMRI time‐series. Magnetic resonance in medicine 35:346-355. Jo HJ, Saad ZS, Simmons WK, Milbury LA, Cox RW (2010) Mapping sources of correlation in resting state FMRI, with artifact detection and removal. Neuroimage 52:571-582. Jo HJ, Gotts SJ, Reynolds RC, Bandettini PA, Martin A, Cox RW, Saad ZS (2013) Effective preprocessing procedures virtually eliminate distance-dependent motion artifacts in resting state FMRI. Journal of applied mathematics 2013. Power JD, Barnes KA, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE (2012) Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. Neuroimage 59:2142-2154. Power JD, Mitra A, Laumann TO, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE (2014) Methods to detect, characterize, and remove motion artifact in resting state fMRI. Neuroimage 84:320-341. Satterthwaite TD, Elliott MA, Gerraty RT, Ruparel K, Loughead J, Calkins ME, Eickhoff SB, Hakonarson H, Gur RC, Gur RE (2013) An improved framework for confound regression and filtering for control of motion artifact in the preprocessing of resting-state functional connectivity data. Neuroimage 64:240-256. Van Dijk KR, Sabuncu MR, Buckner RL (2012) The influence of head motion on intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Neuroimage 59:431-438.

Email leor.roseman13@imperial.ac.uk for any questions

This statistic displays the share of school children who have taken LSD in England, from 2001 to 2023, by gender. In 2023, 0.6 percent of boys and 0.5 percent of girls aged between 11 and 15 years old had taken LSD in the last 12 months.

A collection of 10 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

Collection description

LSD: seed based RSFC (V1, PH, vmPFC) and CBF

LSD is a potent hallucinogenic drug. It is made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. LSD can have long-lasting impacts on your brain and emotional state. This is true even if you use the drug only once.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Dataset for a bibliometric analysis of journal articles reporting findings from clinical studies of the psychedelics 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ibogaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, MDMA, and psilocybin published from 1965-2018.This data accompanies our article:Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journal Articles Reporting Results of Psychedelic Clinical StudiesJeremy Weleff, Teddy J. Akiki, Brian S. BarnettmedRxiv 2021.11.22.21266718DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.22.21266718

LSD is a potent hallucinogenic drug. It is made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. LSD can have long-lasting impacts on your brain and emotional state. This is true even if you use the drug only once.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

The data and interpretations presented are based on firsthand experience, being compiled by the Department of Conservation and Land Management’s regional nature conservation staff between July 2001 and January 2002. Note: to access the data, select the data source link located on the right-hand side. Show full description

Protein-Protein, Genetic, and Chemical Interactions for LSD-1 (Drosophila melanogaster) curated by BioGRID (https://thebiogrid.org); DEFINITION: Lipid storage droplet-1

This online map locates the wells that have NOI records in the CalGEM WellSTAR database, and provides well NOI information including operator, lease, Notice of Intention (NOI), NOI date, type, and status. Notice of Intention (NOI): File prior to commencement of drilling operations, along with a general plan showing the proposed location and the total depth. Submit with proper bond (if needed).CalGEM is the Geologic Energy Management Division of the California Department of Conservation, formerly the Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (as of January 1, 2020).WellSTAR homepageUpdate Frequency: As Needed

Background: LSD is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. Underlying these effects are changes in brain neuroplasticity. This is the first study to follow the developmental changes in brain structure and function following LSD exposure in periadolescence. We hypothesized LSD given during a time of heightened neuroplasticity, particularly in the forebrain, would affect cognitive and emotional behavior and the associated underlying neuroanatomy and neurocircuitry.
Methods: Female and male mice were given vehicle, single, or multiple treatments of 3.3 µg of LSD by oral gavage starting on postnatal day 51. Between postnatal days 90-120 mice were imaged and tested for cognitive and motor behavior. MRI data from voxel-based morphometry, diffusion weighted imaging, and BOLD resting state functional connectivity were registered to a mouse 3D MRI atlas with 139 brain regions providing site-specific differences in global brain structure and functional connectivity between experimental groups. Results: Motor behavior and cognitive performance were unaffected by periadolescent exposure to LSD. Differences across experimental groups in brain volume for any of the 139 brain areas were few in number and not focused on any specific brain region. Multiple exposures to LSD significantly altered gray matter microarchitecture across much of the brain. These changes were primary associated with the thalamus, sensory and motor cortices, and basal ganglia. The forebrain olfactory system and prefrontal cortex and hindbrain cerebellum and brainstem were unaffected. The functional connectivity between forebrain white matter tracts and sensorimotor cortices and hippocampus was reduced with multidose LSD exposure. Conclusion: Does early exposure to LSD in periadolescence have lasting effects on brain development? There was no evidence of LSD having consequential effects on cognitive or motor behavior when animal were evaluated as young adults 90-120 days of age. Neither were there any differences in the volume of specific brain areas between experimental conditions. The pronounced changes in indices of anisotropy across much of the brain would suggest altered gray matter microarchitecture and neuroplasticity. The reduction in connectivity in forebrain white matter tracts with multidose LSD and consolidation around sensorimotor and hippocampal brain areas requires a battery of tests to understand the consequences of these changes on behavior. Methods Female and male mice were given vehicle, single or multiple treatments of 3.3 µg of LSD by oral gavage starting on postnatal day 51. Between postnatal days 90-120 mice were imaged and tested for cognitive and motor behavior. MRI data from voxel-based morphometry, diffusion weighted imaging, and BOLD resting state functional connectivity were registered to a mouse 3D MRI atlas with 139 brain regions providing site-specific differences in global brain structure and functional connectivity between experimental groups.

Protein-Protein, Genetic, and Chemical Interactions for LSD-1 (Caenorhabditis elegans) curated by BioGRID (https://thebiogrid.org); DEFINITION: T08D10.2 encodes an ortholog of the human histone demethylase LSD1 (KIAA0601), and a paralog of C. elegans SPR-5; similar histone demethylase homologs are found in human, mouse, Drosophila, fission yeast, and Arabidopsis; T08D10.2 is predicted to demethylate histone H3 lysine 4 residues and act as a transcriptional corepressor.

Explore detailed Lsd import data of Maxlite Inc in the USA—product details, price, quantity, origin countries, and US ports.

Statistics illustrates the export price of Acrylic Acid and Its Salts and Other Monocarboxylic Acid in Liechtenstein from 2007 to 2024 by trade partner.

Belgium Exports of hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid), chlorosulfuric acid to Denmark was US$434.79 Thousand during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Belgium Exports of hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid), chlorosulfuric acid to Denmark - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on July of 2025.

Explore detailed Lsd import data of Samsung Sds Canada in the USA—product details, price, quantity, origin countries, and US ports.

Russia Liquid Carbonic Acid Production: OKPD2 data was reported at 31,050.090 Ton in Jan 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 37,822.310 Ton for Dec 2018. Russia Liquid Carbonic Acid Production: OKPD2 data is updated monthly, averaging 37,292.640 Ton from Jan 2016 (Median) to Jan 2019, with 37 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 53,767.590 Ton in Aug 2018 and a record low of 22,400.010 Ton in Jan 2016. Russia Liquid Carbonic Acid Production: OKPD2 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Chemical and Petrochemical Sector – Table RU.RHA008: Industrial Gases Production: Liquid Carbonic Acid: by Region.

In 2022, the market volume of sulfuric acid worldwide amounted to ****** million metric tons. It is forecast that the market volume of this inorganic compound will grow to around ***** million metric tons worldwide in the year 2030.