The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .

At the end of 2024, Zimbabwe had the highest inflation rate in the world, at 736.11 percent change compared to the previous year. Inflation in industrialized and in emerging countries Higher inflation rates are more present in less developed economies, as they often lack a sufficient central banking system, which in turn results in the manipulation of currency to achieve short term economic goals. Thus, interest rates increase while the general economic situation remains constant. In more developed economies and in the prime emerging markets, the inflation rate does not fluctuate as sporadically. Additionally, the majority of countries that maintained the lowest inflation rate compared to previous years are primarily oil producers or small island independent states. These countries experienced deflation, which occurs when the inflation rate falls below zero; this may happen for a variety of factors, such as a shift in supply or demand of goods and services, or an outflow of capital.

This dataset provides values for INFLATION RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

We report average expected inflation rates over the next one through 30 years. Our estimates of expected inflation rates are calculated using a Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland model that combines financial data and survey-based measures. Released monthly.

Abstract

Food price inflation is an important metric to inform economic policy but traditional sources of consumer prices are often produced with delay during crises and only at an aggregate level. This may poorly reflect the actual price trends in rural or poverty-stricken areas, where large populations reside in fragile situations. This data set includes food price estimates and is intended to help gain insight in price developments beyond what can be formally measured by traditional methods. The estimates are generated using a machine-learning approach that imputes ongoing subnational price surveys, often with accuracy similar to direct measurement of prices. The data set provides new opportunities to investigate local price dynamics in areas where populations are sensitive to localized price shocks and where traditional data are not available.

Geographic coverage notes

The data cover the following areas: Afghanistan, Armenia, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Dem. Rep., Congo, Rep., Gambia, The, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Indonesia, Iraq, Kenya, Lao PDR, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen, Rep.

Inflation Rate in Egypt decreased to 12 percent in August from 13.90 percent in July of 2025. This dataset provides - Egypt Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In 2023, ** percent of Portuguese respondents believed that the profit margin of large food retailers was one of the main reasons for the rising cost of food in the country, and ** percent of these stated that this was the top cause. The rise in production costs due to the war between Russia and Ukraine was pointed out by ** percent of respondents, ** percent of which believed this to be the top cause for food inflation.

In August 2025, the inflation rate in Japan stood at *** percent. The term inflation means the devaluation of money caused by a permanent increase of the price level for goods and services. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the price development for private expenses and shows the current level of inflation when it increases. Rising consumer prices since 2022 Since the economic downturn in the 1990s, consumer prices in Japan have remained stagnant. Many Japanese consumers have never experienced a significant rise in cost of living, as the country had been struggling with deflationary pressures for over three decades. In the last years, this has changed drastically. Consumers have been confronted with rising prices since 2022, driven by global tensions and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. While Japan’s CPI recorded a *** percent growth in 2024, real household consumption expenditure declined. Consumer inflation in 2024 Annual inflation decreased from *** percent in 2023, the highest level recorded since 1991. A look at the price growth of major categories in the CPI shows that prices for ********************** saw the largest increases in 2024, followed by **** and ******************************. Fresh food prices, which rose by ***** percent, were at the core of the food price growth. ************, ****************, and ******* such as rice, bread, and noodles, were among the major contributors to Japan’s inflation. Rice prices jumped significantly in 2024. The staple food continued to see drastic price hikes in 2025.

Inflation Rate in Canada increased to 1.90 percent in August from 1.70 percent in July of 2025. This dataset provides - Canada Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

During the period beginning roughly in the mid-1980s until the Global Financial Crisis (2007-2008), the U.S. economy experienced a time of relative economic calm, with low inflation and consistent GDP growth. Compared with the turbulent economic era which had preceded it in the 1970s and the early 1980s, the lack of extreme fluctuations in the business cycle led some commentators to suggest that macroeconomic issues such as high inflation, long-term unemployment and financial crises were a thing of the past. Indeed, the President of the American Economic Association, Professor Robert Lucas, famously proclaimed in 2003 that "central problem of depression prevention has been solved, for all practical purposes". Ben Bernanke, the future chairman of the Federal Reserve during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and 2022 Nobel Prize in Economics recipient, coined the term 'the Great Moderation' to describe this era of newfound economic confidence. The era came to an abrupt end with the outbreak of the GFC in the Summer of 2007, as the U.S. financial system began to crash due to a downturn in the real estate market.

Causes of the Great Moderation, and its downfall

A number of factors have been cited as contributing to the Great Moderation including central bank monetary policies, the shift from manufacturing to services in the economy, improvements in information technology and management practices, as well as reduced energy prices. The period coincided with the term of Fed chairman Alan Greenspan (1987-2006), famous for the 'Greenspan put', a policy which meant that the Fed would proactively address downturns in the stock market using its monetary policy tools. These economic factors came to prominence at the same time as the end of the Cold War (1947-1991), with the U.S. attaining a new level of hegemony in global politics, as its main geopolitical rival, the Soviet Union, no longer existed. During the Great Moderation, the U.S. experienced a recession twice, between July 1990 and March 1991, and again from March 2001 tom November 2001, however, these relatively short recessions did not knock the U.S. off its growth path. The build up of household and corporate debt over the early 2000s eventually led to the Global Financial Crisis, as the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble in 2007 reverberated across the financial system, with a subsequent credit freeze and mass defaults.

Inflation Rate in South Korea increased to 2.10 percent in September from 1.70 percent in August of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - South Korea Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for 5-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate (T5YIE) from 2003-01-02 to 2025-10-01 about spread, 5-year, interest rate, interest, inflation, rate, and USA.

Information frictions play a central role in the formation of household inflation expectations, but there is no consensus about their origins. We address this question with novel evidence from survey experiments. We document two main findings. First, individuals in low inflation contexts have significantly weaker priors about the inflation rate. This finding suggests that rational inattention may be an important source of information frictions. Second, cognitive limitations also appear to be a source of information frictions: even when information about inflation statistics is available, individuals still place a significant weight on inaccurate sources of information, such as their memories of the price changes of the supermarket products they purchase. We discuss the implications of these findings for macroeconomic models and policymaking.

Since 2021, the large economies of Western Europe have been experiencing a surge in inflation, with inflation reaching as high as 11.84 percent in Italy during October 2022. During 2023 the rate of inflation in all these economies has fallen significantly, reaching as low as 0.67 percent in Italy and 3.17 percent in Germany. This inflationary episode is understood by economists to have been caused by several factors, notably the supply chain issues during the COVID-19 pandemic, pent-up consumer demand which was released after lockdowns ended, as well as policies of monetary and fiscal stimulus during the pandemic aimed at boosting economic activity.

Milking Inflation Market Outlook

The global milking inflation market size was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.3 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4% from 2024 to 2032. The growth of this market is primarily driven by advancements in dairy farming technologies and the increasing demand for automation in milking processes, which enhance efficiency and productivity.

One of the major growth factors propelling the milking inflation market is the rising global demand for dairy products. As populations grow and urbanize, particularly in developing regions, the consumption of dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt is increasing. This has led dairy farms to adopt more efficient milking systems to meet demand while maintaining high standards of animal welfare and product quality. Additionally, the push for sustainable farming practices is encouraging the adoption of advanced milking technologies that reduce waste and improve energy efficiency.

Technological advancements represent another significant growth driver for the milking inflation market. Innovations in robotic milking systems and electronic monitoring devices have revolutionized the dairy industry. These technologies offer numerous benefits, including reduced labor costs, improved data accuracy, and increased milk yield. Automated systems also allow for more precise monitoring of cow health and milk quality, which can lead to better overall herd management and productivity. Furthermore, research and development in this field continue to produce new solutions that are more efficient and cost-effective, further driving market growth.

The increasing focus on animal welfare is also significantly contributing to the market's expansion. Modern milking systems are designed to be gentler on cows, reducing stress and the risk of injury. This, in turn, can lead to higher milk yields and better-quality milk. Dairy farmers are increasingly aware that maintaining high standards of animal welfare can improve their profitability and sustainability. As a result, there is a growing trend towards the adoption of advanced milking technologies that prioritize the well-being of the animals.

The role of Commercial Milking Equipment in modern dairy farming cannot be overstated. As dairy farms strive to meet the increasing demand for milk and dairy products, the need for efficient and reliable milking equipment becomes paramount. Commercial milking equipment encompasses a wide range of tools and machinery designed to streamline the milking process, reduce labor costs, and enhance milk quality. These systems are engineered to handle large volumes of milk, making them ideal for commercial dairy operations. By integrating advanced technologies such as automated milking systems and electronic monitoring devices, commercial milking equipment ensures that dairy farms can maintain high standards of animal welfare while maximizing productivity. As the industry continues to evolve, the adoption of commercial milking equipment is expected to grow, driven by the need for efficiency and sustainability.

Regionally, the market outlook varies, with North America and Europe leading in the adoption of advanced milking technologies due to higher levels of technological awareness and investment capabilities. In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, driven by rapid urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and increasing dairy consumption. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to show significant growth, although at a slower pace compared to other regions, due to improving economic conditions and growing agricultural sectors.

Product Type Analysis

The milking inflation market is segmented into automatic milking systems, conventional milking systems, and robotic milking systems. Automatic milking systems (AMS) have gained significant traction in recent years due to their ability to operate with minimal human intervention. AMS uses advanced sensors and software to optimize the milking process, which can lead to higher milk yield and better animal health. The ability to gather and analyze data in real-time allows farmers to make informed decisions, improving overall farm management.

Conventional milking systems, while still widely used, are gradually being phased out in favor of more advanced technologies. These sy

Cost of food in Nigeria increased 21.87 percent in August of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides - Nigeria Food Inflation - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The path of inflation over the past two years looks strikingly similar to the path observed during the 1970s, when the Federal Open Market Committee shifted its focus away from fighting inflation before price pressures were fully under control. Although policymakers in both the 1970s and today have faced extraordinary challenges, future perceptions of current policy will likely be defined primarily by the outcome of the Committee’s attempts to curb inflation, rather than the circumstances surrounding it.

The aim is to forecast the chief components of inflation (such as changes in fuel prices, food prices and prices of durable goods) for the USA, UK and South Africa, and to test whether the weighted sum of the component forecasts gives a more accurate overall forecast for inflation, than simply forecasting overall inflation itself. In the long run, the ratios of these prices to the overall consumer price index have altered because of technological changes and globalization, among other factors. For example, the prices of internationally traded consumer goods have fallen relative to prices of services. By building separate models for the components, the long-run information in the data and specific economic features likely to drive each component can be exploited. These models will test for asymmetries, such as the tendency of petrol prices to respond faster to rises than to falls in oil prices. The models should help better understand the causes of overall inflation through understanding the inflation trends of the underlying sectors. Modelling the components separately should also highlight where interest rate policy could be effective, and where other policies such as competition policy or price regulation might have complementary benefits.

Inflation Rate in Indonesia increased to 2.65 percent in September from 2.31 percent in August of 2025. This dataset provides - Indonesia Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The enduring discourse regarding the effectiveness of interest rate policy in mitigating inflation within developing economies is characterized by the interplay of structural and supply-side determinants. Moreover, extant academic literature fails to resolve the direction of causality between inflation and interest rates. Nevertheless, the prevalent adoption of interest rate-based monetary policies in numerous developing economies raises a fundamental inquiry: What motivates central banks in these nations to consistently espouse this strategy? To address this inquiry, our study leverages wavelet transformation to dissect interest rate and inflation data across a spectrum of frequency scales. This innovative methodology paves the way for a meticulous exploration of the intricate causal interplay between these pivotal macroeconomic variables for twenty-two developing economies using monthly data from 1992 to 2022. Traditional literature on causality tends to focus on short- and long-run timescales, yet our study posits that numerous uncharted time and frequency scales exist between these extremes. These intermediate scales may wield substantial influence over the causal relationship and its direction. Our research thus extends the boundaries of existing causality literature and presents fresh insights into the complexities of monetary policy in developing economies. Traditional wisdom suggests that central banks should raise interest rates to combat inflation. However, our study uncovers a contrasting reality in developing economies. It demonstrates a positive causal link between the policy rate and inflation, where an increase in the central bank’s interest rates leads to an upsurge in price levels. Paradoxically, in response to escalating prices, the central bank continues to heighten the policy rate, thereby perpetuating this cyclical pattern. Given this observed positive causal relationship in developing economies, central banks must explore structural and supply-side factors to break this cycle and regain control over inflation.