In 2024, precipitation in Jeju in South Korea was the highest nationwide, with about 1928.9 millimeters. Gyeongnam followed with around 1713.6 millimeters.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Incheon, South Korea was 16.5 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past six years, while December 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of minus 2.6 degrees Celsius.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Jeju, South Korea, was 17.5 degrees Celsius. The island's hottest month was August 2024, while February 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of 5.2 degrees Celsius.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Busan, South Korea was 17.4 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past five years, while February 2025 was the coldest, with an average temperature of 2.9 degrees Celsius.

In this research, climate classification maps over the Korean Peninsula at 1 km resolution were generated using the satellite-based climatic variables of monthly temperature and precipitation based on machine learning approaches. Random forest (RF), artificial neural networks (ANN), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), logistic regression (LR), and support vector machines (SVM) were used to develop models. Training and validation of these models were conducted using in-situ observations from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) from 2001 to 2016. The rule of the traditional Köppen-Geiger (K-G) climate classification was used to classify climate regions. The input variables were land surface temperature (LST) of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), monthly precipitation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 product, and the Digital Elevation Map (DEM) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The overall accuracy (OA) based on validation data from 2001 to 2016 for all models was high over 95%. DEM and minimum winter temperature were two distinct variables over the study area with particularly high relative importance. ANN produced more realistic spatial distribution of the classified climates despite having a slightly lower OA than the others. The accuracy of the models using high altitudinal in-situ data of the Mountain Meteorology Observation System (MMOS) was also assessed. Although the data length of the MMOS data was relatively short (2013 to 2017), it proved that the snowy, dry and cold winter and cool summer class (Dwc) is widely located in the eastern coastal region of South Korea. Temporal shifting of climate was examined through a comparison of climate maps produced by period: from 1950 to 2000, from 1983 to 2000, and from 2001 to 2013. A shrinking trend of snow classes (D) over the Korean Peninsula was clearly observed from the ANN-based climate classification results. Shifting trends of climate with the decrease/increase of snow (D)/temperate (C) classes were clearly shown in the maps produced using the proposed approaches, consistent with the results from the reanalysis data of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC).

In May 2025, the average temperature in Gwangju, South Korea was 18.2 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past six years, while December 2022 and February 2025 were the coldest, with an average temperature of 1.1 degrees Celsius.

Species distribution modeling is widely used for evaluating invasion risk, and for prioritizing areas for the control and management of invasive species. However, selecting a modeling tool that accurately predicts species invasion risk requires a systematic approach. In this study, five species distribution models (SDMs), namely, artificial neural network (ANN), generalized linear model (GLM), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), maximum entropy (MaxEnt), and random forest (RF), were performed and evaluated their model performance using the mean value of area under the curve (AUC), true skill statistics (TSS), and Kappa scores of 12 ecosystem disturbing alien plant species (EDAPS). The mean evaluation metric scores were highest in RF (AUC = 0.924 ± 0.058, TSS = 0.789 ± 0.109, Kappa = 0.671 ± 0.096, n = 12) and lowest in ANN. The ANOVA of AUC, TSS, and Kappa metrics revealed the RF model was significantly different from other SDMs and was therefore selected as the relatively best model. The potential distribution area and invasion risk for each EDAPS were quantified. Under the current climate conditions of South Korea, the average potential distribution area of EDAPS was estimated to be 13,062 km2. However, in future climate change scenarios, the average percentage change of EDAPS distribution relative to the current climate was predicted to be increased over 219.93%. Furthermore, under the current climate, 0.16% of the area of the country was estimated to be under a very high risk of invasion, but this would increase to 60.43% by 2070. Invasion risk under the current climate conditions was highest in the northwestern, southern, and southeastern regions, and in densely populated cities, such as Seoul, Busan, and Daegu. By 2070, invasion risk was predicted to expand across the whole country except in the northeastern region. These results suggested that climate change induced the risk of EDAPS invasiveness, and SDMs could be valuable tools for alien and invasive plant species risk assessment.

Detailed palynological studies in the northeast (NE) Pacific, Strait of Georgia (BC, Canada), southeast (SE) Pacific and northwest Pacific (Dongdo Bay, South Korea) resulted in the recognition of the new dinoflagellate cyst species Selenopemphix undulata sp. nov. This species is restricted to cool temperate to sub-polar climate zones, where it is found in highest relative abundances in highly productive non- to reduced upwelling regions with an annual mean sea-surface temperature (aSST) below 16 °C and an annual mean sea-surface salinity (aSSS) between 20 and 35 psu. Those observations are in agreement with the late Quaternary fossil records from Santa Barbara Basin (ODP 893; 34°N) and offshore Chile (ODP 1233; 41°S), where this species thrived during the last glacial. This period was characterised by high nutrient availability and the absence of species favouring upwelling conditions. The indirect dependence of S. undulata sp. nov. abundances on nutrient availability during reduced or non-upwelling periods is expressed by the synchronous fluctuations with diatom abundances, since the distribution and growth rates of the latter are directly related with the availability of macronutrients in the surface waters.

Climate Test Chamber Market Outlook

The global climate test chamber market size was valued at approximately USD 800 million in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly USD 1.3 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% from 2024 to 2032. The growth of this market is driven by the increasing demand for reliable and accurate climatic testing across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and pharmaceuticals.

One of the primary growth factors of the climate test chamber market is the rapid technological advancements in testing equipment. Innovations such as automated and remotely controlled test chambers have significantly enhanced the efficiency and precision of climatic tests. These advancements are crucial for industries like automotive and aerospace, where stringent testing standards are essential to ensure product reliability and safety. The trend towards miniaturization in electronics and the need for highly controlled testing environments also contribute to the market's expansion.

Another significant driver is the growing emphasis on regulatory compliance and quality assurance across different sectors. Industries are required to meet stringent regulatory standards related to climatic conditions, especially in pharmaceuticals and electronics. Climate test chambers play a vital role in ensuring that products meet these regulatory requirements by simulating various environmental conditions, thereby helping manufacturers maintain product quality and integrity. The increasing adoption of climate test chambers to comply with these regulations is anticipated to fuel market growth further.

The rising awareness of environmental sustainability and energy efficiency is also propelling the market. Companies are increasingly focused on developing eco-friendly testing solutions that minimize energy consumption and reduce environmental impact. Energy-efficient climate test chambers, which use advanced cooling and heating technologies, are gaining popularity. These chambers not only help companies reduce operational costs but also align with global efforts to combat climate change, thereby driving market growth.

The Constant Temperature and Humidity Chamber is a pivotal tool in the climate test chamber market, offering precise control over environmental conditions. These chambers are essential for industries that require consistent and stable testing environments to ensure product durability and performance. By maintaining a constant temperature and humidity level, these chambers facilitate accurate testing of materials and components, particularly in sectors such as electronics and pharmaceuticals. The ability to replicate specific climatic conditions with high precision makes these chambers invaluable for quality assurance and regulatory compliance. As industries continue to demand higher standards of product reliability, the role of constant temperature and humidity chambers becomes increasingly significant, driving innovation and market growth.

From a regional perspective, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period. The rapid industrialization and the increasing presence of automotive, electronics, and pharmaceutical manufacturing hubs in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea are major factors contributing to this growth. The supportive government policies and investments in research and development further bolster the demand for climate test chambers in this region.

Type Analysis

The climate test chamber market can be segmented by type into temperature and humidity chambers, thermal shock chambers, altitude chambers, and others. Temperature and humidity chambers hold a significant share of the market owing to their wide range of applications across various industries. These chambers are used to simulate different temperature and humidity conditions to test the durability and performance of products. With the growing demand for high-quality products, the need for precise and reliable temperature and humidity testing is increasing, driving the market for these types of chambers.

Thermal shock chambers are crucial for industries that require rapid temperature cycling to test the robustness and reliability of products. These chambers are predominantly used in the automotive and electronics industries, where products are exposed to extreme temperature variations. The increasing demand

In 2024, Jeju was the warmest region in South Korea with an average temperature of 17.8 degrees Celsius. Gangwon (Yeongseo) was the coldest region, with an average temperature of 12.4 degrees Celsius.

Korea Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data was reported at 0.080 % in 2009. Korea Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.080 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Korea Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Korea – Table KR.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Droughts, floods and extreme temperatures is the annual average percentage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region's water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated.; ; EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database: www.emdat.be, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium), World Bank.; ;

Solar PV Snow-Load Monitoring Sensor Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Solar PV Snow-Load Monitoring Sensor market size reached USD 410 million in 2024, reflecting a robust momentum in the adoption of advanced monitoring solutions for photovoltaic systems. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 12.3% during the forecast period, reaching USD 1,163 million by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing deployment of solar power installations in regions susceptible to heavy snowfall, as well as the rising emphasis on operational efficiency and safety in renewable energy infrastructure.

One of the principal growth drivers for the Solar PV Snow-Load Monitoring Sensor market is the escalating demand for reliable performance and longevity of solar photovoltaic installations in snow-prone geographies. As solar energy becomes a cornerstone of global decarbonization efforts, the operational risks posed by snow accumulation—such as structural damage, reduced energy output, and safety hazards—have come under scrutiny. Asset owners and operators are increasingly investing in snow-load monitoring sensors to enable real-time detection and management of snow loads, thereby minimizing downtime and maintenance costs. This proactive approach not only safeguards investments but also enhances the overall return on investment for solar projects, especially in regions like North America, Europe, and parts of Asia where winter conditions can be severe.

Technological advancements in sensor design and data analytics are further accelerating market expansion. Modern snow-load monitoring sensors now incorporate sophisticated features such as wireless connectivity, cloud-based data management, and predictive analytics, enabling seamless integration with smart grid and asset management platforms. These innovations allow stakeholders to access actionable insights, automate maintenance scheduling, and optimize energy generation even during adverse weather conditions. Additionally, the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in renewable energy monitoring has broadened the scope of remote diagnostics and real-time alerts, fostering widespread adoption across commercial, industrial, and utility-scale solar PV installations.

Another significant factor fueling the growth of the Solar PV Snow-Load Monitoring Sensor market is the tightening of regulatory standards and industry best practices. Governments and industry bodies are increasingly mandating the adoption of safety and performance monitoring solutions to ensure the structural integrity and operational reliability of solar infrastructure. This regulatory push, coupled with growing awareness about the financial and safety implications of snow-induced failures, is prompting solar project developers and asset managers to integrate advanced snow-load monitoring solutions as a standard component of their risk management strategy. The market is also witnessing increased collaboration between sensor manufacturers, solar EPC contractors, and digital solution providers to deliver end-to-end monitoring and management systems tailored to diverse application requirements.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe continue to dominate the Solar PV Snow-Load Monitoring Sensor market, accounting for a combined market share of over 60% in 2024. These regions benefit from extensive solar infrastructure, high awareness levels, and stringent regulatory frameworks. However, the Asia Pacific market is emerging as a key growth engine, driven by rapid solar capacity additions in countries such as China, Japan, and South Korea, where winter snowfall poses operational challenges. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are also expected to witness steady growth as solar adoption expands into new geographies and climate zones, further diversifying the market landscape.

Sensor Type Analysis

The sensor type segment of the Solar PV Snow-Load Monitoring Sensor market is characteri

Military Cold Weather Clothing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Military Cold Weather Clothing market size reached USD 1.84 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand for advanced protective gear among armed forces worldwide. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2025 to 2033, with the forecasted market size projected to reach USD 3.15 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by rising geopolitical tensions, modernization of military apparel, and increasing deployments in extreme climatic zones, which collectively necessitate the adoption of technologically enhanced cold weather clothing solutions.

One of the most significant growth factors for the Military Cold Weather Clothing market is the increasing frequency of military operations in harsh and unpredictable environments. Modern armed forces are being deployed in arctic and mountainous regions where extreme cold can severely impact operational effectiveness and troop safety. As a result, there is a heightened demand for clothing that provides superior insulation, moisture management, and mobility. The integration of advanced materials such as phase-change fabrics, breathable membranes, and lightweight yet thermally efficient insulations is enabling manufacturers to meet these rigorous requirements. Furthermore, the ongoing trend of militaries upgrading their cold weather gear in line with evolving threats and mission profiles is expected to sustain market momentum over the forecast period.

Another critical driver is the focus on soldier health and performance optimization. Prolonged exposure to cold climates can lead to severe health issues such as frostbite, hypothermia, and decreased combat readiness. Recognizing these risks, defense agencies are increasingly investing in research and development to create clothing systems that not only protect against cold but also enhance comfort and reduce fatigue. The adoption of modular layering systems, which allow soldiers to adjust their clothing according to temperature fluctuations and activity levels, is gaining traction. Additionally, the integration of smart textiles and wearable sensors that monitor physiological parameters is emerging as a transformative trend, further reinforcing the role of innovation in shaping the future of military cold weather clothing.

Procurement policies and government initiatives also play a pivotal role in market growth. Many countries are implementing comprehensive modernization programs for their armed forces, with a dedicated focus on upgrading personal protective equipment. These initiatives often involve substantial budget allocations for cold weather clothing, particularly in regions prone to severe winters or with strategic interests in polar territories. Collaborative efforts between defense ministries, research institutions, and leading manufacturers are fostering the development of bespoke solutions tailored to specific operational needs. Moreover, the increasing participation of private contractors and technological partnerships is accelerating the pace of innovation and expanding the global reach of advanced military cold weather clothing.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe continue to dominate the Military Cold Weather Clothing market due to their large defense budgets, frequent cold climate deployments, and strong presence of leading manufacturers. However, the Asia Pacific region is rapidly emerging as a key growth area, driven by rising defense expenditures in countries such as China, India, and South Korea. These nations are investing heavily in modernizing their armed forces and enhancing operational capabilities in diverse terrains, including high-altitude and arctic zones. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth, bolstered by increasing cross-border tensions and the need for improved troop protection in challenging environments.

Product Type Analysis

The Product Type segment of the Military Cold Weather Clothin

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Heat Stress Monitor market size is USD 16581.2 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.00% from 2024 to 2031. North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 6632.48 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2024 to 2031. Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 4974.36 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% from 2024 to 2031. Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 3813.68 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.0% from 2024 to 2031. Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 829.06 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4% from 2024 to 2031. Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 331.62 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.7% from 2024 to 2031. Handheld HSM segment held the highest Heat Stress Monitor market revenue share in 2024. Market Dynamics of Heat Stress Monitor Market Key Drivers for Heat Stress Monitor Market Heat Stress Monitoring Is Increasingly Being Used In Military And Athletic Applications to Propel Market Growth Heat stress is one of the risk factors for developing long-term health problems. Athletics and military personnel employ compact and portable health stress monitors. People's increasing health consciousness increases demand for health stress monitors in the form of portable and wearable gadgets. These gadgets are frequently used for training, monitoring, and personal health goals. Soldiers typically operate in harsh environments. As a result, heat stress monitors are an essential piece of equipment for soldiers. The military sector is a primary driver of market expansion for heat stress monitors. These devices allow real-time monitoring of soldiers' health on a training ground or in a field, alerting soldiers to heat stress levels. Rising Number of Heat-Related Illnesses to Promote the Expanding Heat Stress Monitor Industry Climate change is causing rising global temperatures and more frequent and severe heatwaves. These intense weather conditions raise the risk of heat-related disorders such as heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and dehydration, especially among vulnerable groups such as outdoor laborers, athletes, and the elderly. Workers in industries such as construction, agriculture, mining, and manufacturing are more vulnerable to heat stress as a result of extended exposure to high temperatures, particularly in hot climate zones. Monitoring heat stress in these conditions is critical for preventing heat-related illnesses and ensuring worker safety and productivity. The elderly, children, and people with pre-existing medical issues are especially vulnerable to heat-related disorders. Healthcare providers and caregivers are increasingly using heat stress monitors to protect these vulnerable populations during heatwaves and high-temperature periods. Restraint Factor for the Heat Stress Monitor Market Lack of Strong Enforcement Across Industries in Developing Economies The developing countries of Asia Pacific (APAC) and Africa have an unorganized industrial sector. Heat stress monitors are currently being used in industrialized countries such as Australia, South Korea, and Japan, where governments impose tight laws and standards for various industries. Governments in emerging countries such as India, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, South Africa, and Egypt demand heat stress monitoring standards in many industrial sectors. However, the sluggish standardization of industrial safety rules is a significant barrier as businesses continue to use traditional methods such as manual environmental testing and others. This restraint has a significant impact at the moment; however, it is likely to decrease in the future as many governments throughout the world develop more standardizations and rules to limit workplace danger. Impact of COVID-19 on the Heat Stress Monitor Market The COVID-19 pandemic has had a range of effects on the Heat Stress Monitor market. The pandemic created substantial disruptions in worldwide ...

DC Ice Melting Device Market Outlook

The global market size for DC Ice Melting Devices was estimated at USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5% during the forecast period. The primary factors driving this growth include the rising demand for efficient and eco-friendly ice melting solutions, increasing urbanization, and the need for maintaining safe and accessible infrastructure in cold climates.

One of the significant growth factors for the DC Ice Melting Device market is the increased focus on sustainability and environmental conservation. Traditional ice-melting chemicals like salt have been criticized for their negative environmental impact, such as soil and water contamination. DC Ice Melting Devices, particularly those powered by renewable energy sources like solar, provide a greener alternative. Governments and environmental agencies are promoting the usage of these eco-friendly solutions through subsidies and regulations, boosting market growth.

Urbanization and infrastructure development in cold-climate regions are also contributing to the rising demand for DC Ice Melting Devices. With more roads, bridges, and public spaces being constructed, there is a critical need for efficient ice melting to ensure safety and accessibility. Municipalities and commercial enterprises are increasingly investing in these devices to minimize ice-related hazards, thereby driving the market forward. The advancements in DC technology, making these devices more efficient and capable, further support this demand.

Additionally, the growing awareness about the economic benefits of using DC Ice Melting Devices is playing a crucial role in market expansion. These devices not only help in reducing the operational costs associated with manual ice removal but also extend the lifespan of infrastructure by preventing ice-related damage. Industries are realizing the long-term cost savings and operational efficiency brought by these devices, leading to increased adoption across various sectors.

From a regional perspective, North America holds the largest share of the DC Ice Melting Device market, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The high prevalence of harsh winter conditions in North America and Europe has necessitated the adoption of advanced ice-melting technologies. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing rapid growth due to increasing urbanization and infrastructure development in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. These regions are expected to continue contributing significantly to the market during the forecast period.

Product Type Analysis

In the DC Ice Melting Device market, product type is an essential segment comprising Portable DC Ice Melting Devices and Fixed DC Ice Melting Devices. Portable DC Ice Melting Devices are highly favored for their flexibility and ease of use. These devices are suitable for various applications, including residential and smaller commercial use, thanks to their mobility and compact design. The growing trend towards DIY solutions and the increasing demand for portable equipment in residential areas are major drivers for this segment.

Fixed DC Ice Melting Devices, on the other hand, are designed for more extensive and permanent installations. These devices are commonly used in commercial and industrial settings where consistent and reliable ice melting is required. Fixed devices offer higher efficiency and coverage than their portable counterparts, making them suitable for large-scale applications such as airports, highways, and large commercial complexes. The demand for fixed DC Ice Melting Devices is increasing in regions with severe winter conditions and extensive infrastructure networks.

Advancements in technology have improved the efficiency and effectiveness of both portable and fixed DC Ice Melting Devices. Innovations such as automatic control systems, real-time monitoring, and integration with smart infrastructure are making these devices more intelligent and user-friendly. These technological advancements are attracting more users and encouraging the adoption of DC Ice Melting Devices across different sectors.

Moreover, the market for DC Ice Melting Devices is witnessing a trend towards customization and specialization. Manufacturers are offering a range of products tailored to specific needs and applications. This specialization is helping companies cater to the diverse requirements of various industries, enhancing customer satisfaction an

Intensification of cultivation methods and land use types, particularly in the face of climate change, has steadily weakened the habitat function of rice fields for waterbirds.

Intermediate egrets (Ardea intermedia) are highly dependent on rice field habitats. Here, we examine the effect of a shift from rice monoculture to rice–barley double cultivation on the use of rice fields by intermediate egrets in South Korea. Rice-barley double cultivation has been increasing steadily in the southern region of South Korea due to changes in the rice growth period under climate change and maximization of economic benefits.

We studied rice fields to determine the effect of the rice-barely double cultivation area on the abundance of intermediate egrets on the regional scale and their potential distribution pattern in response to double cultivation in relation to climate change using national-scale climate, altitude, and land cover data from May 1 to June 23, 2018.

Compared to the irrigation practices used for rice monoculture, irrigation was stopped for some time in rice-barley double cultivation prior to planting, compromising the role of rice fields as a food ground for intermediate egrets. The potential abundance of intermediate egrets rapidly decreased by half when the double cultivation area increased to >40% of the total rice-field area, and was less than one individual if the area increased to >80%. Furthermore, according to climate change projections, by 2100, the double cultivation area would account for 75.74% of the predicted range of intermediate egret foraging ground.

Synthesis and applications. Double cultivation areas should be <40% of existing rice fields to minimize the impact of the change in cultivation practices. This approach can also convert rice fields to other types of land use. Consequently, appropriate conservation and management measures may be developed to maintain suitable habitats despite rapidly changing cultivation practices resulting from climate change.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Elevational distribution ranges of vascular plant species in the six national parks of the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea. SR Seoraksan National Park, OD Odaesan National Park, TB Taebaeksan National Park, SB Sobaeksan National Park, DG Deogyusan National Park, JR Jirisan National Park.

We provide a shortcut to the land cover map WMS service provided by the Ministry of Environment's Environmental Spatial Information Service. A land cover map is a type of thematic map, a spatial information DB that classifies the form of surface topographic features according to certain scientific criteria, Color Indexes areas with similar characteristics, and then expresses them in the form of a map. Since land cover maps best reflect the phenomena of the surface, they are widely used in estimating non-point source pollution loads based on surface permeability, urban planning based on biotope map creation, simulation of flood damage to downstream areas when dam water gates are released, climate and atmosphere prediction modeling, environmental impact assessments, etc. They have a status as a scientific basis for establishing environmental policies by the central and local governments, and are used as various research materials in related academic circles. *The concept was established in 1985 by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in the CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) project, a project to build a European land cover map to comprehensively collect and manage vast amounts of information on the land conditions of member states in the EU. Based on this, classification criteria suitable for Korea were determined, and in 1998, the Ministry of Environment built the first large-scale land cover map for the South Korean region.

The carbon neutrality market is experiencing substantial growth, driven by increasing global awareness of climate change and stringent government regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The market size, currently valued at XXX million (Value Unit), is projected to expand at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period (2025-2033), reaching significant proportions by 2033. Key drivers include escalating energy costs, the rising adoption of renewable energy sources, and corporate sustainability initiatives. Major companies across various sectors, such as Walmart, Amazon, and Apple in retail and technology, and energy giants like CNPC, Sinopec, and Saudi Aramco, are actively investing in carbon neutrality strategies to meet consumer demand and comply with evolving regulations. Emerging trends include the increasing use of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies, advancements in renewable energy technologies, and the development of robust carbon offsetting markets. However, restraints such as the high initial investment costs associated with carbon neutrality projects, technological limitations in certain sectors (like heavy industry), and the lack of standardized carbon accounting methodologies, pose challenges to market expansion. Segmentation reveals significant contributions from the enterprise sector, with applications spanning power generation, iron and steel, cement, chemical, oil and gas, non-ferrous metals, and other industries. Geographically, North America and Asia Pacific are currently leading the market, driven by robust government policies and strong industrial bases in these regions, while Europe and other regions are actively pursuing carbon reduction strategies. The historical period (2019-2024) showcased accelerated growth, setting the stage for the significant expansion anticipated in the forecast period. The regional breakdown reveals distinct dynamics. North America (United States, Canada, Mexico) benefits from established regulatory frameworks and technological advancements, while the Asia Pacific region (China, India, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN) is witnessing explosive growth due to rapid industrialization and government commitments to combating climate change. Europe (United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, etc.) is a significant market, driven by ambitious climate targets and a well-developed renewable energy sector. The Middle East & Africa region, while possessing substantial oil and gas resources, is gradually diversifying its energy portfolio and embracing carbon neutrality initiatives, albeit at a slower pace. South America is witnessing increasing adoption, particularly in Brazil, driven by environmental concerns and government support. The success of carbon neutrality initiatives relies heavily on the effective collaboration between governments, businesses, and research institutions. Future growth will depend on overcoming technological and financial barriers, further developing robust carbon offsetting mechanisms, and ensuring consistent and transparent policy frameworks across various nations. The competitive landscape, populated by both established players and emerging technology companies, indicates a dynamic and rapidly evolving market with significant opportunities for innovation and growth.

This paper presents the results of long-term monitoring of macromoth communities in Mt. Hallasan National Park, South Korea. This mountain shows an altitudinal gradient of vegetation from evergreen deciduous to boreal trees, harbouring more than 550 species of vascular plants. The goal of this project was to investigate the changes in moth assemblages along the altitudinal gradient in this mountain ecosystem. We monitored macromoth communities at 11 sites in Mt. Hallasan National Park from 2013 to 2018, during which time moths were collected once a month from May to October, using an ultraviolet bucket trap. The generated dataset, which represented 587 species and 13,249 individuals from 14 families, can be adopted to establish a baseline for development of a network-orientated database to assess temporal and spatial changes of moths in temperate and tropical forests. This is the first long-term sampling-event dataset on macromoth assemblages in changing vegetation from evergreen deciduous to boreal tree zones, conducted in Mt. Hallasan National Park, the national park at the highest elevation and located on the largest volcanic island in South Korea. The aim of this study was to provide a description and a link to published data in the format of a peer-reviewed journal and to provide recognition of the effort in a scholarly article (based on data paper definition published at https://www.gbif.org/en/data-papers). Moths were collected once a month from May to October each year during the period of 2013–2018. To reduce inter-site variations caused by weather or moonlight on moth catches in each trap, we sampled macromoths simultaneously at each of the six sites. Moth sampling was conducted from 7:30 p.m. to 12:30 a.m. local time. The moth samples were kept in a plastic container and transferred to the laboratory of Mokpo National University, where moth identification was made. A light bucket trap that included a 22 W ultraviolet light with a 12 V battery (BioQuip Co., USA) was used to collect insects at each survey site. Moths in the dataset included 14 Lepidopteran families: Bombycidae, Drepanidae, Erebidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Limacodidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, Notodontidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Zygaenidae. This dataset can be effectively used to be a baseline for development of a network-oriented database to assess the temporal and spatial changes of macromoths in temperate and tropical forests.