Africa is the region most affected by malaria in the world. The total number of reported deaths in the continent due to the disease was around ****** in 2023.

In 2022, Uganda had the highest number of confirmed malaria cases and deaths in Southern Africa, with around **** million and *** thousands reported, respectively. Burundi followed with the second-highest amount of cases, with over *** million. However, South Sudan recorded the second-highest number of deaths related to the disease, with ***** fatalities. Africa is the region most affected by malaria in the world, with around 91,300 deaths attributed to the disease in the same period.

Relationship between household possession of 1 or more ITNs and population (all ages) sleeping under an ITN, and coverage values used in LiST and Spectrum-Malaria projections for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Zambia. (XLSX 18 kb)

Lower respiratory infections were the leading cause of death in Africa in 2021. Lower respiratory infections accounted for 8.6 percent of all deaths in Africa that year, followed by malaria, which was responsible for 6.5 percent of deaths. Although HIV is not one of the leading causes of death worldwide, it remains within the top 10 leading causes of death in Africa. As of 2023, the top 15 countries with the highest prevalence of new HIV infections are all found in Africa. HIV/AIDS HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an infectious sexually transmitted disease that is transmitted via exposure to infected semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids and breast milk. HIV weakens the human immune system, resulting in the affected person being unable to fight off opportunistic infections. HIV/AIDS was the eighth leading cause of death in Africa in 2021, accounting for around 4.6 percent of all deaths, or around 405,790 total deaths. HIV Treatment Although there is currently no effective cure for HIV, death can be prevented by taking HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART). Access to ART worldwide has increased greatly over the last decade; however, there are still barriers to access in some of the countries most impacted by HIV. The African countries with the highest percentage of HIV infected children who were receiving antiretroviral treatment were Eswatini, Lesotho, and Uganda.

BackgroundAround 8.8 million children under-five die each year, mostly due to infectious diseases, including malaria that accounts for 16% of deaths in Africa, but the impact of international financing of malaria control on under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa has not been examined. Methods and FindingsWe combined multiple data sources and used panel data regression analysis to study the relationship among investment, service delivery/intervention coverage, and impact on child health by observing changes in 34 sub-Saharan African countries over 2002–2008. We used Lives Saved Tool to estimate the number of lives saved from coverage increase of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs)/indoor residual spraying (IRS). As an indicator of outcome, we also used under-five mortality rate. Global Fund investments comprised more than 70% of the Official Development Assistance (ODA) for malaria control in 34 countries. Each $1 million ODA for malaria enabled distribution of 50,478 ITNs [95%CI: 37,774–63,182] in the disbursement year. 1,000 additional ITNs distributed saved 0.625 lives [95%CI: 0.369–0.881]. Cumulatively Global Fund investments that increased ITN/IRS coverage in 2002–2008 prevented an estimated 240,000 deaths. Countries with higher malaria burden received less ODA disbursement per person-at-risk compared to lower-burden countries ($3.90 vs. $7.05). Increased ITN/IRS coverage in high-burden countries led to 3,575 lives saved per 1 million children, as compared with 914 lives in lower-burden countries. Impact of ITN/IRS coverage on under-five mortality was significant among major child health interventions such as immunisation showing that 10% increase in households with ITN/IRS would reduce 1.5 [95%CI: 0.3–2.8] child deaths per 1000 live births. ConclusionsAlong with other key child survival interventions, increased ITNs/IRS coverage has significantly contributed to child mortality reduction since 2002. ITN/IRS scale-up can be more efficiently prioritized to countries where malaria is a major cause of child deaths to save greater number of lives with available resources.

BackgroundIn African children, distinguishing severe falciparum malaria from other severe febrile illnesses with coincidental Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia is a major challenge. P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) is released by mature sequestered parasites and can be used to estimate the total parasite burden. We investigated the prognostic significance of plasma PfHRP2 and used it to estimate the malaria-attributable fraction in African children diagnosed with severe malaria. Methods and FindingsAdmission plasma PfHRP2 was measured prospectively in African children (from Mozambique, The Gambia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) aged 1 month to 15 years with severe febrile illness and a positive P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)-based rapid test in a clinical trial comparing parenteral artesunate versus quinine (the AQUAMAT trial, ISRCTN 50258054). In 3,826 severely ill children, Plasmadium falciparum PfHRP2 was higher in patients with coma (p = 0.0209), acidosis (p<0.0001), and severe anaemia (p<0.0001). Admission geometric mean (95%CI) plasma PfHRP2 was 1,611 (1,350–1,922) ng/mL in fatal cases (n = 381) versus 1,046 (991–1,104) ng/mL in survivors (n = 3,445, p<0.0001), without differences in parasitaemia as assessed by microscopy. There was a U-shaped association between log10 plasma PfHRP2 and risk of death. Mortality increased 20% per log10 increase in PfHRP2 above 174 ng/mL (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.21, 95%CI 1.05–1.39, p = 0.009). A mechanistic model assuming a PfHRP2-independent risk of death in non-malaria illness closely fitted the observed data and showed malaria-attributable mortality less than 50% with plasma PfHRP2≤174 ng/mL. The odds ratio (OR) for death in artesunate versus quinine-treated patients was 0.61 (95%CI 0.44–0.83, p = 0.0018) in the highest PfHRP2 tertile, whereas there was no difference in the lowest tertile (OR 1.05; 95%CI 0.69–1.61; p = 0.82). A limitation of the study is that some conclusions are drawn from a mechanistic model, which is inherently dependent on certain assumptions. However, a sensitivity analysis of the model indicated that the results were robust to a plausible range of parameter estimates. Further studies are needed to validate our findings. ConclusionsPlasma PfHRP2 has prognostic significance in African children with severe falciparum malaria and provides a tool to stratify the risk of “true” severe malaria-attributable disease as opposed to other severe illnesses in parasitaemic African children. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

In 2021, the leading causes of death in Africa were lower respiratory infections, malaria, and stroke. That year, lower respiratory infections resulted in around 65 deaths per 100,000 population in Africa. Leading causes of death in Africa vs the world Worldwide, the top three leading causes of death in 2021 were heart disease, COVID-19, and stroke. At that time, some of the leading causes of death in Africa, such as lower respiratory infections and stroke, were among the leading causes worldwide, but there were also stark differences in the leading causes of death in Africa compared to the leading causes worldwide. For example, malaria, diarrheal disease, and preterm birth complications were among the top ten leading causes of death in Africa, but not worldwide. Furthermore, HIV/AIDS was the eighth leading cause of death in Africa at that time, but was not among the top ten leading causes worldwide. HIV/AIDS in Africa Although HIV/AIDS impacts every region of the world, Africa is still the region most impacted by this deadly virus. Worldwide, there are around 40 million people currently living with HIV, with about 20.8 million found in Eastern and Southern Africa and 5.1 million in Western and Central Africa. The countries with the highest HIV prevalence worldwide include Eswatini, Lesotho, and South Africa, with the leading 20 countries by HIV prevalence all found in Africa. However, due in part to improvements in education and awareness, the prevalence of HIV in many African countries has decreased. For example, in Botswana, the prevalence of HIV decreased from 26.1 percent to 16.6 percent in the period from 2000 to 2023.

Malaria poses a risk to approximately 3.3 billion people or approximately half of the world's population. Most malaria cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Asia, Latin America, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and parts of Europe are also affected. According to the Global Malaria Report published by the World Health Organization (WHO), malaria was present in 106 countries and territories in 2010; and there were 216 million estimated cases of malaria and nearly 0.7 million deaths - mostly among children living in Africa. In this research, we have estimated current population exposed to malaria - by country. In our computation, we have made the geographical distinction of areas with high, medium, low prevalence ("endemicity") of malaria in each country based on the Global malaria atlas compiled by the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) of the Oxford University. The data are based on 24,492 parasite rate surveys (Plasmodiumfalciparum. 24,178; Plasmodium vivax. 8,866) from an aggregated sample of 4,373,066 slides prepared from blood samples taken in 85 countries. The MAP study employs a new cartographic technique for deriving global clinical burden estimates of Plasmodium falciparum malaria for 2007. These estimates are then compared with those derived under existing surveillance-based approaches to arrive at the final data used in the malaria mapping (Hay et al., 2009). (http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/media/maps/pdf/mean/World_mean.pdf, accessed 2012) Malaria maps generally separate the malaria endemicity into three broad categories by Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR), a commonly reported index of malaria transmission intensity: PfPR < 5% as low endemicity, PfPR 5%-40% as medium/intermediate endemicity, and PfPR > 40% as high endemicity. In our research, global mapping techniques were used to estimate population exposed to malaria. The malaria endemicity maps were overlaid on global population maps from Landscan 20051 (Dobson, 2000) and country-level population exposure in the three endemicity areas were computed. Due to the spatial reference of the data and the number of observations in the combined data, the use of Geographic Information Systems functions from ESRI ArcGIS (v 9.3.1) were used and automated in the python (v 2.5) language.

This data asset contains facility-based data on malaria stock status, commodity management, and case management. The President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) is a U.S. Government initiative designed to reduce malaria deaths and illnesses in target countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, with a long-term vision of a world without malaria. Enacted in 2005, the current strategy sets out to meet the following goals: (1) reduce malaria mortality by one-third from 2015 levels in PMI-supported countries, achieving greater than 80% reduction from PMI’s original 2000 levels; (2) reduce malaria morbidity in PMI-supported countries by 40% from 2015 levels; and (3) assist at least five PMI-supported countries to meet the WHO criteria for national or sub-national pre-elimination. The strategy is built around five focus areas to achieve these goals: (1) Achieving and sustaining scale of proven interventions; (2) adapting to changing epidemiology and incorporating new tools; (3) improving countries’ capacity to collect and use information; (4) mitigating risk against the current malaria control gains; and (5) building capacity and health systems. The data contains information about malaria case management, commodity management for the following countries: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

A database of monthly malaria timeseries from sub-Saharan Africa. The database contains rows for (a) data that consist of measured entomological, case incidence, prevalence, or mortality; and (b) anecdotal mentions of peak seasonality within published literature. All rows contain spatial information, with coordinates for point-level data and a shapefile containing associated polygons for the administrative-level data.

In 2022, Mozambique had the highest number of confirmed malaria cases in Southern Africa, with around **** million reported incidents. Zambia and Zimbabwe followed with over ***** million and ******* cases, respectively. However, Zambia had the highest number of deaths related to the disease, with ***** fatalities recorded. Africa is the region most affected by malaria in the world, with around 91,300 deaths attributed to the disease in the same period.

The President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) is a U.S. Government initiative designed to reduce malaria deaths and illnesses in target countries in sub-Saharan Africa with a long-term vision of a world without malaria. This asset contains one data file that holds aggregated national data for PMI vector control activities for fiscal years 2015 through 2018. The data were used to produce annual reports, which have been been made public through the following link: https://www.pmi.gov/resource-library/pmi-publications/annual-reports

Africa accounts for only 2.3% of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 4% of deaths, but this relative low incidence has been partly attributed to the limited testing capacity in most countries. In addition, the population in many African countries is also at high risk of infection with multiple diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis and malaria. It is therefore important to know the real spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Africa and its co-occurrence with other pathogens. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and the frequency of co-infection with the malaria parasite. For this purpose, we conducted serological point of care tests and microscopy examinations on 998 volunteers of different ages and sexes in a random and stratified population sample in Burkina-Faso. In addition, nasopharyngeal swab samples were taken for molecular detection of SARS-COV-2 by RT-qPCR and for whole viral genome sequencing. Our results show a 3.2% and a 2.5% of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and PCR positivity, respectively; and 22% of malaria incidence over the sampling period (from August to November 2020). There were no significant differences in SARS-CoV-2 prevalence between male and female subjects, but we report marked differences linked to age. The age group most frequently infected by SARS-CoV-2 was people above 40 years (6.9%; 95% CI 3.7–10.1), whereas malaria was much more frequent in children aged below 12 years (42.2%; 95% CI 36.1–48.4). Importantly, we found 2 cases of confirmed co-infection (PCR positive) and 8 cases of suspected co-infection (seropositive/PCR negative) mostly in children and teenagers. Finally, we report the genome sequences of 13 SARS-CoV-2 isolates circulating in Burkina Faso at the time of analysis, which were assigned to lineages A.19, A.21, B.1.1.404, B.1.1.118, B.1 and grouped into clades; 19B, 20A and 20B. This is the first population-based study about SARS-CoV-2 and malaria prevalence and co-infection performed in Burkina Faso during the first wave of the pandemic. In addition, this study provides a relevant estimation of the real prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and variants circulating in this Sub-Saharan African country. Besides, it highlights the low frequency of malaria co-infection in African communities.

Note:- This dataset is all about the Malaria species. In other datasets, you will get to know about the Malaria Parasite species and its stages like Gametocytes, Rings, Trophozoites, and Schizonts.

Context

Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium that are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and that infect the red blood cells. Most deaths occur among children in Africa, where a child dies almost every minute from malaria, and where malaria is a leading cause of childhood neuro-disability. Malaria remains a major burden on global health, with roughly 200 million cases worldwide and more than 400,000 deaths per year. Besides biomedical research and political efforts, modern information technology is playing a key role in many attempts at fighting the disease. One of the barriers to a successful mortality reduction has been inadequate malaria diagnosis in particular. To improve diagnosis, image analysis software and machine learning methods have been used to quantify parasitemia in microscopic blood slides.

Content

There are 5 Plasmodium species that cause malaria in human: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium knowlesi. The 2 most common species are P. falciparum and P. vivax. P. falciparum is the most severe form and is responsible for most malaria-related deaths globally. And Plasmodium knowlesi is rarely found.

This Dataset contains Four Species of malaria images:- * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium malariae * Plasmodium ovale

Notes:-

• Dataset is further Classified into different stages like Gametocytes, Rings, Trophozoites, and Schizonts. Which is in Other parts of the dataset. https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F2127141%2Fa59bd1a3432be32fc76bad8f7fd16c06%2Fmalar_species.JPG?generation=1591625584247602&alt=media" alt="">

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Broad Bioimage Benchmark Collection and Springer for these images. This image is only for research and education purposes only.

Inspiration

Detecting Malaria from images is not a very big deal but you have also known about the species of malaria for use of particular drugs for effective results.

Africa is the region most affected by malaria in the world. Almost *** million cases of the disease were reported on the continent in 2023. That same year, approximately **** thousand deaths due to malaria were reported in Africa.

Long lasting pyrethroid treated bednets are the most important tool for preventing malaria. Pyrethroid resistant Anopheline mosquitoes are now ubiquitous in Africa though the public health impact remains unclear, impeding the deployment of more expensive nets. Meta-analyses of bioassay studies and experimental hut trials are used to characterise how pyrethroid resistance changes the efficacy of standard bednets, and those containing the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and assess its impact on malaria control. New bednets provide substantial personal protection until high levels of resistance though protection may wane faster against more resistant mosquito populations as nets age. Transmission dynamics models indicate that even low levels of resistance would increase the incidence of malaria due to reduced mosquito mortality and lower overall community protection over the life-time of the net. Switching to PBO bednets could avert up to 0.5 clinical cases per person per year in some resistance scenarios.

The data loaded here were generated by a published geostatistical ensemble model to bridge gaps in the available surveillance data and consider the likelihood that resistance exceeds recommended thresholds. We provide spatial data files for: 1) district-level weighted means for pyrethroid resistance, 2) the maximum pyrethroid resistance value (minimum mortality value) predicted within each district, 3) the probability that pyrethroid resistance exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold for susceptibility, 4) the probability that pyrethroid resistance exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold for confirmed resistance, and 5) the probability that pyrethroid resistance falls within the World Health Organization (WHO) range for deployment of PBO-treated nets. These data are all for deltametrin resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in 2017. All of the above files are in shapefile format.We also provide spatial data on the overlapping presence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and the other dominant vector in this region, Anopheles funestus. These files are in GeoTIFF format.All of the above data can be visualised, processed and analysed in a range of geographical information system packages (e.g. ArcGIS and QGIS) or spatial data packages in R (http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/Spatial.html). Further information is given in the article describing this work: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049593v1 [to be replaced by the peer-reviewed article once published].

BackgroundDespite substantial financial contributions by the United States President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) since 2006, no studies have carefully assessed how this program may have affected important population-level health outcomes. We utilized multiple publicly available data sources to evaluate the association between introduction of PMI and child mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).Methods and findingsWe used difference-in-differences analyses to compare trends in the primary outcome of under-5 mortality rates and secondary outcomes reflecting population coverage of malaria interventions in 19 PMI-recipient and 13 non-recipient countries between 1995 and 2014. The analyses controlled for presence and intensity of other large funding sources, individual and household characteristics, and country and year fixed effects.PMI program implementation was associated with a significant reduction in the annual risk of under-5 child mortality (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 0.84, 95% CI 0.74–0.96). Each dollar of per-capita PMI expenditures in a country, a measure of PMI intensity, was also associated with a reduction in child mortality (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.78–0.93). We estimated that the under-5 mortality rate in PMI countries was reduced from 28.9 to 24.3 per 1,000 person-years. Population coverage of insecticide-treated nets increased by 8.34 percentage points (95% CI 0.86–15.83) and coverage of indoor residual spraying increased by 6.63 percentage points (95% CI 0.79–12.47) after PMI implementation. Per-capita PMI spending was also associated with a modest increase in artemisinin-based combination therapy coverage (3.56 percentage point increase, 95% CI −0.07–7.19), though this association was only marginally significant (p = 0.054). Our results were robust to several sensitivity analyses. Because our study design leaves open the possibility of unmeasured confounding, we cannot definitively interpret these results as causal.ConclusionsPMI may have significantly contributed to reducing the burden of malaria in SSA and reducing the number of child deaths in the region. Introduction of PMI was associated with increased coverage of malaria prevention technologies, which are important mechanisms through which child mortality can be reduced. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the association between PMI and all-cause child mortality in SSA with the use of appropriate comparison groups and adjustments for regional trends in child mortality.

Ollomo_PLoSPathog_2009Nucleotide alignment concatenation of 4 mitochondrial genes for 17 Plasmodium species and one outgroup.Ollomo_PLoSPathog_2009_PHYMLMaximum likelihood tree inferred from the 4-gene concatenation using PHYML.

The President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) is a U.S. Government initiative designed to reduce malaria deaths and illnesses in target countries in sub-Saharan Africa with a long-term vision of a world without malaria. This asset contains two data files that hold budget code information for projects with the associated FY18 budget and activity descriptions. USAID has made these data publicly available since 2006 as part of the Country Malaria Operating Plans. The data are updated annually.