As of July 2024, **** percent of the Malaysian population were classified as Bumiputera, **** percent were classified as ethnic Chinese, and *** percent as ethnic Indians. Those who do not fall under these three main ethnic groups are classified as ‘Other’. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society with three main ethnicities and language groups. Who are Malaysia’s Bumiputera? Bumiputera, meaning sons of the soil, is a term used to categorize the Malays, as well as the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia, also known as orang asli, and the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak. As of July 2023, the Bumiputera share of the population in Sabah was ** percent, while that in Sarawak was **** percent. Thus, the incorporation of the states of Sabah and Sarawak during the formation of Malaysia ensured that the ethnic Malays were able to maintain a majority share of the Malaysian population. Bumiputera privileges and ethnic-based politics The rights and privileges of the Malays and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak are enshrined in Article 153 of Malaysia’s constitution. This translated, in practice, to a policy of affirmative action to improve the economic situation of this particular group, through the New Economic Policy introduced in 1971. 50 years on, it is questionable whether the policy has achieved its aim. Bumiputeras still lag behind the other ethnic two major groups in terms of monthly household income. However, re-thinking this policy will certainly be met by opposition from those who have benefitted from it.

As of July 2024, it was estimated that **** percent of the population in Sabah were Bumiputera. "Bumiputera" is a term used in Malaysia to refer to those of Malay ethnicity or from indigenous groups in Malaysia. Sabah is a resource-rich state, located in eastern Malaysia on the island of Borneo. It primarily exports oil, gas, timber, and palm oil.

As of July 2024, it was estimated that **** percent of the population in Sarawak were Bumiputera. "Bumiputera" is a term used in Malaysia to refer to those of Malay ethnicity or from indigenous groups in Malaysia. Sarawak is a resource-rich state, located in western Malaysia on the island of Borneo. It primarily exports oil, gas, timber, and palm oil.

In 2023, the average monthly salary for Chinese employees in Malaysia was ***** Malaysian ringgit. Although the Chinese population constituted **** percent of the Malaysian population and are considered the minority, they had the highest average monthly salary. The

In 2023, the total population of all ASEAN states amounted to an estimated 619.02 million inhabitants. The ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) member countries are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. ASEAN opportunity The Association of Southeast Asian Nations was founded by five states (Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore) in 1967 to improve economic and political stability and social progress among the member states. It was originally modelled after the European Union. Nowadays, after accepting more members, their agenda also includes an improvement of cultural and environmental conditions. ASEAN is now an important player on the global stage with numerous alliances and business partners, as well as more contenders wanting to join. The major player in the SouthIndonesia is not only a founding member of ASEAN, it is also its biggest contributor in terms of gross domestic product and is also one of the member states with a positive trade balance. In addition, it has the highest number of inhabitants by far. About a third of all people in the ASEAN live in Indonesia – and it is also one of the most populous countries worldwide. Among the ASEAN members, it is certainly the most powerful one, not just in numbers, but mostly due to its stable and thriving economy.

As of June 2024, there were around 3.09 million ethnic Chinese residents in Singapore. Singapore is a multi-ethnic society, with residents categorized into four main racial groups: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others. Each resident is assigned a racial category that follows the paternal side. This categorization would have an impact on both official as well as private matters. Modelling a peaceful, multi-ethnic society The racial categorization used in Singapore stemmed from its colonial past and continues to shape its social policies, from public housing quotas along the ethnic composition in the country to education policies pertaining second language, or ‘mother tongue’, instruction. Despite the emphasis on ethnicity and race, Singapore has managed to maintain a peaceful co-existence among its diverse population. Most Singaporeans across ethnic levels view the level of racial and religious harmony there to be moderately high. The level of acceptance and comfort with having people of other ethnicities in their social lives was also relatively high across the different ethnic groups. Are Singaporeans ready to move away from the CMIO model of ethnic classification? In recent times, however, there has been more open discussion on racism and the relevance of the CMIO (Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others) ethnic model for Singaporean society. The global discourse on racism has brought to attention the latent discrimination felt by the minority ethnic groups in Singapore, such as in the workplace. In 2010, Singapore introduced the option of having a ‘double-barreled’ race classification, reflecting the increasingly diverse and complicated ethnic background of its population. More than a decade later, there have been calls to do away from such racial classifications altogether. However, with social identity and policy deeply entrenched along these lines, it would be a challenge to move beyond race in Singapore.

Among countries with the highest number of overseas Chinese on each continent, the largest Chinese diaspora community is living in Indonesia, numbering more than ten million people. Most of these people are descendants from migrants born in China, who have moved to Indonesia a long time ago. On the contrary, a large part of overseas Chinese living in Canada and Australia have arrived in these countries only during the last two decades. China as an emigration country Many Chinese people have emigrated from their home country in search of better living conditions and educational chances. The increasing number of Chinese emigrants has benefited from loosened migration policies. On the one hand, the attitude of the Chinese government towards emigration has changed significantly. Overseas Chinese are considered to be strong supporters for the overall strength of Chinese culture and international influence. On the other hand, migration policies in the United States and Canada are changing with time, expanding migration opportunities for non-European immigrants. As a result, China has become one of the world’s largest emigration countries as well as the country with the highest outflows of high net worth individuals. However, the mass emigration is causing a severe loss of homegrown talents and assets. The problem of talent and wealth outflow has raised pressing questions to the Chinese government, and a solution to this issue is yet to be determined. Popular destinations among Chinese emigrants Over the last decades, English speaking developed countries have been popular destinations for Chinese emigrants. In 2022 alone, the number of people from China naturalized as U.S. citizens had amounted to over 27,000 people, while nearly 68,000 had obtained legal permanent resident status as “green card” recipients. Among other popular immigration destinations for Chinese riches are Canada, Australia, Europe, and Singapore.

马来西亚的人口在12-01-2024达34.1百万人，相较于12-01-2023的33.4百万人有所增长。马来西亚人口数据按年更新，12-01-1947至12-01-2024期间平均值为16.1百万人，共78份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2024，达34.1百万人，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-1947，为4.9百万人。CEIC提供的马来西亚人口数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于CEIC Data，数据归类于世界趋势数据库的全球经济数据 – 表：人口：年度。

China has become one of the driving forces in the global outbound tourism industry. In 2019, the number of outbound tourists from China reached nearly *** million, almost three times as many as in 2010. However, the number of outbound tourists from China dropped to around **** million in 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic. The numbers started slowly picking up in 2023 after border restrictions were removed. In 2024, Chinese made a total of around *** million trips abroad, and the revenue of the Chinese tourism industry accounted for nearly ** percent of the GDP. Tourism boost during Chinese New Year Outbound tourism in China surged during the 2024 Spring Festival holiday, with Chinese tourists embarking on approximately *** million overseas trips from February 10 to February 17. This uptick in tourism signifies the resurgence of the Spring Festival holidays as a peak season for global travel. Alipay revealed that its users' spending overseas during this period reached *** percent of the 2019 level, demonstrating a substantial increase of *** percent from 2023. Driving Asia Pacific’s travel boom Asia Pacific’s travel sector has recently experienced robust growth, with flight demand projected to return to pre-pandemic levels in 2024, largely due to an increase in Chinese tourists. The visa-free policy introduced by several Southeast Asian countries to attract more visitors from China is a major contributor to this trend. The top destinations for Chinese tourists during the New Year holiday included Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Indonesia.

In 2023, there were approximately ****** international students from China studying in Malaysia. A large share of international students in Malaysia come from Muslim countries, a majority of whom were enrolled in private higher education institutions.

In 2023, the number of mobile prepaid subscribers in Malaysia amounted to around 35.31 million, an increase compared to around 33.66 million prepaid subscribers in the previous year. The number of active prepaid card subscribers in the country has been increasing in the past few years.

In 2024, there were approximately ** million tourist arrivals in Malaysia, an increase of around **** million tourists compared to the previous year. The country finally reopened its border in April 2022, after two years of travel restrictions which severely impacted the number of tourists coming to the country. The importance of tourism industry Tourism is an important economic sector in Malaysia, contributing around *** billion Malaysian ringgit to its GDP in 2019, before the pandemic hit. This sector also provided employment to about *** million Malaysian residents and earned Malaysia around ** billion Malaysian ringgit in tourism receipts in 2023. Tourism industry in recovery The COVID-19 pandemic had adversely affected the global tourism industry. As part of their efforts to prevent the spread of the virus, countries around the world introduced restrictions on inbound as well as outbound travel. Malaysia had been especially hard hit, as it imposed travel restrictions for inbound visitors from China, its second-largest inbound tourism market, as early as the end of January. Now the borders have been reopened, the country can expect a surge of Chinese tourists to help the industry recover to its pre-pandemic state.

In 2023, the number of postpaid mobile subscriptions in Malaysia amounted to around 14.83 million, a slight increase compared to around 14.29 million subscribers in the previous year. The number of postpaid mobile subscriptions in the country has been increasing steadily during the observed period.